It is often claimed that psychology began in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt (1832—1920) opened his laboratory at the University of Leipzig. Wundt had been trained to practise medicine, had studied physiology, and had served as a laboratory assistant to the great Helmholtz. He also held an academic position in philosophy. Wundt was a scientist-philosopher with an interest in such psychological processes as sensation, perception, attention, word associations, and emotions.
Although others might be credited with founding psychology as a separate science (for example, Helmholtz), Wundt gets credit for getting psychology recognized as a science. In fact, Wundt wrote in the preface of the first edition of his Principles of Physiological Psychology (1874): "The work I here present is the attempt to mark out a new domain of science." Clearly, Wundt's intention was to define the parameters of a new science.
Additionally, it is no accident that psychology began in Germany. Experimental physiology was well established in Germany, which was not the case in France or England. Biology and physiology were stressed in Germany, while physics and chemistry were stressed in France and England. In short, the climate was perfect in Germany for the emergence of the new science of psychology.
For Wundt, psychology was the scientific study of the mind. Under carefully-controlled laboratory conditions, Wundt and his assistants tested and retested his hypotheses. The work performed in Wundt's laboratory focused on the discovery of basic elements of thought. Wundt wanted no less than to systematically describe the basic elements of mental life. Because the psychologists in Wundt's laboratory were mostly interested in describing the structure of the mind and its operations, Wundt's approach to psychology is referred to as structuralism (the school of psychology founded by Wundt that studied the mind by attempting to break mental activity into its component parts). The primary method used by structuralists to study the mind is introspection. Introspection involves describing mental responses to conscious experience in great detail. For example, if one of Wundt's assistants was introspecting on an apple, it would not be enough to say that it was red and shiny. Instead, one would have to describe the actual sensations experienced and the feelings elicited by those experiences.
In the early 20th century the number of psychologists increased rapidly. Structuralism was criticized on many grounds, specifically its restricted definition of psychology and its introspective method. A number of new schools of psychology developed early in the 20th century, usually in opposition to a point of view or approach stressed by one or more existing schools.
Занятие №17
Тема: «Careers in Psychology».
2. Форма организации занятия:практическое.
3. 3начение изучения темы: тема способствует выработке умений и навыков, необходимых для использования английского языка, как средства получения информации по специальности и профессионального общения, способствует развитию навыков устной и письменной речи.
4. Цели обучения:
общая: обучающийся должен обладать способностью и готовностью к свободному применению русского и иностранного языков, как средства профессионального общения (ОК-14) и готовностью к активной коммуникации и информационно-аналитической деятельности (ПК-1).
учебная: знать лексический минимум, основную медицинскую и психологическую лексику и терминологию на иностранном языке, грамматический материал согласование времен в главном и придаточном предложениях, уметь использовать знания лексико-грамматического материала в новой ситуации, владеть иностранным языком в объеме, необходимом для возможности коммуникации и получения информации из зарубежных источников.
5. План изучения темы:
Контроль исходного уровня знаний.
1. Обсуждение цитаты. “The brain is in a class by itself. Compared with other organs in the body, it has complexity and beauty”. Herbert Lourie, M.D.
2. Контроль перевода словосочетаний.
Основные понятия и положения темы.
Изучение темы «Careers in Psychology» позволяет студентам увидеть роль психолога в современном обществе. Психология в системе современного человекознания занимает промежуточное положение, находясь, по словам Константинова, «ровно посередине между естествознанием и обществознанием». Такое положение психологии делает ее связующим звеном между этими науками, делает ее наукой, которую, согласно точке зрения Пиаже, можно рассматривать не только как продукт всех других наук, но и как возможный источник их развития. Синтезируя достижения общественных, естественных и технических наук, психология выступает в роли одной из узловых научных дисциплин, разрабатывающих проблемы человека.
Грамматический материал «Согласование времен в главном и придаточном предложениях» отрабатывается на материале упражнений, предлагаемых в учебнике и взятых из дополнительного сборника Eckersley and Macaulay “Brighter Grammar”.
Правило согласования времен в английском сложноподчиненном предложении касается только придаточных дополнительных предложений и выражается в том, что если в главном предложении сказуемое стоит в прошедшем времени, то и в придаточном дополнительном предложении сказуемое должно стоять также в одном из форм прошедшего времени, причем:
а) если действие придаточного дополнительного предложения совпадает по времени с действием главного предложения, то в придаточном предложении употребляется Past Simple или Past Continuous
I thought (that) you were ill. Я думал, что вы больны.
I thought that your parents lived in Moscow. Я думал, что ваши родители живут в Москве.
I thought that you were examining Я думал, что вы осматриваете
your patients at 9 o’clock. ваших больных в 9 часов.
Сравните с русским языком, где два одновременных действия в прошлом выражаются прошедшим временем в главном предложении и настоящим временем в дополнительном придаточном предложении:
I said that I worked here. Я сказал, что работаю здесь.
б) если действие придаточного дополнительного предложения предшествовало действию главного предложения, то в придаточном предложении употребляются Past Perfect или Past Perfect Continuous, и оба предложения переводятся прошедшим временем.
He said that he had been seriously ill. Он сказал, что он тяжело болел.
He said that his parents had lived in Moscow. Он сказал, что его родители
жили в Москве.
в) если действие, выраженное сказуемым придаточного дополнительного предложения, относится к будущему времени по отношению к действию, выраженному сказуемым главного предложения в прошедшем времени, то сказуемое придаточного предложения должно стоять в форме так называемого будущего в прошедшем (Future in the Past) – времени, употребляющемся в английском языке только при согласовании времен:
I thought (that) I would go to the Crimea.
I knew (that) they would be working at the time.
He was sure (that) he would have examined all patients by 2 o’clock.
Самостоятельная работа по теме.
1. Отработка лексики.
careers — (зд.) возможности трудоустройства
as scientists — будучи учеными
creative — творческий, креативный
innovators — изобретатели, инноваторы
practitioner — практик
to vary — быть разнообразным
to treat — лечить
intelligence — интеллект, ум
personality — личность, характер
courtroom — суд
executives — руководители
performer — исполнитель (певец, актер, и т. д.)
athlete — спортсмен
to reduce — уменьшать
performance' — результативность, производительность
jury — суд присяжных
disaster — катастрофа, несчастный случай
plane crash — авиакатастрофа
victim — жертва
bystander — прохожий
to recover from the shock of — восстанавливаться после шока
the event произошедшего
flexibility of their schedules — гибкость их расписания дня
skill — навык
to interpret data — интерпретировать данные
experience — опыт
experimental design — дизайн эксперимента
career paths — карьерные возможности (дословно —
тропы)
to care for — заботиться о ком-то, чем-то
disorder — расстройство, нарушение
2. Закрепление грамматического материала: согласование времен в главном и придаточном предложениях. Объяснение и отработка через выполнение упражнений.
1. Поставьте глаголы в нужную временную форму, соблюдая правило согласования времен.Переведите предложения.
1. I know only the story he (to tell) me a couple of months ago.
2. We think that they (cancel) the second lecture yesterday.
3. Tomorrow we will know why they (cancel) the second lecture.
4. They say that our lecturer (get) sick a week ago; she (call) the dean's office and (cancel) all lectures till next week.
5. I decided that next year I (to go) to see my old friend again. I not (to see) him since he (to go) to Moscow.
6. My brother told me he (come) to visit me after the New Year.
7. The visitors were told that the secretary just (to go out) and (to come back) in half an hour.
8. The student asked the librarian when the books (be) available.
9. The librarian answered that the books (be) returned next week.
10.My sister said that she (find) some interesting materials for my presentation and she already (send) them to me.
11.She said that I (write) to her more often earlier.
12.My sister said that she (help) me to prepare the presentation.
13.The teachers said that we (need) to study more.
14.The secretary told me that the dean (leave) an hour ago.
Интерактивные формы работы.
Игра «Древо мудрости».
1 этапподготовкик игре «Древо мудрости».
Работа с текстом “Careers in Psychology”.
1. Прочитайте и найдите предложения с новыми словами и словосочетаниями: to interpret data, flexibility of their schedules intelligence, victims, performance, to reduce, courtroomи переведите их.
2. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1. What does the field of psychology include?
2. What is research in psychology concerned with?
3. What innovations do psychologists make?
4. What do psychologists do?
5. Where do psychologists work?
6. Who do they work with?
7. When does your education as a psychologist end?
8. Do most psychologists like their work?
9. What skills many employers are interested in?
10. What do all psychologists have in common?
3. Заполните пропуски словами из текста.
1. The field of psychology includes both ... and....
2. As scientists, psychologists use different research methods, such as..., … and....
3. As practitioners, psychologists work in laboratories, ..., ..., schools and universities, ... and corporate … .
4. Psychologists work with business executives ... and ... to reduce stress and ... performance.
5. Immediately following the disaster, such as a plane crash or ..., psychologists help ... and... .
6. When you are a ..., your... never ends.
7. Psychologists have a variety of and the flexibility of their....
8. Many employers are interested in the skills of ..., and ... data.
9. What all psychologists have in common is an interest in the ... and ... of both humans and... .
4. Прочитайте предложения и скажите, какие соответствуют содержанию текста, и какие нет. Исправьте неверные утверждения.
1. The field of psychology includes practice, research and clinical psychology.
2. As scientists, psychologists follow scientific methods, using careful observation, experimentation, and psychoanalysis.
3. Psychologists are frequent innovators. They invent new approaches to people and societies.
4. Psychology is an extremely varied field.
5. Psychologists work with performers, sportsmen and businessmen.
6. Psychologists help victims and bystanders of disasters.
5. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. There are more careers in psychology than in mathematics and history.
2. As psychologists we should be intelligent, creative, understanding and innovative.
3. Approaches to the same problem can vary. All practitioners know that but patients do not expect that.
4. It is difficult to diagnose some psychological disorders. It is moredifficult to treat them.
5. Clinical psychologists must have a nice and friendly personality.
6. Many business executives live in constant stress. They use alcohol toreduce stress. Professional psychologists can help to reduce stress.
7. Victims and bystanders of such disasters as plane crash live in stress long after the accident.
8. Approaches to the same problem can vary. All practitioners know that but patients do not expect that.
9. Psychologists often provide help for people with different mental disorders
2 этап подготовки: объяснение условий игры «древо мудрости». Каждый пишет на листке по одному вопросу к тексту “Careers in Psychology”, вопросы должны быть новыми, не использовать вопросы к тексту из учебника. На листе А4 нарисовано дерево, каждый студент подходит со своим вопросом, иголками закрепляются вопросы, когда все вопросы готовы, студенты по очереди подходят, срывают вопрос и отвечают без подготовки, группа дает оценку ответу.
3 этап:проведение игры, подведение итогов, выбирается лучший вопрос и ответ.
4. Discuss the following questions with a group.
1). What job is more prestigious (престижная), in research or in practical psychology? (Express your opinion).
2). Who is the most difficult to work with –businessmen, teachers, lawyers or performers?
3). Why do you think psychologist have to be innovative and creative? Is it difficult?
5. Работа в парах.
See how many compound words beginning with self- you can list in four minutes. Work with a partner and compete against other teams in your group. When the four minutes is up, each team should list its words on the board. After determining the winner of the game, discuss the meanings of the more difficult words.
5.4.Итоговый контроль знаний.
1. Explain: when you change sentences from Direct Speech to Indirect Speech what happens to (a) verbs in the Simple Present Tense, (b) verbs in the Present Perfect Tense, (c) pronouns and possessive adjectives in the 1st person?
2. Переведите прямую речь в косвенную.
1. My supervisor said, “When will you take your candidate exams?”
2. I answered, “I have already passed them with excellent marks”.
3. The rector said, “All post – graduate students have to take part in the scientific conferences.
4. My friend said, “Do you know the materials well?”
5. Professor Smirnov asked a part-time post-graduate student, “Who is your supervisor?”
6. The teacher said, “Translate the text with the help of the dictionary”
7. The supervisor said, “Write your thesis as soon as possible”.
3. Переведите косвенную речь в прямую.
1.Margaret said that their train would arrive in five minutes.
2. Lilian said that her sister spoke French well.
3. Mary said that she hoped it wouldn’t rain.
4. Henry said that he was a pupil and had learned grammar for three years.
5. John said that he was going to London with his father.
4.Выберите глагол в нужной временной форме, соблюдая правило согласования времен.
1. My sister said that she … her keys.
a. had lost
b. lost
c. will loose
d. has lost
2. His friend said that he … new job.
a. finds
b. found
c.had found
d. has found
3. The teacher said that she … us to prepare for the conference.
a. helped
b.would help
c.will help
d. will helped
4. The students said that the dean … an hour ago.
a. had left
b. has left
c. have left
d. left
5. The librarian answered that the new books … the next year.
a. are
b. will be
c. would be
d. be
6. He told me that he … his wife at the station.
a. met
b. had met
c. has met
d. have met
7. I thought that you … in 1980.
a. were born
b. was born
c. is born
d. are born
8. We didn’t know that he… for London.
a. has left
b. had left
c. have been left
d. left
8. The secretary told us that the rector … an hour ago.
a. has gone
b. have gone
c. went
d. had gone
9. The teachers said that the students … to study more.
a. needs
b. need
c. needed
d. had needed
6. Домашнее задание для уяснения темы занятия.
1. Прочитайте и переведите текст «Neuropsychology» (см. приложение).
2. Объясните значение поговорки “Tell me and I’ll forget. Show me and I may not remember. Involve me and I ‘ll understand”.
3. Подготовьтесь к обсуждению цитаты. “Great desires always come true”.
Смотри методические разработки для внеаудиторной работы по теме.
Рекомендации по выполнению НИРС, в том числе список тем, предлагаемых кафедрой.
1. Methodological problems of Psychology.
2. The history of psychology in Great Britain.
8. Рекомендованная литература по теме занятия.
основная: тексты «Careers in Psychology», «Neuropsychology».
И.П. Агабекян “Английский язык для психологов”. Москва, 2008. – 272с.
дополнительная: англо-русские, русско-английские словари, грамматические справочники.
электронные ресурсы: Обучающий аудио курс на CD. Английский язык для студентов. ООО «Мультисофт», 2006
CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
There are many careersin psychology. Psychology includesboth research, through which we learn fundamental things about human and animal behaviour, and practice, through which that knowledge is applied in helping people to solve problems. Psychology is an extremely varied field. Psychologists conduct research, serve as consultants, diagnose and treatpeople, and teach future psychologists and other types of students. They test intelligenceand personality.
As scientists,psychologists use scientific methods of observation, experimentation, and analysis. But psychologists also need to be creative in the way they apply scientific findings.
Psychologists are frequently innovators,inventing new approaches to people and societies. They develop theories and test them in their research. As they collect new information, these findings can be used by practitionersin their work with clients and patients.
As practitioners psychologists work in laboratories, hospitals, courtrooms,schools and universities, prisons, and corporate offices. They work with business executives, performers,and athletesto reducestress and improve performance.They advise lawyers on juryselection and cooperate with educators on school reform. Immediately following a disaster,such as a plane crashor bombing, psychologists help victimsand bystanders recover from the shock of the event.
Involved in all aspects of our world, psychologists must keep up with what is happening around us. When you're a psychologist, your education never ends.
Most psychologists say they love their work. They say that they have a variety of daily tasks and the flexibility of their schedules.
The study of psychology is a good preparation for many other professions. Many employers are interested in the skills of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data, and their experience with statistics and experimental design.
Psychology is a very diverse field with hundreds of career paths. We all know about caring for people with mental and emotional disorders. Some other jobs like helping with the design of computer systems are less well-known. What all psychologists have in common is an interest in the minds and behaviors of both humans and animals.
Neuropsychology.
Neuropsychology attempts to document and understand the relationship between the nervous system and cerebral and mental functions.
The field studies how our brain and nervous system act upon and are affected by processes of thought such as language, memory, emotion, and perception.
Clinical neuropsychology is one of the largest specialties in the field of psychology today.
Clinical neuropsychology is a subfield of psychology concerned with the cognitive function of individuals with neurological and psychiatric disorders. Neurological assessment examines cognitive function in the broadest sense, including the behavioral, emotional, social and functional status of patients. Assessment is made with neuropsychological tests and includes patient’s history, observation, findings from neuroimaging and other medical procedures. Clinical neuropsychology requires knowledge of neuroanatomy, neurobiology, neuropharmacology.
Занятие №18
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