One evening a young man at Oxford who was known to be something of a poet read one of his poems to a small group of friends in his room. The poem was greatly admired, but as they came away one of the friends, Charles said “I was very much interested in Alfred’s poem – but it was stolen from a book.”
This remark was repeated to Alfred, who was very annoyed and demanded an apology. “Well,” said Charles, “I don’t often take back what I have said, but on this occasion I admit I was mistaken. When I got to my room I looked in the book from which I thought the poem was stolen – and I found it was still there.
3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. The book …
a. took
b. was taken
c. will taken
d. is taking
2. A stone ….
a. was thrown
b. thrown
c. throw
d. threw
3. The window
a. broken
b. break
c. was broken
d. is break
4. A big wagon ….
a. was pulled
b. pulled
c. pull
d. is pull
5. A ring … in the department store.
a. stole
b. steal
c. stolen
d. was stolen
6. The dinner.
a. cooks
b. cooked
c. was cooked
d. is cooking
7. …the article …?
a. was written
b. writes
c. wrote
d. write
8. … his car…?
a. repaired
b. was repaired
c. repairs
d. is repairing
6. Домашнее задание для уяснения темы занятия.
1. Write a short essay on the topics 10-12 sentences (1 или 2 по вашему выбору).
1.”Psyche” means “mind” or “soul”. Do you think psychologists should focus more on human mind or on human soul?
2. What approach seems to be the most interesting to you?
2. Задания пункт 8, смотри методические разработки для внеаудиторной работы по теме.
Рекомендации по выполнению НИРС, в том числе список тем, предлагаемых кафедрой.
История развития психологии.
Современные тенденции в психологии.
8. Рекомендованная литература по теме занятия:
основная: Текст “What is psychology”?
И.П. Агабекян “Английский язык для психологов”. Москва, 2008. -272с.
дополнительная: англо-русские, русско-английские словари, грамматические справочники.
электронные ресурсы: Обучающий аудио курс на CD. Английский язык для студентов. ООО «Мультисофт», 2006
Электронный словарь Longman Exams Dictionary, Longman: Pearson Education Limited, 2006
Приложение
WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?
The word psychology comes from two Greek words: "Psyche" meaning "mind" or "soul" and "Logos" meaning "study of”.Therefore, psychology means "study of the mind". There are many modern definitionsof the term.One of them belongsto Atkinson, who definedpsychology as "the scientific study of behavior and mental processes". However, psychologists always disagreed not only about the definition of psychology, but also about what they should study and how they should do it.
The year 1879 is considered tobe the start of psychology as a separatediscipline. It was the date when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. Americans disagree and think that William James was the "founding fatherof psychology" because in 1875 he started teaching a course on the relationship between physiology and psychology at Harvard University. In 1890 he wrote a book "Principles of psychology" which was a very important step in the history of psychology.
Structuralism was the first approach in psychology. It was described by Wundt who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be conscious mind. According to Wundt, the mind should be studied by introspection (looking at one's own mental experience)in order to break down into its components such as images, sensationsand feelings.
Functionalism was developed by William James who thought that the workings of the mind are functional. The mind works to surviveand adapt.So we should investigate what behavior and thoughts are for.
At the turn of the 19th century two powerful approaches appeared. One of them is psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud in Austria. Freud wrote that the proper object of psychological investigation should be the unconscious mind and that our behavior is determined by processes that we are not aware of.
Behaviourism, introduced by John Watson, was the most important of all approaches that investigated "minds" and proposed that psychology should investigate only observable behavior if it wanted to be an objective science. This approach dominated experimental psychology until 1950’s when a strong interest in the "mind” developed in the form of the cognitive and humanistic approaches. Representatives of these approaches argued that behaviourism ignored all the most important and interesting things that go on in our heads.
Cognitive psychology investigates the mind by using computer information processing ideas to arrive at models of how our brain works and then apply scientific methods to confirm these models. The cognitive approach was successful and is a very dominant one in psychology today.
The Humanistic approach has had less of an impact on psychology because it adapted less scientific view of the human mind. Humanistic psychologists argued that psychology should focus on each individual's conscious experience and aims in life.
The biological approach has advanced evolutionary, physiological and genetic explanation for human behavior throughout the history of psychology.
1. Лексика
study — учение
definition — определение
term — термин
to belong to — принадлежать
separate — отдельный
founding father — отец-основатель
experience — опыт
sensation — ощущение
to survive — выживать
to adapt — приспосабливаться, адаптироваться
psychoanalysis — психоанализ
unconscious — бессознательный
to determine — определять
to be aware of — осознавать
observable — подлежащий наблюдению, наблюдаемый
objective science — объективная наука
to ignore — игнорировать
information processing — обработка информации
to confirm — подтверждать
dominant — доминирующий
aims — цели
evolutionary — эволюционный
genetic — генетический
Занятие №14
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