The work of psychologists and psychiatrists has much in common. Both psychologists and psychiatrists can providepsychotherapy and counseling services.Both psychologists and psychiatrists are trained to diagnoseneuropsychological disordersand dysfunctionsplus psychotic, neurotic and personality disordersand dysfunctions. Both professionals are granted the rightto make such diagnoses by law while other doctors cannot. Both psychologists and psychiatrists help people maintainand enhancetheir physical, intellectual, emotional, social and interpersonal functioning.
However, there are some important differences in training and special skills. Psychiatrists, as medical doctors, can prescribemedications for psychological distress. Psychologists do not prescribe medications, instead focusing their treatmenton psychotherapy. In addition, psychologists are the only mental health professionals who are fully trained and qualifiedto use psychological tests.
The education of psychologists provides knowledge of psychological and emotional problems, personality, and human development, integrated with specialized training in how to applythis knowledge to helping people with emotional distress and other problems in living. The psychologist's training in research allows them to evaluatethe best ways to help people and to make decisions on what helps and what doesn't help different people with various situations.
Psychologists also specialize in psychological testing. Psychological tests are used in situations where there are questions about what a person's particular problem is. For example, a psychologist may use psychological tests to determine whether a child has a learning disorder. Psychologists also use psychological tests in legal cases or any time there is uncertainty about what is troubling an individual. Psychological tests can include assessmentsof personality styles, tests of emotional well-being,intellectual (or "IQ") tests, tests of academic achievementand tests for possible brain damage.The use of psychological tests requiresyears of training that involves not only learning how to give the tests, but also how to integrate all the information from a variety of tests, background information, interviews, and knowledge of theories, research, psychological problems, personalities, and human development. Psychologists are the only mental health professionals who are fully trained and qualified to use psychological tests.
It is important to be aware that there can be broad differences in training and philosophy among psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and other therapists which can often lead to widely differing treatment approaches and understandings of psychological or emotional problems.
Alfred Adler
Alfred Adler, an Austrian psychologist, was born in Vienna on February 7, 1870. He was the third child in a family of five boys and two girls. Adler’s early childhood was not a happy time, for he was sickly and very much aware of death. At 4 he almost died of pneumonia, and at that time he made a significant decision to become a doctor himself. Because he was ill during the first years of his life, Adler was pampered by his mother. Later he was “dethroned” by a younger brother, which led to his jealousy with the latter. In general, his early years were characterized by struggling to overcome childhood weaknesses and feelings of inferiority. It is clear that these family experiences had an impact on the formation of his theory. Nevertheless, he is an example of a person who shaped his own life as opposed to being determined by fate.
Adler was a poor student, and his teacher advised his father that he would be fit to be a shoemaker but not much else. With determined effort Adler eventually rose to the top of his class. Then he went on to study medicine at the University of Vienna. After receiving his M.D. from the University of Vienna in 1895, Adler specialized in psychiatry.
Занятие №15
Тема: «The Early Years of Psychology».
2.Форма организации занятия:практическое.
3. Значение изучения темы: приобщение студентов к истории развития психологии, развитие профессионального интереса, развитие навыков устной и письменной речи.
4. Цели обучения:
общая: обучающийся должен обладать способностью и готовностью к свободному применению русского и иностранного языков, как средства профессионального общения (ОК -14), готовностью к активной коммуникации и информационно- аналитической деятельности, поддержанием активных контактов с коллегами (ПК -1).
учебная: знать основную психологическую лексику и терминологию на иностранном языке, грамматический материал Present Perfect и придаточные условия и времени, уметь использовать знания грамматики и лексики при работе с тексами и в устной речи, владеть иностранным языком в объеме, необходимом для возможности коммуникации и получения информации из зарубежных источников.
5. План изучения темы:
5.1. Контроль исходного уровня знаний.
1. Обсуждение: (контроль дом. задания)
Noise pollution is not a serious environmental concern.
Noise can’t have harmful physiological and psychological effects.
2. Проверка заданий (вопросы для самоподготовки).
Основные понятия и положения темы.
Повторение группы времен Perfect (на базе учебного текста), грамматического материала придаточные предложения условия и времени, действие которых отнесено к будущему.
В английских придаточных предложениях условия и времени, относящихся к будущему времени, сказуемое в будущем времени не употребляется: вместо этого глагол-сказуемое употребляется в настоящем времени, хотя на русский язык такое сказуемое переводится будущим временем. Придаточные предложения условия и времени вводятся союзами if- если, when- когда, after- после того, как, before- до того, как, as soon as- как только, unless- не смотря на, хотя, until- пока не.
Future Perfect после союзов if, when, before, after и др. в обстоятельственных придаточных предложениях времени и условия меняется на Present Perfect, которое переводится будущим временем, если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в форме будущего времени.
After the assistant professor has made a morning round, he will analyze serious cases.
После того, как доцент сделает обход, он будет разбирать случаи тяжелых больных.
Самостоятельная работа по теме.
1. Повторение грамматического материала, придаточные предложения условия и времени, действие которых отнесено к будущему.
В придаточных предложениях условия и времени с союзами if, when, after, before, as soon as, unless, until будущее время заменяется формой настоящего времени.
1. Откройте скобки и вставьте глаголы в нужном времени.
1. He (go) out when the weather (get) warmer. 2. I (wait) for you until you (come) back from school. 3. I’m afraid the train (start) before we (come) to the station. 4. We (go) to the country tomorrow if the weather (to be) fine. 5. We (not pass) the examination next year if we not (work) much harder. 6. If you (not drive) more carefully you (have) an accident. 7. You (be) late if you (not take) a taxi. 8. I (finish) reading this book before I (go) to bed.
2. Работа с текстом «The history of psychology»
1. Прочитайте текст «The history of psychology» (см. приложение) и определите его содержание.
2. Найдите в тексте и переведите на русский язык слова, относящиеся к теме “психология”.
3. Найдите в тексте факты, которые характеризуют развитие психологии с положительной стороны.
4. Найдите в тексте факты, которые указывают на отрицательные моменты в развитии психологии.
5. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. How can we translate the word “psychology” from Greek?
2. Who was Thomas Willis?
3. What did he study?
4. What was his discovery?
5. Was psychology regarded as a branch of philosophy?
6. What century could boast the massive social changes?
7. What can you say about experimental psychology?
6. Повторение группы времен Perfect (на базе учебного текста).
Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых используется Present Perfect, и скажите, чем они отличаются.
3. Речевые упражнения.
1) Being a psychologist requires a great deal of understanding, positive regard for others, and willingness to help people. True or false? Explain your answer.
2) Why did you choose a career of psychologist?
4. Прочитайте и озаглавьте текст (см. приложение).
1. Найдите предложение, не соответствующее содержанию текста.
1. Clinical psychology promotes personal development.
2. Clinical psychology is a regulated mental health profession.
3. Clinical psychology can be confused with psychiatry, which generally has similar goals.
4. Clinical psychology includes the scientific study of psychology for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction.
5. Clinical psychology gave much attention to treatment in the 19th century.
5. Напишите 7-10 предложений о развитии клинической психологии.
Итоговый контроль знаний.
1. Закончите предложения, используя глаголы, данные в скобках, в соответствующем времени.
1. (stop, not live) You won’t live long unless you stop taking drugs.
2. (give up, feel) She ---- better if she ---- smoking.
3. (happen, loose) What ---- if a patient ---- a lot of blood?
4. (Help, give) You ---- to save lives when you ----blood.
5. (stop, hold) If you ----wound for a few minutes, the bleeding ----.
6. (call, find) I ---- you if I ---- something wrong.
7. (need, rise) Unless her blood pressure ----, she ---- a transfusion.
8. (ask, arrive) We ---- the doctor what he thinks when he ----.
9. (show, need) I ---- you what to do if you ---- help.
2. Complete B’s answers to A’s answers.
A B
Amy is in hospital, isn’t she? Yes, she has been in hospital since Monday.
Do you see Ann very often? No, I haven’t seen her for three months.
Is Maggie married? Yes, she --------married for ten years.
You know Linda, don’t you? Yes, we --------each other for ages.
Do you still play tennis? No I -------- tennis for years.
Do you watch TV a lot? No, I -------- TV for a long time.
Have you got a headache? Yes, I ------- a headache all morning.
Do you still go to the cinema a lot? No, I -------- to the cinema for ages.
3. Write B’s sentences using the words in brackets.
1. A: Do you often go on holiday?
B: (no/five ears) No I haven’t had a holiday for five years.
2. A: Do you often eat in restaurants?
B: (no/ages) No, I -----
3. A: Do you often see Sarah?
B: (no/ about a month) No, ----
4. A: Do you often go to the theatre?
B: (no/ a long time) -------
6. Домашнее задание для уяснения темы занятия.
1. Составьте предложения из слов, данных в скобках.
1. (the, science of mind, behavior, and, in, century, nineteenth, emerged, the, psychology).
2. (very, the, idea, new, of, science, this, have, would, been, without, unimaginable, developments, earlier, philosophy, in).
3. (an, area, scientific, as, established, psychology, was, once, of, inquiry).
4. (perspectives, several, different, of, influences, the, by, shaped, it, was).
5. (each, has, made, perspective, a, unique, contribution).
6. (psychology, Gestalt, that, proposed, the, cannot, mind, be, understood, of, elements, as, a, collection).
7. (excluded, behaviorism, mind, the, from, study, altogether).
8. (behavior, unlike, the, mind, be, cannot, observed, directly).
9. (many, the, influences, psychology’s past, in, helped, have, psychology, to, make, to-day, field, diverse, very, a).
2. Выскажите свою точку зрения по поводу обучения школьников.
1. Is it important for teachers to know about the theories of multiple intelligences and learning styles? Why or why not?
2. Do schools try to help visual and tactile-kinesthetic learners enough? Should they try to help them more? How?
3. How do you become a specialist in your country?
3. Прочитайте и переведите текст «History» (см. приложение).
Смотри методические разработки для внеаудиторной работы по теме.
Рекомендации по выполнению НИРС, в том числе список тем, предлагаемых кафедрой.
The aims of clinical psychology.
The history of clinical psychology.
The famous psychologists.
Psychological education in Great Britain and in Russia.
8. Рекомендованная литература по теме занятия:
основная: тексты"The history of psychology», «History»
И.П. Агабекян “Английский язык для психологов”. Москва, 2008. – 272с.
дополнительная: англо-русские, русско-английские словари, грамматические справочники.
электронные ресурсы: Обучающий аудио курс на CD. Английский язык для студентов. ООО «Мультисофт», 2006
Электронный словарь Longman Exams Dictionary, Longman: Pearson Education Limited, 2006
Интернет
The history of psychology.
The root of the word psychology (In Greek mythology Psyche (“soul” or “butterfly”) was the human bride of Eros, the god of love. Before she is allowed to marry Eros she is forced to undergo many difficult ordeals. Apuleius tells the story of Eros and Psyche in his Metamorphoses) means “soul” or “spirit” in Greek, and psychology was sometimes considered a study of the soul (in a religious sense of this term), though its emergence as a medical discipline can be seen in Thomas Willis (1621-1673).Thomas Wills was an English doctor who played an important part in the history of the science of anatomy and was a cofounder of the Royal Society (1662).
Wills worked as a physician in Westminster London, and from 1660 until his death was Professor of Natural Philosophy at Oxford. He was a pioneer in research into the anatomy of the brain, nervous system and muscles. The “circle of Willis”, a part of the brain, was his discovery. Until about the end of the 19th century psychology was regarded as a branch of philosophy.
The 19th century has most often been referred to by historians as the “age of -isms”, characterizing the many different isms that developed in his period. No other century could boast the massive social changes. It might be said that many related disciplines live under the same name including experimental psychology.
Experimental psychology describes an approach to psychology that treats it as one of the natural sciences, and therefore assumes that it is susceptible to the experimental method. Many experimental psychologists have gone further, and have assumed that all methods of investigation other than experimentation are suspect. In particular, experimental psychologists have been inclined to discount the case study and interview methods as they have been used in clinical and developmental psychology.
(Озаглавьте текст)
Clinical psychology includes the scientific study and application of psychology for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development. Central to its practice are psychological assessment and psychotherapy, although clinical psychologists also engage in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration. In many countries it is a regulated mental health profession.
The field is often considered to have begun in 1896 with the opening of the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer. In the first half of the 20th century, clinical psychology was focused on psychological assessment, with little attention given to treatment. This changed after the 1940s when World War II resulted in the need for a large increase in the number of trained clinicians. Since that time, two main educational models have developed—the Ph.D. (focusing on research) and the Psy.D. (focusing on practice). Clinical psychologists are now considered experts in providing psychotherapy, and generally train within four primary theoretical orientations—Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Cognitive Behavioral, and Systems or Family therapy. Clinical psychology can be confused with psychiatry, which generally has similar goals (e.g. the alleviation of mental distress), but is unique in that psychiatrists are medical practitioners licensed to prescribe medication as the primary treatment modality. However, there is a growing movement to give psychologists limited prescription privileges as well.
History
Although modern, scientific psychology is often dated at the 1879 opening of the first psychological laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt, attempts to create methods for assessing and treating mental distress existed long before. The earliest recorded approaches were a combination of religious, magical and/or medical perspectives.
In the early 1800s, one could have his or her head examined, literally, using phrenology, the study of personality by the shape of the skull. Other popular treatments included physiognomy—the study of the shape of the face—and mesmerism, Mesmer's treatment by the use of magnets. Spiritualism "mental healing" was also popular.
While the scientific community eventually came to reject all of these methods, academic psychologists also were not concerned with serious forms of mental illness. That area was already being addressed by the developing fields of psychiatry and neurology within the asylum movement. It was until the end of the 19th century, around the time when Sigmund Freud was first developing his "talking cure" in Vienna that the first scientifically clinical application of psychology began.
Занятие №16
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