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Managing and sharing information Управлять и делиться информацией
often means changing existing часто означает смену существующих
organizational cultures and values. организационных культур и
ценностей.
Первая, вторая и третья ing формы являются герундиями (в функциях подлежащих и дополнения), а четвертая – причастие в роли определения.
v В начале предложения ing форма без предлога может быть либо герундием в функции подлежащего, либо причастием в функции обстоятельства. В первом случае герундий переводят существительным или инфинитивом, во втором случае причастие переводят русским деепричастием несовершенного вида.
Helping the needy should be a matter of Помощь нуждающимся должна быть
individual choice. личным делом каждого.
Seeking to remedy the situation, Стремясь исправить ситуацию,
governments in many countries talk правительства многих стран все
increasingly of sanctions against the больше заговаривают о санкциях,
childless. направленных против бездетных
семей.
Перевод герундиальных оборотов
Данные обороты не имеют своих эквивалентов в русском языке, поэтому в большинстве случаев переводятся придаточными предложениями, соответствующими синтаксической роли герундия в предложении.
Формальными признаками таких оборотов является наличие перед герундием притяжательного местоимения или существительного в притяжательном падеже.
My friend’s knowing English well То, что мой друг хорошо знал
helped him in learning German. английский, помогло ему в изучении
немецкого языка.
v Данный герундиальный оборот находится перед сказуемым и, следовательно, является подлежащим в предложении, поэтому переводим его придаточным предложением-подлежащим, начиная со слов «то, что», «тот факт, что».
The firm insisted on their delivering the goods Фирма настаивала на том, чтобы
immediately. они немедленно доставили товар.
v В данном предложении герундиальный оборот находится в функции дополнения, поэтому переводить его надо дополнительным придаточным предложением с помощью союзов «что», «чтобы».
Обратите внимание, что в AE наблюдается рост употребления герундия за счет отглагольного существительного.
| AE | Перевод | BE |
| insuring insurance | страхование | insurance |
| insuring property | страхование имущества | insurance of property |
| settling disputes | урегулирование споров | settlement of disputes |
Упражнения
1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined words.
1. College students frequently say that American government and politics are hard to understand; in fact, many people voice the same complaint.
2. Using their coercive powers, governments can tax citizens to raise funds to spend on public goods, benefits and services that are available to everyone – such as education, sanitation, and parks.
3. Public goods benefit all citizens but are not likely to be produced by the voluntary acts of individuals.
4. The revenue side of the budget is provided by overall tax policy, which is designed to provide a continuous flow of income without annual legislation.
5. What is learned first structures later learning.
6. Like psychologists, scholars of political socialization place great emphasis on early learning.
7. Political learning at the college level can be very like that in high school or very different; the degree of difference is apt to increase provided professors encourage their students to question authority.
8. With the advent of digital information systems and the Internet, the scope of publishing has expanded to include websites, blogs and the like.
9. At the college level, peer group influence on politics can grow substantially, often fed by new learning that clashes with parental beliefs.
10. Magazines influence attentive policy elite-leaders who follow news in specific areas – and thus influence mass opinion indirectly through a two-step flow of communication.
11. Each individualexperiences a unique process of political socialization and forms a unique set of political values.
12. Still, people with similar backgrounds do share learning experiences, this means they tend to develop similar political opinions.
13. Respondents who readily locate themselves on a diagram’s single dimension running from liberal to conservative later often contradict their self-placement when answering questions that trade off freedom for either order or equality.
14. People can keep abreast of national and international affairs through nightly television news, which bring live coverage of world events via satellite from virtually anywhere in the world; yet the average American displays an astonishing lack of political knowledge.
15. Citizens’ knowledge of politics just after the election is low enough to question the basis of their vote.
16. In the United States, private ownership of the media is an accepted fact; indeed, most Americans would regard government ownership of the media as an unacceptable threat to freedom that would interfere with the “marketplace of ideas” and result in one-way communication, from government to citizens.
17. In politics, citizens and their government need to communicate in order to get along well.
18. Because their writings were lengthy critiques of the existing political and economic order, muckrakers found a more hospitable outlet in magazines of opinion than is newspapers with large circulations.
19. However, television is not alone among the mass media in focusing on news that appeals to its audience’s emotions, as the newspapers that engage in yellow journalism also play on emotions. In fact, private ownership of the mass media ensures that news is selected for its audience appeal.
20. To document the suspicion that local television stations broadcast little political information, Robert Entman analyzed the content of the local television news broadcast in 1986 over two full weeks in North Carolina. He found that reporting on local policy issuesaveraged under two minutes per half-hour program.
2. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the word “ it”.
1. A newspaper is a publication containing news and information and advertising usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint; it may be of general or special interest, most often published daily or weekly.
2. It is important to keep in mind that culture change must be managed from the top of the organization as willingness to change the senior management is a very important indicator.
3. A concept is a generalized idea of a class of items or thoughts; it groups various events, objects, or qualities under a common classification or label.
4. “Social order” refers to established patterns of authority in society and to traditional models of behaviour; it is the accepted way of doing things.
5. It is no accident that the chief law enforcement officer in South Africa is the minister of law and order.
6. It is not enough for governments to provide people with equal opportunities; they must also design policies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality are actually achieved.
7. It is not surprising that most people link their earliest memories of politics with their families; moreover, when parents are interested in politics, they influence their children to become more politically interested and informed.
8. It is sometimes said that there is no such thing as the so-called “scientific method”; there are only the methods used in science.
9. It must be admitted that the problem of science classification can be approached from several viewpoints.
10. It is no good stressing a paradox if you wish to excite curiosity of the audience unprepared for the lecture.
11. It is time to pause at this stage of the story to have the reader realize its significance for the evolution of thinking.
12. It would not be wise for any parent to dictate what field his child should enter for his life career.
13. Moreover, human speech differs from all forms of animal speech in that it can be expressed and presented in writing.
14. You may lead a horse to water but you can’t make it drink.
15. A Soviet-American symposium held in the USSR in 1971 discussed the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence and the possibility of establishing contact with it.
16. It is because of its greatest importance for the whole mankind that we consider the environmental problem.
17. It is common knowledge that talents and abilities of scientists are very valuable, possibly the most valuable natural recourse for each nation and for the whole human race.
18. The theory, however convincing it may seem to its author, requires more experimental data to corroborate it.
19. The only advantage of a lecture over the printed text is the immediate contact it offers between the lecturer and audience.
20. They do not realize that it is the compulsive need for quick profits, motivating capitalism, which causes the constant revolutionizing of the modes of production, without regard to the pollution and damage it is doing to the environment.
3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to “There + be” construction.
1. There is no doubt that in the course of further scientific development extensive use will be made of modern computing machines and electronic devices.
2. There are fields which cannot be dealt with on a national scale only, such as environmental protection, space exploration and so on.
3. There is more chance now of this suggestion being true.
4. There appear no reasons for anybody to object to this style of research.
5. There is an English saying that Satan will always find some work for idle hands to do.
6. For a man’s life to be thoroughly satisfactory there has to be some underlying conviction about life itself.
7. There was a disagreement whether they should continue along the same line or whether they should take another approach.
8. There are some who think we can leave the human body to regulate these matters for itself.
9. There are two things at least everyone knows about medicine today.
10. There had never been a precedent of a candidate not being elected under such circumstances.
11. Yet there is something in common in all these inclinations and preferences and this is man’s eternal curiosity about the unknown.
12. In addition to the impressiveness of the settings, there is a use of the camera which at times seems magical.
13. The customer gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer’s money on a cheque on which its customer’s signature has been forged.
14. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the modern practice, adopted by some banks, of printing the customer’s name on his cheque.
15. But even if you are born poor and ugly to parents who refuse to absent themselves from you, there is still plenty you can do to influence your chance of success.
16. There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or by protecting them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation.
17. There is no sky in June so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer, no sunset so beautiful that it does not waken the vision of a greater beauty, a vision which passes before it is fully glimpsed, and in passing leaves an indefinable longing and regret.
18. Each civilization is born, it culminates, and it decays. There is a widespread testimony that this ominous fact is due to inherent biological defects in the crowded life of cities.
19. There is no quicker method of disposing of patients than by giving them what they are asking for, and since most medical men in the Health Services are overworked and have little tome for offering time-consuming and little-appreciated advice on such subjects as diet, right living, and the need for abandoning bad habits, etc., the bottle, the box and the jar are almost always granted them.
20. Not, after all, that there is any such thing as truth. At best we can approach to some relative approximation. On the other hand, there is surely such a thing as untruth.
4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to “both … and” , “either – or”, “neither … nor”, “not only … but also / as well”.
1. Freedom of the press is essential to democratic government, but the news media both assist and complicate the governmental process.
2. Television’s great advantage over radio – that it showed people and events – both contributed to the impact of television news coverage and to some extent determined the news that television chose to cover.
3. The print media, both newspapers and magazines, are privately owned in the Western countries, but the broadcast media often are not.
4. Private ownership of print and broadcast media is supposed to give the news industry in the USA more political freedom than any other in the world, but it also makes the media more dependent on advertising revenues both to cover their costs and to make a profit.
5. In democratic governments, information must flow in both directions: from a government to its citizens and from citizens to their government.
6. Because both print and broadcast media might be tempted to inflate their estimated audiences to tell advertisers that they reach more people than actually do, a separate industry has developed to rate audience size impartially.
7. However annoying it may appear to us, judging from the history, both remote and recent, man has not always lived up to his qualification as homo sapiens.
8. A student of English may have looked upon his work either as a tedious but necessary preliminary to the passing of an examination or as an interesting linguistic study.
9. The question to be decided was whether the gas contained any carbon either free or combined.
10. The suggestion is both attractive and interesting but the work is not sufficiently advanced for any defined opinion to be made.
11. The author brings to this book the unusual qualifications of not only being thoroughly familiar with the material discussed but of having a broad understanding of regional problems as well.
12. That this has not happened may be the fault of the University, for at both Oxford and Cambridge the colleges tend to live in an era which is certainly not the twentieth century, and upon a planet which bears little resemblance to the war-torn Earth.
13. When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person.
14. Critics of shopping malls talk about the “malling of America” as if it were a sudden phenomenon, but it has taken almost a hundred years for the mall to become a feature of both the urban and the suburban landscape.
15. The “shopping villages” consciously recalled small-town shopping districts, both in their architecture, which was carefully traditional, and in their layout, which integrated them into the surrounding neighbourhood: the stores faced the street and the parking lots were usually in the rear.
16. Another reason that mall owners may eventually support the idea of public use is that California’s broader access requirements have proved to be neither troublesome nor expensive, despite the fears of some developers.
17. Indoor shopping streets are attractive anywhere the climate is marked by hot, humid summers, or harsh winters or both, and enclosed shopping malls began to appear everywhere.
18. The intelligence test is an attempt to assess the general ability of any child to think, reason, judge, analyse and synthesize by presenting him with situations, both verbal and practical, which are within his range of competence and understanding.
19. There was no mistaking nor any way to minimize what they both knew was the danger their friend would be in, but the end result would be worth the risk.
20. Both of them were out in the open, exposed to whatever danger lurked in the shadows.
5. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the inverted word order.
1. Not only do scientists obtain new results on the origin of life but also they try to evaluate them against the background of known facts.
2. The threat to his environment is not the first major problem challenging man in the mid-20-th century. Nor was it, until quite recently, the one most readily recognized.
3. With increase of productivity no longer is it necessary for everyone to be involved in food production.
4. Man is by nature an explorer. Not only must he master his environment, but he must, of necessity, extend it in an effort to gain supremacy over the unknown.
5. This was a period of such continuous flood of extraordinary ideas that hardly can one expect anything like this to happen again before long.
6. Not only did Vernadsky foresee some of the adverse effects on man’s production activity, but he also put forward some original ideas on our future development.
7. The available bibliography is very extensive. Listed below are the references to valuable sources.
8. The problems are not new, nor is the general outline of policy for solving them.
9. Studies such as these will naturally help, and so would a real improvement in the routine procedure.
10. We cannot yet fully explain the disappearance of many ancient civilizations, nor can we write down their reliable history.
11. Incomplete though these figures are, they give more information in several respects than has before been available.
12. However, paradoxical as this may seem, the practical value of formal logic, the laws of thought and the scientific method, is very limited indeed.
13. Little has been so far found out concerning the nature of the phenomenon. Nor is much likely to be discovered in the immediate future.
14. Now, however likely may it seem at first glance, it is not certain that this reason is the right one or at least the only one.
15. Of more importance to us is the nature of the scientist wanted today and in the foreseeable future.
16. And only through a radical change in these values and attitudes can we hope to cope with the environmental problems.
17. Not only are we unable to give a formula for individual sleep requirements, we cannot even give confident averages for the different age groups.
18. Important as Mechnikov’s discoveries were in themselves their significance is further magnified by the impetus they gave to the development of the comparative and evolutionary trend in physiology.
19. Only gradually and painfully is he learning that he cannot go on working against nature if he is to survive.
20. As the income levels in these countries rise, so will their demand for a diet of animal products.
6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the attributes expressed by different parts of speech.
1. Certain linkage mechanisms communicate better in one direction than in the other; primary and secondary schools, for example, commonly instruct young citizens about government rules and symbols, whereas voting sends messages from citizens to government.
2. Magazines differ from newspapers primarily in their coverage nature, in their publication frequency and in their production quality.
3. The news function of the mass media cannot be separated from their entertainment function; entertainment increases audience, which increases advertising revenues.
4. A story’s political significance, educational value or broad social importance does not as a rule determine whether it is covered in the mass media; the sad truth is that most potential news stories are not judged by such grand criteria.
5. The primary criterion of a story newsworthiness is usually its audience appeal, as judged by its high impact on readers or listeners; its sensational aspect (as exemplified by violence, conflict, disaster or scandal) its treatment of familiar people or life situations; its close-to-home character, and its timeliness.
6. In the USA more than 60 percent of the newspaper content is devoted to advertising; only a portion of the remaining newspaper space is devoted to news of any sort and only a fraction of that news – excluding stories about fires, robberies, murder, trial, and the like – can be classified as “political”.
7. Reliance on audience appeal has led the news industry to calculate its audience very carefully.
8. The print media can easily determine the size of their circulations through sales figures, but the broadcast media must establish their audiences through various sampling techniques.
9. The rating reports have resulted in a “rating game”, in which the media try to increase ratings by adjusting the delivery or content of their news.
10. Some local television stations favour “happy talk” on their broadcasts – witty on-the-air exchanges among announcers, reporters, sportscasters and meteorologists; other stations use the “eye-witness” approach, showing a preponderance of film with human interest, humorous or violent content.
11. Because the public could sense reporters’ personalities over radio in a way they could not in print, broadcast journalists quickly became national celebraties.
12. Mass communication is the process by which individuals or groups transmit information to large, heterogeneous and widely dispersed audience.
13. The term mass media refers to the technical devices employed in mass communication.
14. In contrast to the broad coverage of daily papers, many magazines focus on narrow topics, such as sports; even news-oriented magazines cover the news in a more specialized manner than newspapers.
15. Magazines are often used as forums for opinion, not strictly for news; magazines dealing with public affairs, however, have had relatively small circulations and select readership, making them questionable as mass media.
16. Some magazines are often politically influential – especially in framing arguments against discrimination or in publishing exposes of political corruption and business exploitation; their writers, derisively called muckrakers (a term derived from a special rake used to collect manure), practiced a form of investigative reporting that involved detailing basic unsavory facts about government and business.
17. Audience decline, resulting from the fact that viewers are increasingly watching cable stations or videotapes instead of network programs, brings declining profits and cutbacks in cutwork news budgets.
18. Johannes Gutenberg was the first to print the Bible using his printing press in 1453; it resulted in making books freely acceptable to many people during the Renaissance.
19. The streamlines centre is usually moderate in size uinstead of an assortment of small shops anchored by a department store, it includes only two or three deep-discount, or “category-killer”, stores with large inventories and low prices.
20. The desire of many consumers to devote less time to shopping accounts for the popularity of huge general-merchandise warehouses, which resemble department stores with shopping cards and are designed to shorten, not to prolong, shopping time.
7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to –ed forms.
1. The invention of the compact cassette in the 1960s, followed by Sony’s Walkman, gave a major boost to the mass media distribution of music recordings.
2. An album appeared as a collection of related audio tracks, released together to the public, usually commercially.
3. The first collection of records called an “album” proved to be Tchaikovsky’s Nutcracker Suite, released in April 1909 as a four-disc set by Odeon records; it retailed for 16 shillings – about £15 in modern currency.
4. Modern music videos were primarily developed and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings.
5. Films are also considered to be artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them.
6. Confronted by the contrast of poverty amid plenty, some political leaders in European nations pioneered extensive government programs to improve life for lower classes.
7. Digital radio and digital television may transmit multiplexed programming, with several channels compressed into one ensemble.
8. In Saudi Arabia murderers are beheaded, adulterers are flogged and thieves have their hands chopped off.
9. When confronted with issues that involve a choice between personal freedom and social order, college-educated respondents tend to choose freedom.
10. As expected, education is strongly related to political sophistication, but so is participation in groups and parents’ interest in politics.
11. Psychologists referred to the packet of pre-existing beliefs that people applied to specific issues as an opinion schema – a network of organized knowledge and beliefs that guided the processing of information on a particular subject.
12. When a leader acted in the manner preferred by style-oriented citizens, they viewed his or her policy favourably.
13. Road building appeared to be another public good provided by the Roman government – which also used the roads to move its legions and to protect the established order.
14. The most frequent form of the news output is the news release – a prepared text distributed to reporters in the hope that it will be used verbatim.
15. In addition to the recognized news channels, selected reporters occasionally benefit from leaks of information released by officials who are guaranteed anonymity.
16. Among urban sophisticates, references to malls are invariably accompanied by a smirk or a sigh, but for most Americans, shopping malls proved to be an accepted part of everyday life, just like freeway commuting, fast food, garage sales and backyard barbecues; like these institutions, malls are resolutely middlebrow.
17. In Boston, Baltimore and New York City, the Rouse Company, a major shopping-center developer, built so-called festival marketplaces, which were really shopping malls in waterfront settings – often shoehorned into rehabilitated dockside buildings.
18. What is unusual is the fact that the stores mentioned above are grouped around a huge glass-roofed courtyard containing an amusement park with 23 rides, two theatres and dozens of smaller attractions, such as sparkling lights, hurdy-gurdy music of the merry-go-round and a year-round ice-skating rink.
19. The Mall of America contained the usual array of fast-food outlets arranged around two food courts, several inexpensive mainstream Italian eateries and two upscale restaurants.
20. The new businessman or businesswoman is free to manage and direct the enterprise thus obtained, using the trade name of the franchisor, provided the contracts are signed.
8. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the verb “do”.
1. At the same time, pluralists recognize that subgroups within the public do express opinions on specific matters – often and vigorously.
2. How do individuals’ ideology and knowledge affect their opinions?
3. In fact, survey methodology did not develop into a powerful research tool until the advent of computers in the 1950s.
4. Poll results can be wrong because of problems that have nothing to do with sampling theory; in particular, question wording can bias the results.
5. They do seem to have no other choice.
6. College courses that are intended to stimulate critical thinking do have the potential to introduce to or develop in some students political ideas that are radically different from those they bring to class, and this is something most high school courses do not do.
7. As voters age, they begin to see more merit in government spending for social security than they did when they were younger.
8. Members of minority groups tend to see more personal advantage in government policies that promote social equality than do members of majority groups; teenage males are more likely to oppose compulsory military service than are older people of their sex.
9. Given the complexity of factors in individual opinion schemas, it is surprising that researchers find as many strong correlations as they do among individuals’ social backgrounds, general values, and specific opinions.
10. Differences in education, race, and religion tend to produce sharper divisions of opinion today on questions of order and equality than do differences in income, region, and ethnicity.
11. Although most people do not think about politics in ideological terms, when asked to do so by pollsters, they readily classify themselves along a liberal-conservative continuum.
12. Charity (i.e. voluntary giving to the poor) has a strong basis in Western religious traditions; using the power of the state to support the poor does not.
13. In the United States, the mass media are in business to make money, which they do mainly by selling advertising through their major function, entertainment.
14. The first American commercial colour broadcast came in 1951, as did the first coast-to-coast broadcast – President Harry Truman’s address to delegates at the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference in San Francisco.
15. Just as the appearance of the newscaster became important for television viewers, so did the appearance of the news itself.
16. A democratic government can be responsive to public opinion only if its citizens can make their opinion known; moreover, the electorate can hold government officials accountable for their actions only if voters know what their government has done, is doing and is going to do.
17. It is impossible for the media to communicate everything about public affairs, for there is neither space in newspapers or magazines nor time on television or radio to do so.
18. Shopping malls are believed to cater exclusively to middle-class tastes and to contain no litter, no rain and no excessive heat or cold; actually, large malls do cater to a variety of tastes – they have to.
19. Franchising is supposed to be nothing more or less than a way of doing business; e.g., an entrepreneur may create a product or devise an uncommon type of service, then launch an enterprise to sell it to the people, – it may fail, of course, as many do.
20. The accused claimed that he had never shot at anyone in his life, that he did not even like guns but he did know how to use one.
9. Translate the following sentences paying attention to –ing forms.
1. Films are produced by recording people and objects with cameras, or by creating them using animation techniques and / or special effects.
2. The visual elements of cinema need no translation, giving the motion picture a universal power of communication.
3. For the first time anyone with a web site can address a global audience, although serving to high levels of web traffic is still relatively expensive.
4. A magazine is a periodical publication containing a variety of articles, generally financed by advertising and / or purchased by readers.
5. Recent developments on the Internet are posing major threats to the printed newspaper business model, paid circulation declining in most countries and advertising revenue which makes up the bulk of a newspaper’s income shifting from print to online.
6. Most people don’t like being told what to do; fewer still like being coerced into acting a certain way.
7. All governments require citizens to surrender some freedom in the process of being governed.
8. Without rules people would live like predators, stealing and killing for personal benefits.
9. Thomas Hobbes believed that complete obedience to Leviathan’s strict laws was a small price to pay for the security of living in a civil society.
10. John Locke wrote that the protection of life, liberty and property was the basic objective of government, his thinking strongly influencing the Declaration of Independence.
11. Under the emerging concept of the welfare state, government’s role expanded to provide individuals with medical care, education, and a guaranteed income, “from the cradle to the grave”.
12. Providing for public goods usually is less controversial than maintaining order or promoting equality.
13. After all, government spending for highways, schools, and parks benefits for nearly every citizen; moreover, these services merely cost money.
14. The cost of maintaining order and promoting equality is greater than money; it usually means a trade-off of basic values.
15. All governments by definition value order; maintaining order is part of the meaning of government.
16. Polling involves interviewing a sample of citizens to estimate public opinion as a whole.
17. There is no denying the fact that in most cases exposure, communication and receptivity are highest in family-child relationships, although parental influence has declined with the rise of single-parent families.
18. Obviously, the paths to political awareness, knowledge and values differ among individuals, but most people are exposed to the same influences, or agents of socialization; these influences being family, school, community, peers, and – of course – television.
19. Questioning dominant political values does not necessarily mean rejecting them.
20. It goes without saying that the role of political leaders in affecting public opinion has been enhanced enormously with the development of the broadcast media, especially television.
10. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Passive Voice/
1. Academic programs for the study of mass media are usually referred to as mass communication programs.
2. Taxation for public goods (e.g. building roads and schools) is often opposed because of its cost alone; taxation for government programs to promote economic and social equality is opposed more strongly on principle.
3. At the university students are offered a curriculum of study which is followed by a test and the award of a degree.
4. The results are analysed and the analysis is followed by a comparison of the data obtained with those available in literature.
5. Some aspects of the foregoing topics are dealt with in the next chapter, and a number of problems created by some of the new activities are mentioned but not discussed in detail.
6. Some diseases may show only when an organism containing mutant genes is influenced by certain factors of the environment.
7. The congress attended by scientists from all the institutions concerned attracted much attention and was referred to as a most representative forum in this field.
8. Every new idea is immediately taken up and developed further, forming the initial point of an avalanche-like process.
9. Some people have been so scared reading about harmful effects of smoking that they gave up reading.
10. Social scientists and physical scientists, each group representing a diversity of specialized disciplines, were brought together to review some implications of the interaction between science and society.
11. General scientific methods can be approached from a historical point of view by giving a brief account of the development of scientific concepts and theories.
12. The book was designed as a kind of platform to provide an opportunity for prominent speakers to represent their respective field of science.
13. In this context it is being argued with increasing force that medical care is a right and not a privilege and that one class of medical care should be available to everyone.
14. The proceedings of the Congress were published as a separate volume, with all communications presented in the original language.
15. Boys are therefore seldom trained to follow their father’s occupation, and in many towns they have a fairly wide choice of employment and so do girls.
16. The peace which Oxford once knew, and which a great university city should always have, has been swept ruthlessly away.
17. Loads of motor-engines are hurried hither and thither and the streets are thronged with a population which has no interest in learning.
18. It might have been thought that the culture of the university would radiate out and transform the lives of the workers.
19. Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death.
20. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best that life has to offer.
11. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the word “one”.
1. In common usage a “computer game” or a “PC game” refers to a game that is played on a personal computer, a “console game” referring to one that is played on a device specifically designed for the use of such, while interfacing with a standard television set.
2. When one wants to change something in the culture of a company one has to keep in consideration that this is a long term project.
3. Political equality in elections is easy to define: each citizen has one and only one vote.
4. By taking from one to give to another which is necessary for the redistribution of income and status the government clearly creates winners and losers.
5. When no one really knows what the people want, it is impossible for the national government to be responsive to public opinion.
6. One cannot help mentioning the fact that in two-parent homes children learn a wide range of values – social, moral, religious, economic and political – that help shape their opinions.
7. People are apt to measure new candidates and new ideas against the old ones they remember.
8. Political learning comes simply through exposure and familiarity, one example being the simple act of voting, which people do with increasing regularity as they grow older.
9. Blacks presently constitute the largest racial minority in American politics but not the only significant one.
10. The tendency to respond to questions by using ideological terms is strongly related to education, which helps people understand political issues and relate them to one another.
11. Although the stores in the mall close at 10 o’clock each night, the nightclubs stay open until one in the morning; combine neon, nighttime, loud music and alcohol, and the resulting atmosphere is not what one usually associates with shopping malls.
12. Admittedly the services offered by the Mall of America are fewer than the ones that could be found in a comparable area of New York City, but it does represent greater diversity than one would encounter in most small cities; in addition to those mentioned, there are also high-priced and discount shops.
13. One thing that is required to make malls more truly urban is the introduction of some form of permanent housing, which would provide a resident population in addition to shoppers.
14. One can hardly expect a true scientist to keep within the limits of one narrow long-established field, leaving most fascinating problems to be found on the frontiers, out of the scope of his inquiry.
15. The franchisee, the one who wants to market the product or service, enters into an agreement with the franchisor under which he or she agrees to pay a fee and a percentage of the profits, or royalty, to the parent business.
16. Indeed, one of the distinctive features of franchising is that it is being exported aggressively to countries all over the world.
17. The moment one gets into the mountains, one is on one’s own. One has to rely on oneself for everything.
18. In a democratic society one is free to express oneself because freedom of speech and expression is the lifeblood of any democracy.
19. It is the failure to recognize the difference between the observable and nonobservable, confusing one with the other, that confounds our understanding of religion.
20. While no one can be expected to know about all the world’s religions, anyone seriously studying one of them will hunt for some principle, definition, or criterion of meaning that identifies the one under his investigation.
12. Translate the following sentences paying attention to “that” (“those”).
1. Toward the end of the 20th century, the advent of the world wide Web marked the first era in which any individual could have a means of exposure on a scale comparable to that of mass media.
2. Publishing is the industry concerned with the production of literature or information, that is, the activity of making information available for public view.
3. In practice, magazines are a subset of periodicals, distinct from those produced by scientific, artistic, academic or special interest publishers that are subscription-only, more expensive, narrowly limited in circulation, and often have little or no advertising.
4. Discussing the threats posed by the Internet to the printed newspapers, some commentators point out that historically new media such as radio and television did not entirely supplant existing media.
5. Corporate culture is something that is very hard to change and employees need time to get used to the new way of organizing.
6. Policies that regulate social behaviour, like those that redistribute income, inevitably clash with the values of personal freedom.
7. Just as people sit back from a wide-screen motion picture to gain perspective, to understand the American government you need to take a broad view, a much broader view than that offered by examining political events.
8. Very few governments even profess to guarantee equality, and governments differ greatly in policies that pit equality against freedom.
9. Both “freedom” and “equality” are positive terms that politicians have learned to use to their own advantage.
10. Clearly, the concept of equality of outcome is very different from that of equality of opportunity, and it requires a much greater degree of government activity.
11. It is also the concept of equality that clashes most directly with the concept of freedom.
12. In the United States the homicide rate is three to ten times that of most other Western countries, and although no one is proud of that record, its government would never consider beheading, flogging, or dismembering as a means of lowering the crime rate.
13. According to some researchers, schools have an influence on political learning that is equal to or greater than that of parents.
14. Homogeneous communities – those with members similar in ethnicity, race, religion or occupational status – can exert strong pressures on both children and adults to conform to the dominant attitude.
15. Now that the news audience can actually see the broadcasters as well as hear them, news personalities become even greater celebrities.
16. In spite of the fact that record and film industries sometimes convey political messages, they are primarily entertainment.
17. That the development of the news media in the USA has been shaped by the growth of the country, technological inventions, political attitudes toward the scope of government, as well as the need to entertain is well known.
18. The sensational reporting of that period came to be called yellow journalism – after the “Yellow Kid”, a comic-strip character features in the “New York World” that was published by Joseph Pulitzer, the same man who established the Pulitzer prizes for distinguished journalism.
19. That major mechanisms for political communication are voting, political parties, campaigning in elections, and interest groups is obvious, but the fact is that the mass media are the only linkage mechanisms that specialize in communication.
20. Despite the fact that the four most prominent mass media – that is, newspapers, magazines, radio, and television – are usually thought of as the main ones that are used for political purposes, one should take into consideration that political content can also be transmitted through other mass media, such as recordings and motion pictures.
13. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined words.
1. Flickering between the frames of a film is not seen dueto an effect known as persistence of vision – whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed.
2. Galleys are usually made as cheaply as possible, since they are not intended for sale.
3. Usually there are rules and goals of computer games, but in more open-ended games the players may be free to do whatever they like within the confines of the virtual universe.
4. The concept of mass media is complicated in some internet media as now individuals have means of potential exposure on a scale comparable to what was previously restricted to select group of mass mediate producers.
5. Government can be defined as the legitimate use of force – including imprisonment and execution – within territorial boundaries to control human behavour.
6. Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, aswellas the field in general.
7. Although some governments minimize their infringement on personal freedom, no government has as a goal the maximization of personal freedom.
8. In his focus on life in the cruel state of nature, Thomas Hobbes saw government primarily as a means for survival; whereas other theorists, taking survival for granted, believed that government protected order by preserving private property, i.e. goods and land owned by individuals.
9. After governments have established basic order, they can pursue other ends.
10. Most governments at least claim to preserve individual freedom while they maintain order, although they vary widely in the extent to which they succeed.
11. How government chooses the proper mix of order, freedom and equality in its policymaking has to do with the process of choice ratherthan outcome.
12. Most governments profess to be democratic; whether they are or not depends on their meaning of the term.
13. As far as the term “freedom” is concerned, it can be used in two major senses: “freedom to” and “freedom from”, the former being the absence of constraints on behaviour, e.g. “freedom of worship” and “freedom of speech”; the latter often symbolizing the fight against exploitation and oppression, or immunity from discrimination, e.g. “freedom from fear”, “freedom from want”.
14. When order is viewed in the narrow sense of preserving life and protecting property, most citizens would concede the importance of maintaining order and thereby grant the need for government.
15. What constitutes a crime in Saudi Arabia may not be a crime in the United States.
16. Public opinion was neither strong enough nor stable to force state legislatures to outlaw the death penalty, but in 1966 a plurality of respondents opposed the death penalty for the first time since the Gallup surveys began.
17. The states responded to the shift of public opinion concerning the death penalty by reducing the number of executions each year until they were stopped completely in anticipation of a Supreme Court decision.
18. Surprisingly, when the population is very large comparedwith the sample – which is usually the case in opinion polling – the size of the population has essentially no effect on the sampling accuracy.
19. What is learned first is learned best.
20. Regardlessofhow people learn about politics, as they grow older, they gain perspective on government.
14. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the different ways of expressing the subject.
1. Finding an adequate solution to this most urgent problem will surely require much time and still more effect.
2. By having defined one’s research objective one has already made the first and the most important step towards the final success.
3. Taking into account individual components resulted in radical change of the entire system.
4. The possibility of there being life on Mars is very doubtful.
5. In one’s search to understand what happens in this particular case, one cannot help being influenced by the history of quite another problem.
6. To make a choice between these two alternatives is not an easy task.
7. To speculate about the future is one of the most basic qualities of man, which involves two aspects: one is to forecast what the future development will be and the other is to determine in what approximate period of time it is going to take place.
8. What we try to do is to foretell a general tendency rather than a particular development.
9. One can watch more and more people move into biology from other areas of research.
10. To say that poetry is sponsored, however, is not to say that it is necessarily bad.
11. One can paraphrase the English saying “no news is good news” and say that “no positive result is also a result”, sometimes even a better one than anything that was expected.
12. That this factor is too important to be ignored does not require any further proof.
13. What is done cannot be undone.
14. What we want to stress is indivisibility and complexity of the environment.
15. Whether the project will be approved at present is a matter of importance.
16. No single method of getting rid of environmental pollution can be recommended as being the most reliable.
17. The idea of a frozen man being thawed out and reintroduced to society was good science fiction reading about sixty years ago.
18. What characterizes almost all Hollywood pictures is their inner emptiness.
19. Leaning forward slightly while a person is talking to you indicates interest on your part, and shows you are listening to what the person is saying.
20. Working in a big organization can provide motivation but entrepreneurs have to learn to “gee” themselves up.
15. Translate the following sentences paying attention to subordinate clauses.
1. Usage of these terms often depends on the connotations the speaker wants to invoke.
2. Magazines are typically published weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly or quarterly, with a date on the cover that is in advance of the date it is actually published.
3. To understand government and the political process, you must be able to recognize the trade-offs of values and identify the basic values they entail.
4. One of the major arguments the abolitionists used was that the death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment, and therefore unconstitutional.
5. Opinion polling is such a common part of contemporary life that we often forget it is a modern invention dating only from the 1930s.
6. It is possible that much trouble could have been avoided had there been no misunderstanding concerning the problem discussed.
7. To understand, then to act on the public’s many attitudes and beliefs, governments must pay attention to the way public opinion distributes among the choices on an issue.
8. Political ideology is often understood to be the set of values and beliefs people hold about the purpose and scope of government.
9. Asked whether they are satisfied about the way things have been going in the country, people responded only about their job, family, friends, and other aspects of their own life.
10. Because of their office and the media attention it receives, presidents are uniquely positioned to shape popular attitudes.
11. Were he a little more accurate and careful in his experiments and were better equipment available, more reliable results would be obtained by him; but were it not for their help, he would not be able to fulfil his research at all.
12. Researchers are interested in the five specific functions the mass media serve for the political system: reporting the news, interpreting the news, influencing citizens’ opinions, setting the agenda for government action, and socializing citizens about politics.
13. Because advertising rates are tied to audience size, the news operations of mass media in America must appeal to the audience they serve.
14. In fact, one aspect of a free press is believed to be its ability to champion causes it favours without having the case for the other side of an issue.
15. Bargains are not the only attractions the streamlined centers provide their consumers with.
16. Should it prove unpossible to get in touch with them what is to be done?
17. One of the assumptions democracies make about human nature is that, given the chance, people are generally capable of governing themselves in a manner that is fair and free.
18. One would have thought that if one really took an “empirical approach” and made an effort to describe religion, the first thing one would do would be to take a long, careful look at the lives of religious people.
19. After the elections, the elected representatives might not make the same decisions the people would have made if they had gathered for the same purpose.
20. It is good news that the offer was turned down. Had it been accepted, there would have been no turning back.
16. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Complex Object.
1. Citizens have very different views on how vigorously they want government to maintain order, provide public goods, and promote equality.
2. They hesitated for a moment but then decided to let the subject drop for the time being.
3. He made some notations on a notepad while waiting for someone to answer his questions.
4. Later we find Shakespeare using this style in prose dialogue; sometimes merely in caricature, but at other times quite seriously.
5. Experts believe the chief obstacle to the further socializing of the shopping mall to be what developers call the power center.
6. Another possible cause of slow reading is the common practice in English-as-a-second-language classes of having the students read aloud.
7. A good manager always knows how to get people to do what they are expected to do properly and on time without having them feel uneasy.
8. The scientists expected the experiment to be completed by the end of the month, which would allow them to participate in the symposium.
9. The last 30 years have shown us, Princeton people, to be doing not so well as Bragg did.
10. Many people consider the franchise system to be one of the most remarkable and successful ways of doing business in the 20th century.
11. Everyone supposes international markets for franchises to increase because rising disposable incomes in many countries are creating growing demands for consumer goods and services.
12. More and more women everywhere are going to work because it will help them to get their family’s disposable income increased.
13. People can have tools and equipment rented, soft drinks bottled, cars leased, lawns tended and hotels and inns run under franchise agreements.
14. Some passers-by watched a pavement artist drawing a portrait in crayons.
15. I’ll have you know I’m a qualified accountant.
16. He is an experienced teacher; he is the one who will have you speaking English in no time.
17. The music is too loud; if you don’t turn it down you will have the neighbours complaining.
18. He had never had anything like that happen to him before.
19. Any society comprises a great diversity of interests and individuals who deserve to have their voices heard and their views respected.
20. Scholars and teachers of religion suppose one difficulty in understanding religion to focus on the people’s ignorance of the original sources of religion.
17. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Complex Subject.
1. Film is considered by many to be an important art form that can entertain, enlighten and inspire audiences.
2. Throughout history, governments seem to have served two major purposes: maintaining order, i.e. preserving life and protecting property, and providing public goods; but more recently, some governments have pursued a third purpose: promoting equality.
3. Survey questions are likely to get superficial responses from busy respondents who say anything, quickly, to get rid of a pesky interviewer.
4. When parents share the same religion, children are certain to be raised in that faith, but when parents are of different religions children are more likely to follow one or the other than to adopt a third.
5. At first glance, ownership concentration in the television industry does not seem to be a problem.
6. News conferences appear to be freewheeling, but precise answers to anticipated questions tend to be carefully rehearsed.
7. Even Chinese, which was cited as such a primitive language, was discovered to have possessed some inflections in its early history.
8. As for “primitive” languages, they have been shown to exhibit all the types of structures found in any languages spoken by “civilized peoples”.
9. It is fair to say that an increasingly greater number of people in one way or another appear to be showing an interest in learning languages.
10. There are many countries in the world with a standard of living which is likely to rise.
11. Primary tropical forests are supposed to have been little, if at all, affected by man and are believed to have existed much as they are now from a very remote period.
12. We naively seem to assume that by willing the means we attain the goals.
13. Other qualities being equal, employers are more likely to select taller and more attractive people.
14. Coping with disaster early in life appears to give people vital resilience later on.
15. When any government controls the news flow, the people prove to have little or no chance to learn what their government is doing or to pressure it to behave differently.
16. Although some streamlined centers do include nonretail business, such as day-care centers, they do not seem likely to develop the same semipublic character as the regional mall, or at least not soon.
17. Not surprisingly, discount warehouses, unlike malls, do not turn out to have expensive public spaces for strolling.
18. As soon as cities become active partners in mall development, social considerations are sure to come into play.
19. Regardless of what her part was assumed to be in that accident, she was safely away from what was about to happen.
20. Originally looked upon as something of an oddity, the method is regarded to be a dynamic, growing business activity, increasingly accepted and respected by the public, all levels of government and the business community.
18. Miscellaneous. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined words.
1. Although writers currently differ in their preference for using media in the singular (“the media is …”) or the plural (“the media are …”), the former will still incur criticism in some situations.
2. By coding signals and having decoding equipment in homes, the latter also enables subscription-based channels and pay-per-view services.
3. Contrary to some common usage, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not synonyms: the former is a collection of interconnected computer networks linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections etc.; the latter being a collection of interconnected documents linked by hyperlinks.
4. Thomas Hobbes believed that a single ruler, or sovereign, must possess unquestioned authority to guarantee the safety of the weak against the attacks of the strong and characterizes his all-powerful government as Leviathan, a biblical sea monster.
5. The key issue of taxation is the government’s role in redistribution income – taking from the wealthy to give to the poor.
6. Over the time, taking from the rich to help the needy has become a legitimate function of most governments.
7. On the one hand, “freedom” and “equality” mean different things to different people at different times – depending on the political context in which they are used. “Order”, on the other hand, has negative connotations for many people, for it symbolizes government intrusion in private lives.
8. People acquire their values through political socialization, the latter being a complex process through which individuals become aware of politics, learn political facts and form political values.
9. The higher their level of education, the less respondents supported the redistribution of income.
10. It is disingenuous, however, for developers of suburban shopping centers to argue that they are merely merchants; they have become city builders, and as such should be prepared to take the bad – or at least the awkward – with the good.
11. Housing for the elderly near malls would seem particularly appropriate, not only because of the proximity of shops and indoor promenades but also because malls in many cities are well served by mass transportation.
12. The air hung thick and still with the only sounds being a distant hum of traffic from a few blocks away.
13. Citizens of a democracy live with the conviction that through the open exchange of ideas and opinions, truth will eventually win out over falsehood; the greater the volume of such exchanges, the better.
14. The more we learn about religions, the more we appreciate not their similarities but their differences and some are important.
15. To secure fundamental inalienable rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.
16. It is the experience of the transcendent, including human response to that experience, that creates faith, or more precisely the life of faith.
17. Liberals in the USA support laws that force private businesses to hire and promote women and members of minority groups; that require public carriers to provide equal access to the handicapped; that order cities and states to reapportion election districts so that minority voters can elect minority candidates to public office.
18. Populists are inclined to trade off freedom for both order and equality; liberals and conservatives, on the other hand, favour or oppose government activity depending on its purpose.
19. Residents know that if they want to have a say in government, they can go down the street and join their neighbours in deliberating what is best for their community.
20. Given the enormous improvements in television technology and the increasing reliance of the public on high-tech television news coverage, we might also expect that the public today knows more than it did twenty years ago.
PREFIXES
Дата: 2019-04-23, просмотров: 252.