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| economic reason methods suitability LUT physical limiting objective finer ratings |
1) An __________ definition of __________ can be based on defined metrics of economic value.
2) A __________ definition of suitability is based on a specified method for combining land qualities __________ into an overall rating.
3) There is no a-priori __________ why the scale of suitability classes can’t be __________ or coarser.
4) The overall physical suitability of a land area for a __________ is taken from the most __________ land quality.
5) __________ of evaluating overall economic suitability are more __________ than physical suitability.
Circle the Odd Word Out.
1) FAO‚ LUT, United Nations;
2) appropriate, economic, suitability;
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3) a, an, and;
4) coarser, finer‚ physical;
5) be‚ can, not.
Translate the sentences into English
using the Prepositions.
1) Следующая конференция, посвященная экономической стоимости участков, будет проведена в Москве.
2) Эта формула не годится для подобных расчётов.
3) Окончательные расчеты будут закончены в следующий понедельник.
4) Наши специалисты работают по всей стране.
5) Проведение встречи с иностранной делегацией запланировано до двух часов дня.
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G LOSSARY
A
Absolute humidity: the amount or weight of water vapor in a mass (volume) of air expressed as grams of water per kilogram of air, or per cubic meter of air.
Access road: (an urban) road linking individual plots (be they residential, commercial or industrial), with distributor roads.
Accessibility to housing: acquisition of a house by building; buying one already built or finding one for rent from either the public or private sector.
Accessibility: (a) whether the target groups are able to use the planned intervention e.g. regarding opportunity to get a plot in an upgraded area, (b) or ease of movement within (urban) space, e.g. regarding availability of roads, speed etc.
Accommodation unit: a housing unit occupied by one household whether it is a separate house, maisonette, flat or apartment and whether permanent or temporary.
Action (area) plan: plan prepared for selected areas of an urban area as specific investment
project, funds for which may be reserved in an annual budget or provided by a donor, hence may
be seen also as short or medium term strategy.
Active regional growth policy: (also called initiating growth policy), is an ambitious policy that involves the rejection of existing settlement structure or patterns, and the creation of new centres in an attempt to create development (see also passive regional growth policy, growth pole policy).
Adjustment: generic term for package of economic and institutional measures the Word Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the West imposed on poor countries in 1980s to force them to adopt in return for a new wave of policy-oriented loans to shatter state led development paradigms dominant after the second world war and thus to promote the market mechanism supervised by a minimalist state which took two dimensions: (a) stabilization (devaluation of currency, public expenditure cuts) advocated by IMF
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to reduce short term imbalances and (b) adjustment (deregulation, privatization) advocated by WB to promote efficiency for medium term growth.
Adjustments: money that the buyer and sellers credit each other at the time of closing. Often includes taxes and down payment.
Aerial photograph: a picture of the earth surface taken from an airplane. The pictures are the basis of maps used for spatial planning. The maps show details of roads, buildings, trees, and poles. The height at which the plane flies determines the scale of the map and therefore the amount of detail on the map e.g. a scale of 1:10000 means that the flight was low while that of 1:25000 means the flight was high and less details are captured.
Appraisal: a determination of the value of something, such as a house, jewelry or stock. A professional appraiser – a qualified, disinterested expert-makes an estimate by examining the property, and looking at the initial purchase price and comparing it with recent sales of similar property. Courts commonly order appraisals in probate, condemnation, bankruptcy or foreclosure proceedings in order to determine the fair market value of property. Banks and real estate companies use appraisals to ascertain the worth of real estate for lending purposes. And insurance companies require appraisals to determine the amount of damage done to covered property before settling insurance claims.
Appraised value: an estimate of the present worth.
B
Base Map: map showing existing developments that is used as basis of local physical development plans (see also land use map)
Baseline Data: data describing the situation prior to intervention by a programme or project that serve as starting point for measuring or demonstrating changes in that situation and the performance of the programme or project.
Baseline: facts about the condition or performance of subjects prior to treatment or intervention.
Bed rock: solid hard rock forming the base of earth’s crust which may be weathered into clay, sand, silt which then cover its top or if not covered, it appears as outcrop.
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Benefit taxes: taxes imposed on people who benefit from municipal services in order to recover the costs of financing for the same service.
Brokerage: for a commission or fee, bringing together parties interested in buying, selling, exchanging, or leasing real property.
Building line: a line fixed at a certain distance from the front and/or sides of a lot beyond which no structure can project.
Buyer's broker: a licensee who has declared to represent only the buyer in a transaction, regardless of whether compensation is paid by the buyer or the listing broker through a commission split. Some brokers conduct their business by representing buyers only.
C
Cadastral map: a map with a large enough scale (e.g. 1:2500) showing how a piece of land is divided into plots according to property ownership
Cadastral survey: survey conducted to produce a cadastral map; to demarcate plots and settle or prevent land ownership conflicts relating to such plots or land parcels to provide security of tenure and prevent land owners evading tax.
Cadastre: a public register of the quantity, value and ownership of land in the country based on a survey showing accurately the extent and measurement of every plot of land compiled to assist in policy making- Greek: kata stichon= line by line.
Capacity: ability to perform one’s duties, which is acquired through training and experience and better realised where the requisite facilities are also available. While a lot of capacity building training is done in Malawi, capacity especially at local levels is still very low due to brain drain and poor targeting.
Cartography: drawing of maps and charts based on survey data at appropriate scale.
City plan: an urban structure plan for a city. The ‘urban’ and ‘structure’ are deleted because ‘city urban’ sounds tautologies.
City rates: property tax charge on all properties within the town/city/municipal whether the property was legally or illegally built or on legal or illegal plot. The rate is based on the land value and improvement on it or the quality of the building built.
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City: (a) politically, an urban area declared as such by the president within the context of Local Government Act. (b) Physically, large self sufficient urban areas with big (size of course varies in space) cosmopolitan population.
Classified value: one measured on a discrete scale.
Client: a person or organization that requests the work and will act on the basis of its results. Also called the user of the land evaluation results.
Continuous value: one measured on a continuous scale, with arbitrary precision.
Conservation: preservation of natural resources and their protection from misuse, wastage and hazards like fire.
D
Dairy farming: rearing of cows for production of milk for consumption and conversion to butter, cheese and other milk products.
Data set: collection of observations of several different variables on the same individuals or units, the individual occurrences within the data set being called variables.
Decentralization policy: policy of the Malawi government implemented since 1998 to devolve some of central government functions to local authorities the purpose being to consolidate democracy and as a strategy for realizing the development goal of poverty alleviation.
Decentralized environmental management: under the Environmental Management Act (1996), participatory environmental management devolved to low tiers of local government. For example, as a requirement, state of the environment reports have to be prepared from village through traditional authority area level to district level then to national level every two years in order to ensure that local communities participate in the identification of environmental and natural resources problems and their solutions. All this of course is within the context of national policy.
Deed: a written instrument by which title to land is conveyed.
Delineation (on a map): the undivided portion of a map sheet inside a continuous boundary line, and outside any contained continuous boundary line, if any.
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Demand: ability and willingness of consumers to pay for a good or service.
Density: the number of houses, households or persons per unit area. The context of usage varies; we can talk of residential density (medium, low, high density residential areas) or number of family members per room in a dwelling unit or number of persons per unit of land available.
Derelict land: land damaged by some process, mostly extractive industry and or neglect, abandoned and left to fall to ruin incapable of being used in its present condition.
District: a political region within a country or a region within a city.
District administration: deconcetrated activities of the central government in the district coordinated by a district commissioner.
District assembly: new name for district council that has incorporated hitherto deconcetrated OPC functions at district level (see district council). The district assembly comprises elected ward councillors, the district commissioner, and members of parliament within the district and co-opted members.
District centre plan: plan for the central area of a district headquarters or boma.
District centre: (a) usually boma or central area of district headquarters where offices of district commissioner are located; (b) an urban centre with central place functions, services and facilities having influence over a whole district (such a centre is also called main market centre implying that it is not just district headquarters that may have influence over the whole district) as designated by the National Physical Development Plan.
E
Earth drain: storm water drain without brick or concrete lining.
Earth road: road constructed simply by clearing earth and leveling in-situ material.
Ecology: the study of the reaction of plants and animals to their immediate environment and with their place in that environment.
Economic land evaluation: an evaluation of suitability based on some economic measure of net benefits, should a given LUT be
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implemented on a given land area.
Ecosystem: interaction of living things with and within the environment. The system becomes a self –sustaining and self-regulating community of organisms considered in relation to each other as well as with their inorganic environment.
Eminent Domain: the right of government to declare that any land under its jurisdiction must be appropriated for public use.
Environment: physical factors of the surroundings of human beings including land, water, atmosphere, climate, sound, odor, taste, and the biological factors of fauna and flora, and includes the cultural, social and economic aspects of human activity, the natural and built environment which must be harmonized for conducive human life.
Environmental impact assessment (EIA): systematic evaluation of a project to determine its impact on the environment and the conservation of natural resources.
Environmental management: policies and actions implemented for the sustainable use of natural resources and improvement of the environment as a whole.
Environmental planning: planning with emphasis on the environment in the approach and proposals made. Because of its environmental objective, physical planning in Malawi was until late 1990s almost synonymous with environmental planning.
Environmental problem: any change to the natural make up of the environment which may affect socio-economic benefits from natural resources by the country, community or individuals.
Environmental trends: changes in conditions of the environment and natural resources over a specific period of time expressed in different ways such as by histograms, line graphs or maps at different times.
Evaluations: specific evaluation exercises.
Evaluator: a person who carries out the land evaluation.
F
Fertility: a measure of possibility of child bearing measured in terms of the number of females in childbearing ages of 15-49 years. According to 1998 census there were 2.4 million females in childbearing ages.
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Flood plain: flood plains are by definition subject to periodic flooding. They are generally characterized by relatively flat topography and soil types that were laid down during past inundations by flood waters. If your property is in the 100-year flood plain, there is a 1-in-100 chance in any given year that your property will flood. If it is in the 25-year flood plain, there is a 1-in-25 chance in any given year that your property will flood. The statistical chance of flooding is not changed by any one flooding event; but repeated flooding may result in the flood plain being recalculated.
The changes in flood plain maps reflect changes in land use (such as increased building activity), changes in the waterways, and flood control improvements (such as detention ponds or other flood control measures). As more lots are covered with more buildings and parking lots, the amount of water that flows into creeks and lakes increases because there is less vegetation to absorb the water when it rains. This is one reason why buildings that were not originally built in a flood plain are now in the 25-year or 100-year flood plain.
Forest reserve: area of land protected by law for the preservation of natural trees and vegetation (if the main reason is to protect animals, it is called game reserve).
Framework: how to carry out an evaluation exercise.
Fuel crisis: shortage of oil starting from 17 October 1973 when due to the Yom Kippur War,Arab members of Opec stopped oil exports to countries that supported Israel in the Israel-Egypt War; a decision which rendered industries in Western Europe, US and Japan vulnerable. Worldprices rose from $2.59 per barrel to $11.65 per barrel between January and December, 1973.The embargo was lifted in March 1974, but in 1979 another oil crisis occurred due to reduced exports from Iran due to the protests following the Iranian Revolution. The effect on poor countries was that they had to borrow to buy the expensive oil and later failed to pay back the loans, third world fuel costs increased from $12 billion in 1973 to $30 billion in 1974 to $42 billion in 1975.
Fuel wood: use of wood as fuel for domestic chores. Because only less than 5% of the population has access to electricity in Malawi and consequent high rate of deforestation for firewood selling and charcoal production, there has been serious concern about a fuel wood
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crisis since the 1980s and several measures were put in place to remedy the situation.
Functional region: geographical area, which shows a certain functional coherence, interdependence of parts according to defined criteria. It is called either nodal or polarized region and is composed of heterogeneous units like cities, towns, villages which have functional interrelationships revealed through shopping trips, linking shopping centre or jobs with subsidiary centres.
G
General fertility rate: total number of births divided by the number of women in childbearing ages 15-44 expressed per 1000; fertility based on all women of child bearing ages whether the children they bear are legitimate or illegitimate, i.e. total number of children born per 1000 total women.
GIS: geographical information system, computer programme or data base for assembling, storing, manipulating and displaying geographically referenced information; ability to construct maps showing what is desired by drawing co-ordinates 9where things are) and setting attributes (how things are like). GIS gives ability to associate information with a feature on a map and to create a relationship that can determine the suitability of various sites for development, evaluation of environmental impact and for identification of the best location for a project etc.
Governance: ‘the relationship between civil society and the state, between rulers and the ruled, the government and the governed,’230that is, a shift from emphasis on the state centered views of urban management to include elements of civil society, private sector and community organizations so that political decision making is shared.
Ground water: water from precipitation that has percolated downwards from the surface through the zone of aeration to a zone of saturation where all pores and cracks in the bedrock is filled with water. The top of the zone of aeration is called water table; ground is the base flow for streams.
Guidelines (directives): what factors (land qualities) to consider when evaluating for certain general kinds of land uses, how
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to evaluate these qualities.
H
Habitat: the immediate natural environment of an organism or group of organisms used as synonym for environment. However, it is a sub-division of a biome or major complex of an ecosystem (e.g. tropical forest).
Hazardous substance: any chemical, waste, gas, gaseous matter, medicines, drugs, plant, animal, or microorganism that is injurious to human health or the environment.
Hazardous waste: waste that is poisonous, corrosive, noxious, explosive, inflammable, radioactive, toxic or harmful to the environment or human beings.
Headland: highland jutting into the lake or sea e.g. the Makuzi (Bandawe) headland.
Heavy industrial area: industrial estate for industries using heavy equipment, producing bulky roducts and sometimes generating a lot of waste. Heavy industrial sites are located after careful tudy of wind patterns to avoid polluting residential areas and soil structure to have stable buildings.
Homelessness: a situation whereby people have no shelter of any type or quality to sleep in, sometimes also referred to as sleeping rough.
House: structure for human habitation or shelter (see also housing unit, housing); in planning law and practice a house is not a house unless it was built according to approved plans.
Household: one or more persons, related or unrelated who live together and make common provision for food and other essentials for living; they regularly take their food together prepared from the same pot and / or share the same food store or pool their incomes for purposes of purchasing food.
Housing: broad perspective in human settlements discourses comprising three basic components of shelter for human habitation (houses), infrastructure and services such as provision of water, sanitation, electricity, education, health, recreation etc; the whole physical environment within and outside building which serves as shelter.
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Humidity: the amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature (see absolute humidity, relative humidity).
I
Improvement area: any area of land, especially informal settlements including squatter areas, declared as such according to the town planning law for purposes of carrying out upgrading projects.
Industrial area: zone in an urban area for the location of industries. This is categorized according to industry e.g. heavy, service or light.
Industrial estate: industrial area that has been developed, the plots are surveyed; roads, drains, sewer lines etc are constructed for the development of industrial enterprises.
Industrial park: concept emerging after 20th Century especially in developed countries that seeks to promote industrial development through the promotion of agglomeration economies and the central government is called upon to create a favorable environment by making land acquisition simple and short while following the legal processes.
Integrated urban development process: institutional development process meant to support general urban development process especially dealing with organizational, financial and policy issues to effectively handle planning, infrastructure and service provision.
Integrated urban infrastructure development programme: basic needs approach to local economic development as part of Municipal development programme which emphasized strategic urban planning.
Integrated urban management: two fold urban management approach to tackle short comings of infrastructure development for urban areas involving (a) making sure ‘the city gets the infrastructure and services to cope with… rapid [population] growth… and ‘to ensure that the council is in a fit condition, organizationally and financially, to plan, provide and maintain the infrastructure and services’ and specifically follows three components: an integrated development strategy, management manual and annual reporting.
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J
Junction: a point where one road joins another. The roads may be of varying sizes or functions.
Jurisdiction area: area within the administrative boundary of local governments where they exercise their planning and management authority.
K
Knowledge based economy: also called new economy, an economy directly based in the promotion, distribution and use of knowledge and information, economy powered by technology, driven by ideas, rooted in innovation and enterprise, especially one that has high economic growth and low inflation by taking advantage of globalization (global economy) of production factors and markets as well as the rapid development of information technology. Advantages of knowledge-based industries include: production value per worker is high; floor area per worker is small than non-knowledge based industries hence land resources create higher production value.
L
Land: an area of the earth’s surface, the characteristics of which embrace all reasonably stable, or predictably cyclic, attributes of the biosphere vertically above and below this area, including those of the atmosphere, the soil and underlying geology, the hydrology, the plant and animal populations, and the results of past and present human activity, to the extent that these attributes exert a significant influence on present and future uses of the land by humans.
Land Characteristic (LC): a simple attribute of the land that can be directly measured or estimated in routine survey in any operational sense, including by remote sensing and census as well as by natural resource inventory. Cf. land quality.
Land Quality (LQ): a complex attribute of land which acts in a manner distinct from the actions of other land qualities in its influence on the suitability of land for a specified kind of use; the ability of the land to fulfill specific requirements for a LUT.
Land resource expert: a person who has information on the
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land resource.
Land Suitability: the fitness of a given type of land for a specified kind of land use.
Land-use expert: a person who has information about a land use or land quality, in relation to the land.
Land Use Requirement (LUR): a condition of the land necessary for successful and sustained implementation of a specific Land Utilization Type.
Land Utilization Type (LUT): A kind of land use described or defined in a degree of detail greater than that of a major kind of land use. In the context of irrigated agriculture, a land utilization type refers to a crop, crop combination or cropping system with specified irrigation and management methods in a defined technical and socio-economic setting. In the context of rain fed agriculture, a land utilization type refers to a crop, crop combination or cropping system with a specified technical and socioeconomic setting. A land utilization type in forestry consists of a technical specifications in a given physical, economic and social setting.
M
Mapping: the making of maps based on aerial photographs.
Major Kind of Land Use: A major subdivision of rural land use, such as rain fed agriculture, irrigated agriculture, grassland, forestry, recreation, annual crops, perennial crops, swamp rice cultivation, forest plantation, or natural forests.
Map unit: a set of map delineations designated by a single name, and representing a single legend category.
Market value: price that one would expect under specified market conditions (also called most probable selling price) with the assumption that more than one buyer and seller operating within a market with reasonable knowledge of the market, rational behavior, open market etc.
Minimum decision area: the size of the individual land areas for which decisions are to be made.
Minimum legible delineation (MLD) of a map: the minimum legible size of a polygon on a map at a given scale, conventionally taken to be 0.4cm² on the map.
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Monitoring: the mechanism for ensuring that implemented actions operate according to set objectives on the basis of which an evaluation can be conducted.
Mortgage: the surrendering of title to a property by a borrower to a lender as security for a loan especially one incurred to purchase the property with the understanding that it shall be returned when and only when the loan is fully repaid and failure to pay suggests the lender can take over the same property regardless of how much may have been repaid up to then.
Municipality: an urban area or centre declared as such by the minister responsible for local government according to local government laws. A municipal status is a step towards city status and higher than township. However, though guided by the size, level of development etc does not matter, the decision is political.
N
Natural increase: population increase resulting from natural factors calculated by subtracting deaths from births i.e. crude death rate from crude birth rate, simply excess of births over deaths (excludes effects of migration and boundary changes).
Natural resources: parts of the environment that are not made by man; which can be renewable such as trees, fish, animals etc and non-renewable such as land, soils, minerals.
Neighborhood: a small defined area, usually part of a housing area, within an urban district.
Nominal value: a classified value whose scale of measurement is not ordered, i.e., the order of the classes is arbitrary and therefore not meaningful.
O
Open space: space in a layout plan left without buildings in order to promote natural vegetation, develop public parks, protect river reserves, for play areas or at road junctions so that buildings do not distract vehicles. Urban assembly authorities will beautifully landscape the spaces.
Optimum legible delineation (OLD) of a map: the minimum
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easily-legible size of a polygon on a map at a given scale,
conventionally taken to be 4 times the minimum legible delineation (MLD) of 0.4cm², i.e. 1.6cm² on the map.
Ordinal value: a classified value whose scale of measurement is ordered, i.e., the order of the classes is meaningful.
P
Participation: Participation is a much overused word and underused activity’ which means ‘involvement in formulating planning and implementing policies and projects. It involves empowerment and the development of self-reliance…involves officials listening to the people and recognizing that a person’s worth and rights do not depend on his /her socio-economic position…it involves transparency in administration; people must know the basis for decisions, rules, and actions, and these bases must be given in advance, in a comprehensive form, and must be adhered to.
Permanent housing areas: conventional housing areas where only permanent type of houses are permitted. There are three types in Malawi: high density where plots are less than 0.1 ha, medium density where plots are 0.1ha to 0.2ha and low-density areas where plots are 0.2ha and above. Though some plots may be larger, the largest plot is supposed to be 0.4ha. Before construction in these areas building plans must be scrutinized by planning authority.
Place: a particular area in space where people and the environment interact over time to give it characteristics distinct from surrounding areas. It also means a particular part of space occupied or
unoccupied by a person, object or organisms and may sometimes refer to a position in a hierarchy.
Plan: a document together with a drawing describing how the future of a spatial area should be developed in relation to the location and sitting of physical infrastructure, the document being the justification for the layout of physical infrastructure; a projected or future course of action that can be implemented depending on the availability of resources.
Planner: urban planner, town planner, regional planner, physical planner etc.
Planning process: The legal or formal steps or procedures and
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rules that should be followed to prepare an urban (development) plan that should be institutionalized in planning law in order to promote social justice which is the rationale for planning.
Physical land evaluation: an evaluation based only on physical factors that determine whether a LUT can be implemented on a land area, and the nature and severity of physical limitations or hazards.
Plot: a piece of land parceled out from a larger one for a specific development project such as for construction of a house, a shop, development of a farm. Also called ‘lot’ or ‘stand’. This piece of land may be parceled out by survey or not.
Pollution: direct or indirect alteration of the physical, thermal, chemical, biological, or radioactive properties of the environment caused by the discharge, emission or deposit of waste or pollutants into the environment in such amounts and for such duration and under such conditions as to cause an actual or potential danger to the environment.
R
Range: average maximum distance from the supplier at which the consumer will just be willing to travel to purchase the goods offered. This will then determine the outer limit of a market area (influence area) beyond which no one can purchase the goods due to frictional effect of distance.
Rate: a special type of ratio used to show the relative frequency of the occurrence of an event to the base of 100 or 1000 in a specified period of time usually one year e.g. growth rate per year. The numerator represents events generated by or occurring among members of the denominator (death rate for a year is found by dividing number of death in that year by population in that year and multiply by 1000).
Recycling: collecting and reprocessing a resource so that it can be made into new products; e.g. aluminium beer cans, can be melted and new cans or other aluminium products made.
Region: (a) geographical area defined according to selected criteria including but not limited to climate, topography, vegetation etc for particular purposes such as political, administrative or planning
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etc . (b) A political demarcation of a country comprising several districts for ease of administration.
Regional planning: a form of planning with spatial dimension meant to find solutions to the economic inequalities between regions and within a region such as for a city to reduce environmental problems of congestion (including health hazards, poor accessibility etc).
Rural area: an area without urban functions, ideally the opposite of urban area even though the dividing line between what is rural and what is urban is subjective.
S
Scale: the relationship between the distance between two points on a map to the same two points on the actual surface. Three points which determine the scale of a map: amount of information and details to be shown, size of paper on which to draw the map and the size of surface to be represented on the map.
Scale factor of a map: ratio of distance on the ground to distance on the map. The denominator of the conventional representation of map scale.
Settlement: single or group of buildings for human habitation and other activities in an area which may be urban or rural; location of dwelling units and system to maintain them.
Sewer lines: large asbestos or steel pipe reticulations that carry household wastes to central treatment plants.
Sewerage works: the destination of household waste where it is treated. After treatment the water can be discharged into natural bodies without harmful effects.
Sewerage: fluid wastes from households, commercial and industrial enterprises.
Space: (a) absolute space meaning room available or set aside; (b) relative space, as all economic activities are space users and have spatial dimension. Hence, the geographical view of economic activity is spatial, that is, we have economic space, political space, social space etc.
Stakeholders: all parties who will be affected by the results of the planning decisions taken on the basis of the land evaluation.
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Suitability classes: divisions of suitability orders that indicate the degree of suitability, not simply suitable vs. not suitable.
Suitability orders: land is either suitable or not suitable for a LUT.
Suitability subclasses: divisions of suitability classes which indicate not only the degree of suitability but also the nature of the limitations that make the land less than completely suitable.
Suitability units: divisions of suitability subclasses, which have different management requirements.
T
Title: evidence of a person’s right to property which may be in form of a certificate, letter, documents etc.
Title registration: a form of land registration in which the land parcel is the focus of the records so that any changes in ownership are registered with reference to the land itself not deeds/ instruments. The
information on the register is guaranteed by the state so that in the event of fraud or error, anyone inadvertently suffering from the incorrectness of the information will be compensated.
Town planning: study of how towns work including traffic, residential areas, services and the planning of the way they are built to make them as effective as possible, it is the system for managing changes to the environment to achieve a balance between our need for new development while conserving what is valued about the environment (such as green spaces, wildlife, historic buildings and places), a balance between current need for development and needs of future generations (sustainable development). Because of planning, positive developments such as cities, towns, villages can be created.
Town: (a) politically, an urban area so declared by the minister responsible under the Local government Act (1998) and administered by an elected body called town assembly (see city); (b) physically, an area consisting of a compact agglomeration of dwellings, shops, offices, public buildings etc usually with paved roads, street lighting, public services and a population pursuing an urban way of living. These aspects or urban functions by subjective and arbitrary delineation make a town different from a village centre. However, there is no accepted definition of a town; what is called a town may
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actually be a village in another country.
Townscape: physical forms and arrangements of buildings and spaces that characterise the urban landscape or urban environment or built environment.
Township: urban area declared as such by the minister responsible for local government. As with city and municipality, the decision is a political one. The difference between city, municipality and township, is not of size, but who or whether declared or not. Usually, but not always all townships are planning areas. The effect of such declaration is the establishment of a political administration (called town assembly) over the town with some powers of local government through its elected assembly. Salima, Zomba 638, and Mzuzu were declared with effect from 1st January 1966(GN325/1965); Balaka, Dedza and Mangochi were declared with effect from 15th March, 1966(GN 48/1966); Luchenza with effect from 1987 (GN 43/1987)639
Trade winds: surface winds that generally dominate air flow in the tropics and blow from 30o N and S latitudes towards the equator. In the northern hemisphere they blow from north east to south east direction hence called north east trade winds or north easterlies; in the southern hemisphere they blow from south east to north east direction, hence called south east trade winds
Transport network: set of routes which connect junctions and termini.
U
Urban agriculture: a new paradigm in urban planning which advocates agriculture activities within urban areas or peri-urban areas especially on vacant land so that urban areas produce their own food in context of food security and self sufficiency at household and city levels, poverty alleviation, but also for reduction in and recycling of wastes in the context of sustainability. Critics consider it as realization of urban areas.
Urban area: area or settlement where the dominant activities are urban oriented or where urban functions are more dominant than rural (or agriculture) functions. There is however no internationally accepted definition of what constitutes urban; what is urban in Malawi
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may be rural in Asia or Europe, yet have better infrastructure facilities. In colonized countries race also played apart in the definition.
Urban assembly: elected political administration for a town, a municipal or a city.
Urban authority: urban assembly, the political body administering the urban district headed by a mayor or for smaller urban district, a chairman.
Urban centre: any centre with some urban functions. In Malawi urban centers are defined according to criterion from Physical Planning Department. Usually, but not always a centre that qualifies for declaration as a planning area can be considered as an urban centre because political considerations also matter.
Urban growth: increase in urban population over a specified period.
Urban management: a wide range of activities aimed at maximizing efficiency of a city’s public service delivery and equitable access to services by all segments of its population; may conceptually be seen as comprising the functions of governance, development policy and investment decisions, implementation and management of assets, regulation and taxation, promotion of public relations.
Urban (city, town) planning: deals with the design of the built environment at a municipal or metropolitan level.
V
Valuation: process or exercise of estimating or calculating the capital or rental value of interest in property at a particular time, also called property appraisal in USA.
Value in exchange: in valuation, the market value.
Value in use: in valuation, the present worth of all future benefits to the owner of the interest in that property.
Valuer: a professional in the art and science of valuation: assesses the value of properties at a particular time and for a particular purpose- rating, purchase/sale, insurance, taxation, compulsory acquisition, mortgage grant, rent etc.
Variable: a set of mutually exclusive attributes e.g. sex, age, marital status, employment status etc.
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Vital events: events about an individual’s entrance into or departure from life including changes in
civil status such as: births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and separations.
Vital statistics: or registration statistics. Records of these are called vital or registration records, hence we have birth registration; death registration, marriage registration etc.
W
Waste water: water from households (be it from kitchens, bathrooms, toilets) industrial and commercial processes. Waste water stabilization ponds; comprise a series of anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds consisting of shallow, usually rectangular bodies of water into which wastewater continuously flows and from which a stabilized effluent is discharged. Anaerobic and facultative ponds are primarily for the removal of organic matter, although they are effective in removing intestinal nematode eggs. Maturation ponds are used mainly for the removal of excreted bacteria and viruses.
Water quality: measures used to determine the suitability of water for human consumption which requires the identification and removal of contaminants which may be dissolved and suspended.
Weather: short term variations in properties of the troposphere at a given place and time such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, sunshine, cloud cover, wind direction, wind speed among others.
Wetland: land that is covered all or part of the time with water (salt or fresh), excluding stream, lakes the open oceans711. (e.g. Okavango Delta in Botswana; areas around Lake Chirwa in Malawi have been designated as such).
Wet point site: settlement location where the main advantage is a water supply in an otherwise dry area.
Windward: direction from which winds blow.
Windward side: an area that receives heavy rainfall because it is on the side of the relief feature that faces the moist winds that, when forced to rise, condenses to form rains. The rain so formed is called relief rain or orographic rain.
Wood pulp: fibre of wood processed by mechanical means and chemical to form a mixture of water and cellulose fibres used as raw
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material in the manufacturing of paper.
World Bank Project: high profile urban (and other) development programmes funded with loans from the World Bank. The most known example is the failed Kameza low cost housing project where the small size (one bed room) of houses built were criticised by both the Malawi government and general public. The said Project was at a prime site on the round about to Chileka town, the site of Malawi’s second international airport. Kameza was rezoned to medium density and houses demolished and replaced with medium density type houses for middle-income earners in the 1990s.
World Bank: international bank formed after Second World War for reconstruction of Europe. In later years, the bank extended its membership to all members of the United Nations. Together with the IMF; it is also referred to as Brettonwoods Institutions. After the 1973 fuel crisis and resultant debt crisis, the bank became influential in restructuring economies of poor countries as a condition for bailing them out of the debt crises. The conditions attached to its loans reduced government to almost company level relying on dictates and watching citizen populations suffer. All was in the belief that economic development was no longer the task of government.
World cities: or global cities, cities that are quite large, centres of innovation and have a lot of multinational corporations’ headquarters and thus, due to globalisation and its impacts, have influence over the whole world in terms of business, tourism, education, technology etc. Examples include Tokyo, London, Paris, New York, Frankfurt, Moscow, Taipei, Brussels etc.
Y
Yard: small plot of open land attached to a building, partly or completely enclosed in some cases by the building itself; enclosed plot of open land set aside for a particular activity e.g. ship yard, railway yard.
Yardangs: bands of hard and soft rock that lie parallel to the prevailing winds in a desert region formed due to wind abrasion. The belt of hard rock stand up to 15m high in the process forming a landscape of ridges and troughs.
Young fold mountains: recently formed mountains whose
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surface has not yet been smoothed by agents of erosion.
Young population: a population with most of its people mainly young, with median age of less than 20 years or less than 5% of the people aged 65 and over.
Younging population: a population in which the proportion of young people is rising.
Z
Zero based budgeting: method of budgeting applicable to service costs in an organization whereby all tasks are re-evaluated each time a budget is set. This requires the budgeting of each department or cost centre from zero activity that is in contrast to incremental budgeting where only changes from previous activity levels are considered. The aim is to isolate obsolete activities, make it easy for management to make decisions on the level of resources needed and to make priorities.
Zero population growth: state in which the birth rate, including immigration, equals the death rate, including emigration, so that the population of an area is no longer increasing.
Zone of aeration: the sub-surface zone in which water does not fully saturate pore spaces of the soil lying below soil moisture belt and above zone of saturation. Moisture is held in this zone by capillary force in tiny films adhering to soil particles. The zone may be missing if ground water is close to the surface in low-lying areas or deep in hilly areas.
Zone of indifference: in central place theory, the area between the hinterlands of competing centres within which no one centre exerts a dominant influence.
Zone: an area within an urban area designated for a specific use according to the urban structure plan.
Zoning control: specifying and ensuring the location of residential and other land uses according to the urban structure plan.
Zoning: segregating urban land into use zones for purposes of promoting a sound environment, reducing conflicts between various developments and ensuring aesthetic beauty in urban space and thus a means to maintain property values, both public and private.
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Дата: 2019-02-24, просмотров: 193.