Таблица №1
| МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ, ВЫРАЖАЮЩИЕ НЕОБХОДИМОСТЬ СОВЕРШЕНИЯ ДЕЙСТВИЯ | |||
| № п/п | ГЛАГОЛ | ХАРАКТЕРНЫЕ ОТТЕНКИ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ | ПРИМЕР |
| 1 | MUST | Неизбежность совершения действия, обусловленная объективными причинами | He must understand it. |
| Вынужденность или необходимость совершения действия | You must not ask too much of it. I must be off as soon as I can. | ||
| 2 | SHOULD | Необходимость совершения действия | Insulators should be kept very clean. You shouldn't have come here. |
| 3 | OUGHT TO | Необходимость совершения действия | I ought to do all I can to comfort her. |
| Целесообразность действия, обусловленная субъективным мнением говорящего | Perhaps I ought to have a talk to him about it first. | ||
| 4 | SHALL | Необходимость совершения действия | Henry shall go home. |
| Вопросительное предложение с shall содержит вопрос говорящего о мнении собеседника по поводу | Shall I open the door? | ||
Продолжение таблицы №1
| совершения действия | |||
| 5 | NEED | Передает оттенок необходимости совершения действия | We needn't talk to each other unless we feel like it. |
| 6 | TO HAVE (TO HAVE GOT) | Вынужденность действия | I didn't have to make any decisions. |
| 7 | TO BE | Неизбежность совершения действия | The novel, which is to be his last one has found a new sense. |
| Необходимость совершения действия согласно предварительной договоренности | He was to come yesterday.. | ||
| Необходимость совершения действия, вызванная объективными причинами | The wire may also be made of any metal though soft metals are to be avoided. |
Таблица №2
| МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ, ВЫРАЖАЮЩИЕ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЬ СОВЕРШЕНИЯ ДЕЙСТВИЯ | |||
| № п/п | ГЛАГОЛ | ХАРАКТЕРНЫЕ ОТТЕНКИ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ | ПРИМЕР |
| 1
| CAN (COULD)
| Возможность совершения действия в силу наличия условий для его совершения в настоящем и будущем | I can stay with them. |
| Возможность совершения действия, основанная на позволении, разрешении | Can I see the producer? | ||
| Глагол can может также передавать немодальное значение способности, физической возможности совершить действие | He can speak English. | ||
| 2 | BE ABLE TO | Переводится «быть в состоянии», «иметь возможность», «мочь». То есть мы используем это выражение, чтобы сказать о какой-либо возможности/способности. | I was able to write this test correctly. |
| 3 | MAY (MIGHT) | Возможность совершения действия, которое может | It may make that man furious. |
Продолжение таблицы №2
|
|
| осуществиться, но может и не осуществиться | |
| Возможность совершения действия, обусловленная разрешением, позволением. В этом значении вместо глагола may (might) могут использоваться эквиваленты — to be allowed, to be permitted | You may give me one kiss. You′ll be allowed to go out. |
Таблица №3
| МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ, ВЫРАЖАЮЩИЕ ПРЕДПОЛОЖЕНИЕ | |||
| № п/п | ГЛАГОЛ | ХАРАКТЕРНЫЕ ОТТЕНКИ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ | ПРИМЕР |
| 1 | MUST | Предположение, основанное на фактах, знаниях, почти граничащее с уверенностью | He must be at home. |
| 2 | SHOULD/OUGHT TO | Предположение, основанное на фактах | They should all be of equal mass. |
| 3 | CAN/COULD | Употребляется главным образом в отрицательных предложениях, выражая, таким образом, предположение о невероятности совершения действия | You can't really love me, or you wouldn′t hesitate. |
| 4 | MAY | Предположение о возможности действия, которое может произойти, но может и не произойти | I may have said it. |
| 5 | MIGHT | Предположение, в верности которого говорящий не уверен | She might have been thirty-five. |
| Предположение, не соответствующее действительности | Michael laughed and shouted and sang. He might have been fifteen. | ||
| 6 | NEED | Употребляется в отрицательных предложениях в значении предположения о необязательности действия | It needn't take you very long. |
Paraphrase the following sentences using modal verbs:
e.g. I think it’s necessary for you not to believe in everything he says.
You mustn’t believe everything he says.
1. In many cultures it is necessary for people to knock on wood for jinx (сглаз) not to happen. - ……………………………………………………………………
2. It’s a good idea to swallow rapidly if you have hiccups. - …………………..
3. It’s not a good idea not to tell the doctor all the symptoms you have, even if they sound embarrassing. - ………………………………………………………..
4. It’s necessary not to run away from dogs that want to attack you: find shelter on high ground to hide from them. - ………………………………………………
5. I’m sure he doesn’t sleepwalk: I’ve lived with him 10 years, believe me. - ………………………………………………………………………………………
6. I’m sure there isn’t anything wrong with the car: I had it tested yesterday. - ………………………………………………………………………………………
7. I’m sure that the monster is living in Loch Ness: where on earth do the photos come from then? - …………………………………………………………
8. I’m sure that’s the wrong place: I’ve never been here before. - ……………..
9. Perhaps ghosts exist in our cemetery: some people have seen light objects there at night. - ……………………………………………………………………..
10. Perhaps it’s is a miracle: he was confined to a wheelchair and now he walks without crutches. - …………………………………………………………………
Choose the correct answers:
1. You (don’t have to/ ought to/ could/ shouldn’t) eat healthy food.
2. A: This programme isn’t very good.
B: (Must/Had to/ Need/ Shall) I turn it over?
3. I think Diana (will/ must/ have to/ had to) pass the exam.
4. A: Let’s go out tonight.
B: What time (must/ shall/ could/ need) we meet?
5. A: When is Barbara going to phone you?
B: I don’t know. She (can’t/might/couldn’t/needn’t) phone this afternoon.
6. (Must/ Need/ Have to / Could) you open the door, please?
7. I’m sorry, but I (don’t have to/can’t/shouldn’t/couldn’t) come to your party next Saturday.
8. (Should/Could/Must/Shall) you pass me the salt, please?
9. Customer: (Should/Can/May/Would) I have a bar of that chocolate please?
Shopkeeper: Here you are.
10. I had a party last weekend but Paul and Jenny (couldn’t/ could/shouldn’t/wouldn’t) come. I was so upset.
11. We (can/ have to/ must/ can’t) go to the bank today we haven’t got any money. We need some money.
12. You (couldn’t/don’t have to/ mustn’t /can) wear shoes in this area. Shoes aren’t allowed here.
13. You watch TV all the time. You (can/ can’t/ should/ shouldn’t) watch too much TV.
14. A: My bag is heavy.
B: I (will/would/have to/need) carry it for you.
15. I think everybody (can’t/ wouldn’t/ should/couldn’t) learn another language.
It’s a good idea to know more than one language.
16. I’m not working tomorrow, so I (wouldn’t/couldn’t/mustn’t/ don’t have to) get up early.
17. A: (Must/Could/Would/Can) you like a chocolate?
B: Yes, please.
18. I’m hungry. I (can/shall/would/may) like something to eat.
19. Tom (can/mustn’t/should/ doesn’t have to) go to bed early. He goes to bed very late, and he’s always tired.
20. We didn’t have any food yesterday, so we (could /can/ must/ had to) go shopping.
21. We have got enough food, so we (can’t/mustn’t/needn’t/ should) go shopping.
22. A: You can’t park your car here for nothing. You (can/will/could/ have to) pay.
23. A: (May/Shall) I sit here?
B: Yes, you may.
24. A: Can you change twenty pound?
B: No, I …………………….(can/can’t)
Circle the correct modal verb that means the same as the first sentence:
1. We are forbidden to leave our car here. - We don’t have to / mustn’t leave our car here.
2. I recommend this book to you. It’s fantastic. - You have to / can read this book. It’s amazing!
3. I was very good at art when I was younger. - I could / had to paint very well when I was little.
4. Diving isn’t possible in the pool. It’s too shallow. - You mustn’t / aren’t able to dive in the pool.
5. It’s not necessary to come to work tomorrow but you can come for overtime if you want. - You don’t have to / mustn’t come to work tomorrow but we’ll pay you overtime if you want.
6. Is it OK if I turn on the television? - Can / Must I turn on the television?
Learn the grammar: must/can/could/may/might+have+V3
MUST/CAN/COULD/MAY/MIGHT+HAVE+V3 = possibility in the past (употребление модального перфекта может называть нереальное действие, степень уверенности в определённом действии, а также может указывать на то, что состоялось действие, противоположное ожидаемому, а также передаёт невозможность, неверие в действие или событие, имеющее место в прошлом и имеющее отношение к содержанию высказывания текущего момента).
Read this information about Ken. Some people wanted Ken to do different things last week but they couldn’t contact him. So he didn’t do any of these things. You have to say whether he could have done or can’t have done them:
Ken’s car was stolen on Monday.
Ken didn’t do anything on Saturday.
Ken was short of money last week.
Ken was free on Tuesday afternoon.
Ken had to work on Friday evening.
A) Ken’s aunt wanted him to drive her to the airport on Monday.
He can’t have driven her to the airport (because his car had been stolen).
B) A friend of his wanted him to go out for a meal on Friday evening.
__________________________________________________________________
C) Another friend wanted him to play tennis on Tuesday afternoon.
__________________________________________________________________
D) Jane wanted Ken to come to her party on Saturday evening.
__________________________________________________________________
E) Jack wanted Ken to lend him 50$ last week.
__________________________________________________________________
Read the situations and use the words in brackets to write sentences with must have V3 and can’t have V3:
A) The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. (I / asleep)
I must have been asleep.
B) Jane walked past me without speaking. (she/see/me)
She can’t have seen me.
C) The jacket you bought is very good quality. (it/very expensive)
__________________________
D) I haven’t seen the people next door for ages. (they/ go away)
__________________________
E) I can’t find my umbrella. (I / leave / it in the restaurant last night)
__________________________
F) Frank passed the exam without studying for it. (the exam / very difficult)
__________________________
G) She knew everything about our plans. ( she / listen / to our conversation)
___________________________
H) Fiona did the opposite of what I asked her to do. (she / understand / what I said)
______________________________
I) When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (I/forget/to turn it off).
_________________________________
UNIT 5
POLLUTION
Words to know:
| pollution (to pollute, pollutant) environment (environmental) to release to tear up tip abuse arable species mammal extinction conquer depletion diminishing to call for to refine sewage purification reservoir internal combustion engine to exhaust to poison (poison, poisonous) to disappear (disappearance) | [pə'lu:ʃən] [In'vaIərənment] [rI'lI:s] [tεə] [əˈbjuːs] ['ærəbl] ['spI: ʃI:z] ['mæməl] [Iks'tIηkʃən] ['kɔηkə] [dI'plI: ʃən] ['sju: Idჳ] ['resəvwɑ:] [Ig'zɔ:st] | загрязнение (загрязнять, загрязнитель) окружающая среда (экологический) освобождать, выпускать рвать, изнашивать место свалки плохое обращение; злоупотребление пáхотный (земля) вид, род, порода млекопитающее жив-ое вымирание (рода) завоевывать, покорять истощение уменьшение вызывать, быть причиной усовершенствовать сточные воды очищать, очистка водохранилище двигатель внутреннего сгорания выпускать (газ, пар) отравлять (яд, ядовитый) исчезать (исчезновение) |
Read and translate the Text A:
Nature pollution
For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment. Nature has served Man, and it seemed that natural riches were unlimited. We have upset nature’s sensitive equilibrium releasing harmful substances into the air, polluting rivers and oceans with industrial waste and tearing up the countryside to accommodate rubbish. The most important problems in this field are: the environmental pollution, ozone layer depletion, diminishing water resources.
Pollution covers many things which can happen to the land, in towns and the country, because of our activities. The progress of mankind has turned into the threat to its health and life. The environmental pollution is called for the numerous industrial, chemical enterprises, which do not refine their wastes and in emergency cases have no sewage purification, the result of which is the pollution of reservoirs and water basins.
Rubbish tips, dumped poisonous chemicals, broken cars, thrown away bottles and dropped sweet papers are types of land pollution. Some types of land pollution except they are just unpleasant to look at, can be dangerous to people and to animals. Faun animals injure themselves on old tins and bottles. Young children are sometimes hurt while playing in broken – down cars. Small animals crawl into bottles and die because they cannot get out. Poisoned soil can make animals and people very ill.
The problem of ozone depletion is also of great importance for the people. There is the urgent need to protect the Earth’s ozone layer. In this connection the international Protocol to protect the ozone layer was worked out by 35 countries in Montreal, Canada in 1987.
One of the sources of environmental pollution is automobile transport. The internal combustion engines which work on oil fuel exhaust a lot of harmful gases. The main task here is: to replace the conventional gasoline powered engines with pollution-free electrical ones. Moreover, the oil supplies are not unlimited and the people will have to look for other sources of energy. By this it is necessary to remember that the most important problems for protection of nature are the nuclear power stations.
There are many consequences of damaging the environment: acid rain, water shortage resulting from abuse of arable lands in agriculture, damage to wild-life. According to the International Union for the Protection of Nature 76 species of animals and some hundred species of plants have disappeared from the planet in the course of the last 60 years. 132 mammal and 26 bird species face extinction not so much due to hunting as due to the pollution of the biosphere.
In 1952 many people died in London as a result of air pollution. This pollution came from coal fires in fire-places and from power stations. It combined with the winter fog to form poisonous smog. Vast forests are cut and burnt in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result a number of rivers and lakes dry up.
By now the pollution and poisoning of the soil, water and air have reached a critical level. Environmental pollution has become a significant obstacle to economic growth. The discharge of dust and gas into the atmosphere returns to the Earth in the form of “acid rains” and affects crop, the quality of forests, the amount of fish. To this can be added the rise of chemicals, radioactivity, noise and other types of pollution. Our duty is to help to prevent it.
Sum up the information from the text using following tips:
a) the most important problems of environment;
b) the reasons of environmental pollution;
c) the problem of ozone layer depletion and its prevention;
d) the task of preventing oil fuel exhaustion by automobile transport.
Translate into English:
1. Природа обеспечивает человека своими ресурсами, если человек живет в гармонии с окружающей средой.
2. Огромное количество сломанных и выброшенных вещей могут испортить экологическое состояние земли.
3. Выброс вредных газов в атмосферу отрицательно влияет на состояние окружающей среды и здоровье человека.
4. Люди нарушают равновесие в природе, выбрасывая вредные вещества в воздух, воду и почву.
5. Бытовые и промышленные отходы наносят вред природе.
6. В результате деятельности человека происходит загрязнение окружающей среды.
7. Различные типы загрязнения не только неприятны на вид, но и опасны.
8. Люди и животные, подвергающиеся воздействию загрязнителей, могут болеть и даже умирать.
9. Из-за загрязнения биосферы многие виды животных и птиц исчезли.
10. Бурная деятельность человека нанесла непоправимый ущерб природе.
11. В результате обширной вырубки лесов нарушился кислородный баланс.
12. Отравление почвы, воды, воздуха стало значительным препятствием экономического роста.
13. Следует предотвратить загрязнение окружающей среды вредными газами, химикатами и радиоактивными веществами.
Watch the video about Land, Air and Water Pollution (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vP3pbh_-pu8):
Read and translate the Text B:
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