Floods are one of the most common disasters. They can happen in just a few minutes, even when it is not raining! You need to know what to do when a flood occurs no matter where you live.
Before a Flood
• Learn about the chance of flooding in the places where you live.
• Know the ways to evacuate.
During a Flood
• Listen to the radio for news and official orders.
• If officials say to evacuate, you may have time. Make sure your home is safe: to bring in outdoor chairs and tables, to move important items to an upper floor, to unplug appliances and turn off power at the main switches.
• Be aware that flash flooding can occur. If there is a flash flood, move to higher ground right away. Move no matter where you are.
• Turn around – do not drown! Never walk into floodwater.
After a Flood
• Stay away from floodwater. It is very dirty.
• Return home only after authorities say it is safe.
• Throw away any food that touched floodwater. Help your family clean and remove germs from wet items.
All thunderstorms are dangerous. Every thunderstorm has lightning. Strong thunderstorms can also bring heavy rains, high winds, hail and tornadoes. Here are some tips on what to expect and how to stay safe during a thunderstorm.
Before a Thunderstorm
• Learn the signs of a thunderstorm: dark clouds, lightning and thunder.
• If you know a thunderstorm is coming, stay indoors.
• Learn the 30/30 rule to keep safe. If you see lightning, start counting to 30. If you hear thunder before you get to 30, go inside. Stay indoors for 30 minutes after the thunder has ended.
During a Thunderstorm
• If you are outside when a storm comes, go inside right away. A car is also a safe place.
• Crouch down, place your hands on your knees and put your head down.
• Move away from things that lightning can strike. Stay away from trees, fences, phone lines and power lines. Stay away from things made of metal.
• If you are in the water – such as a swimming pool or lake – get out of the water right away and go inside.
• If you are inside your home to unplug things like stoves, TVs and phones.
After a Thunderstorm
• Wait indoors at least 30 minutes after the storm ends. Then it will be safe to go outside.
Many places in Russia get winter storms every year. Winter storms can bring heavy snowfall and lots of ice. Winter storms can bring very cold air. Learn how to be safe during a winter storm.
Before a Winter Storm
• Add winter items to your disaster supplies kit: blankets, boots, hats and mittens.
• Prepare a car safety kit. Include a bag of sand or kitty litter. Pack a shovel, snow brushes, window scrapers and blankets.
During a Winter Storm
• If you have to leave your home in the snow, wear layers of warm clothing.
• Go inside often to get warm. Change your clothes if they are wet.
• If you start to shiver a lot, go inside right away. Go inside fast if you get very tired or turn very pale. Go inside fast if you get numb fingers, toes, earlobes or nose. You are getting too cold! These could be signs of illness (frostbite or hypothermia) due to the cold.
• Listen to the radio or TV for weather reports and emergency news.
After a Winter Storm
• The air is still very cold, and the wind can blow snow through the air. Dress warmly.
• Sidewalks and streets can be icy and very slippery. When snow blows, it can be hard to see where you are going. Be careful outdoors.
An earthquake is the sudden movement of the surface of the Earth. During an earthquake, you may notice a gentle shaking of the ground beneath your feet. You may notice objects wobbling on shelves. You may see hanging plants swaying back and forth. They often last less than one minute. But, in that short time, they can do lots of damage. If the earthquake occurs in a big city, it may cause many deaths. It may hurt many people. Knowing what to do during an earthquake will help you be safe during this disaster.
Before an Earthquake
• In each room, find a safe place under a sturdy table, desk or bench. Your safe place can also be against an inside wall or corner, away from things that could fall on you.
• To bolt or strap large items against the wall. Bolt to the walls mirrors, pictures and tall bookcases. Keep heavy objects on the lower shelves so they do not fall on people.
During an Earthquake
• Drop, cover and hold on.
• Take cover under a sturdy desk, table or bench. Cover your face and head with your arms. Hold on.
• If there is no table or desk near you, take cover along an inside wall or corner of the building. Cover your face and head with your arms. Hold on.
• Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls. Stay away from things that could fall.
• Stay inside until the shaking stops. Stay inside until it is safe to go outside.
• If you are outside, stay away from buildings, streetlights and power poles.
After an Earthquake
• Be prepared for aftershocks.
• Open cabinets slowly. Beware of objects that can fall off shelves.
• Stay away from damaged places.
UNIT 3
HUMAN-MADE HAZARDS
Translate the definition in the writing form:
Anthropogenic hazards or human-made hazards can result in the form of a human-made disaster. In this case, anthropogenic means threats having an element of human intent, negligence, or error; or involving a failure of a human-made system. This is as opposed to natural hazards that cause natural disasters. Either can result in huge losses of life and property as well as damage to peoples' mental, physical and social well-being.
Word combinations to know:
| governing authority some form of penalty private property human-induced fires law enforcement unemployment mass outrage armed conflict hostilities | руководящий орган форма штрафа частная собственность антропогенные пожары правоприменение безработица массовые возмущения вооруженный конфликт военные действия |
Read and translate the Text A:
SOCIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Crime is a breach of the law for which some (via the legal systems) can ultimately prescribe a conviction which will carry some form of penalty, such as imprisonment or a fine. At least in the view of the legislators, the criminal act will cause harm to other people. Modern societies generally regard crimes as offenses against the public or the state, distinguished from torts (offenses against private parties that can give rise to a civil cause of action).
Arson is the criminal intent of setting a fire with intent to cause damage. The definition of arson was originally limited to setting fire to buildings, but was later expanded to include other objects, such as bridges, vehicles, and private property. Arson is the greatest recorded cause of fire. Some human-induced fires are accidental: failing machinery such as a kitchen stove is a major cause of accidental fires.
Civil disorder is a broad term that is typically used by law enforcement to describe forms of disturbance. Although civil disorder does not necessarily escalate to a disaster in all cases, the event may escalate into general chaos. Rioting has many causes, including large-scale criminal conspiracy, socioeconomic factors (unemployment, poverty), hostility between racial and ethnic groups and mass outrage over perceived moral and legal transgressions. Examples of well-known civil disorders and riots are the Poll Tax Riots in the United Kingdom in 1990; the 1992 Los Angeles riots in which 53 people died; the 2008 Greek riots after a 15-year-old boy was fatally shot by police; and the 2010 Thai political protests in Bangkok during which 91 people died.
Terrorism is a controversial term with varied definitions. One definition means a violent action targeting civilians exclusively. Another definition is the use or threatened use of violence for the purpose of creating fear in order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological goal. Under the second definition, the targets of terrorist acts can be anyone, including civilians, government officials, military personnel, or people serving the interests of governments.
War is a conflict between relatively large groups of people, which involves physical force inflicted by the use of weapons. Warfare has destroyed entire cultures, countries, economies and inflicted great suffering on humanity. Other terms for war can include armed conflict, hostilities, and police action. Acts of war are normally excluded from insurance contracts and sometimes from disaster planning.
Write down 5 sociological hazards from the text, their causes and consequences:
| Hazards 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. | Causes | Consequences |
Translate from Russian into English:
1. Антропогенные опасности — это угрозы, источником которых является сам человек.
2. К социальным источникам опасностей принадлежат опасности, вызванные низким духовным и культурным уровнем: бродяжничество, проституция, пьянство, алкоголизм, преступность и тому подобное.
3. Неудовлетворительное материальное состояние, плохие условия существования, забастовки, конфликтные ситуации на межнациональной, этнической, расовой или религиозной почве провоцируют появление источников социальных опасностей.
4. Терроризм – это политика и тактика террора, то есть совокупность особо жестких форм и средств политического насилия, которые используют террористы для достижения своих античеловеческих целей.
5. Современные войны связаны с огромными людскими и материальными потерями, с небывалыми прежде разрушениями и бедствиями.
6. 13 марта 2014 года в Донецке на массовом митинге произошли столкновения, результатом которых стала гибель нескольких людей и множество пострадавших.
Read and translate the Text B:
Word combinations to know:
| severe accident prevention of disasters mitigation of disasters engineering failure under-design power outage health facilities civil disorder relief actions human negligence arson emergency preparedness accessible emergency exits escape route fire extinguisher systems are abused the release of hazardous substances explosion pipeline rupture traffic collisions fatally or seriously injured oil spills | серьезная авария предотвращение катастроф уменьшение ущерба инженерная ошибка недостаточный запас прочности прекращение подачи электроэнергии помещения и оборудование медучреждений общественные беспорядки оказание помощи халатность человека поджег подготовленность к чрезвычайной ситуации доступные аварийные выходы маршрут эвакуации огнетушитель эксплуатировать систему с нарушением норм выброс опасных веществ взрыв разрыв трубопровода столкновение транспорта на дороге смертельно/серьезно травмированный разлив нефти |
TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Technological hazards are an increasing source of risk to people and their environment. This is an effect of the globalization of production, an increase of industrialization and a certain level of risk of accidents connected with production, processes, transportation and waste management. Severe accidents have happened which afflicted thousands of people. These have found expression in the public demand to provide technical and organizational tools for the prevention and mitigation of disasters.
Structural collapses are often caused by engineering failures. Bridge failures may be caused in several ways, such as under-design (as in the Tay Bridge disaster), by corrosion attack (such as in the Silver Bridge collapse), or by aerodynamic flutter of the deck (as in Tacoma Narrows Bridge). Failure of dams was not infrequent during the Victorian era, such as the Dale Dyke dam failure in Sheffield, England in the 1860s, causing the Great Sheffield Flood. Other failures include balcony collapses or building collapses such as that of the World Trade Center.
A power outage is an interruption of normal sources of electrical power. Short-term power outages (up to a few hours) are common and have minor effect, since most businesses and health facilities are prepared to deal with them. Extended power outages, however, can disrupt personal and business activities as well as medical and rescue services, leading to business losses and medical emergencies. Extended loss of power can lead to civil disorder, as in the New York City blackout of 1977. Power outages often accompany other types of disasters, such as hurricanes and floods, which hampers relief actions.
Recent notable power outages include the 2005 Java–Bali Blackout which affected 100 million people and the 2009 Brazil and Paraguay blackout which affected 60 million people.
Bush fires, forest fires, and mine fires are generally started by lightning, but also by human negligence or arson. They can burn thousands of square kilometers. If a fire intensifies enough to produce its own winds and "weather", it will form into a firestorm. A good example of a mine fire is the one near Centralia, Pennsylvania. Started in 1962, it ruined the town and continues to burn today. Some of the biggest city-related fires are The Great Chicago Fire, The Peshtigo Fire (both of 1871) and the Great Fire of London in 1666.
Casualties resulting from fires, regardless of their source or initial cause, can be aggravated by inadequate emergency preparedness. Such hazards as a lack of accessible emergency exits, poorly marked escape routes, or improperly maintained fire extinguishers may result in many more deaths and injuries than might occur with such protections.
When nuclear weapons are detonated or nuclear containment systems are abused, airborne radioactive particles (nuclear fallout) can scatter and irradiate large areas. Not only is it deadly, but it also has a long-term effect on the next generation for those who are contaminated. Ionizing radiation is hazardous to living things, and in such a case much of the affected area could be unsafe for human habitation. During World War II, United States troops dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. As a result, the radiation fallout contaminated the cities' water supplies, food sources, and half of the populations of each city were stricken with disease. The Soviet republics of Ukraine and Belarus are part of a scenario like this after a reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant suffered a meltdown in 1986. To this day, several small towns and the city of Chernobyl remain abandoned and uninhabitable due to fallout.
Many technological risks are associated with the release of hazardous substances which could affect human health or the environment by contamination
in accident condition or with the production of such substances under certain conditions as fire.
Considering the amount and distribution of facilities using hazardous materials throughout the world, the risks posed by them to societies and the environment it has to be considered as an increasing global problem.
The following list indicates the type of actions which can constitute technological hazards:
release of chemicals to the atmosphere by explosion, fire;
release of chemicals into water (groundwater, rivers etc.) by tank rupture,
pipeline rupture, chemicals dissolved in water (fire), oil spills in marine environment;
contamination by waste management activities;
releases and contaminations as a consequence of military actions (e.g. depleted
uranium), or destruction of facilities;
releases as consequence of the industrial use of biological material (e.g. viruses,
bacteria, fungi).
An aviation accident is defined as an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft in which a person is fatally or seriously injured, the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure or the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible.
The category of the vehicle can range from a helicopter, an airliner, or a space shuttle. The world's worst airliner disaster is the Tenerife crash of 1977, when miscommunications between and amongst air traffic control and an aircrew caused two fully-laden jets to collide on the runway, killing 583 people.
04 in Sri Lanka when 1,700 people died in the Queen of the Sea train disaster. Other notable rail disasters are the 1989 Ufa accident in Russia which killed 574, and the 1917 Modane train accident in France which killed 540.
Traffic collisions are the leading cause of death, and road-based pollution creates a substantial health hazard, especially in major conurbations. The greenhouse effect of road transport is a significant fraction of the anthropogenic
warming effect, and the rapid consumption of fossil fuel accelerates the Hubbard peak.
Write down 6 technological hazards from the text, their causes and consequences:
| Hazards 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. | Causes | Consequences |
Reconstruct the phrases by matching the words from list (a-l) to the words from list (1-12):
| 1) immediate 2) urgent 3) emergency 4) engineering 5) health 6) civil 7) human 8) accessible 9) escape 10) fire 11) hazardous 12) traffic | a) extinguisher b) risk c) disorder d) intervention e) collision f) response g) negligence h) exit i) facilities j) route k) failure l) substances |
Complete the sentences below using the reconstructed phrases:
1) A situation which presents _________________ to people or environment is called an emergency.
2) _________________ can reduce damage and save people’s lives.
3) Emergency agencies are organized to provide quick and efficient
_________________.
4) The Tay Bridge collapse was caused by _________________.
5) _________________ can lead to many severe accidents such as fires and equipment breakdown.
6) Chemical contamination is associated with the release of _________________.
7) Every building must have _________________ for people to escape in case of fire.
8) The leading cause of transportation accidents is _________________.
9) _________________ is an active fire protection device used to control small fires, often in emergency situations.
10) Sometimes emergency situations may be worsened by _______________.
Write down Mind Map on the Texts A and B:
 |
Choose the correct prepositions in the newspaper article:
TROUBLE AT NORTON MINING
The entire workforce of Norton Mining has gone on/in strike following a serious accident at the mine in Coolooma in Queensland. The cause for/of the accident is unclear, but the union is blaming management attitudes on/to safety regulations. A spokesperson said, ‘Damage of/to equipment was frequently ignored and union demand for/of safer working practices were rejected. The managers’ relationship with/to the union was very poor, so although we pointed out that there’d been a rise of/in number of minor accidents over the past year, they said there was no need for/of a change in working practices’.
John Norton, the chairman of Norton Mining, is away on/in a business trip. His secretary said she had spoken to him by/on the phone. The news of the accident had come like/as a great shock to him, she added. She was unable to say he would be back.
It is understood that the police would like to speak to Mr. Norton in connection with/to a number of his financial dealings.
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