| Shielding to ensure valuable to estimate to compare to impose to blink to require measure to reduce adjacent | экранирование обеспечить, гарантировать ценный оценить сравнивать навязывать мигать требовать мера уменьшить, сократить смежный |
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
These include excessive levels of ionizing and nonionizing electromagnetic
radiation, noise, vibration, illumination, and temperature.
In occupations where there is exposure to ionizing radiation, time, distance, and shielding are important tools in ensuring worker safety. Danger from radiation increases with the amount of time one is exposed to it; hence, the shorter the time of exposure the smaller the radiation danger.
Distance also is a valuable tool in controlling exposure to both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Radiation levels from some sources can be estimated by comparing the squares of the distances between the worker and the source. For example, at a reference point of 10 feet from a source, the radiation is 1/100 of the intensity at 1 foot from the source.
Shielding also is a way to protect against radiation. The greater the protective mass between a radioactive source and the worker, the lower the radiation exposure.
Nonionizing radiation also is dealt with by shielding workers from the source. Sometimes limiting exposure times to nonionizing radiation or increasing
the distance is not effective. Laser radiation, for example, cannot be controlled effectively by imposing time limits. An exposure can be hazardous that is faster than the blinking of an eye. Increasing the distance from a laser source may require miles before the energy level reaches a point where the exposure would not be harmful.
Noise, another significant physical hazard, can be controlled by various measures. Noise can be reduced by installing equipment and systems that have been engineered, designed, and built to operate quietly. Substituting quiet work methods for noisy ones is another significant way to reduce noise.
Also, treating floors, ceilings, and walls with acoustical material can reduce
reflected or reverberant noise. In addition, erecting sound barriers at adjacent work stations around noisy operations will reduce worker exposure to noise generated at adjacent work stations.
It is also possible to reduce noise exposure by increasing the distance between the source and the receiver, by isolating workers in acoustical booths, limiting workers' exposure time to noise, and by providing hearing protection.
Another physical hazard, radiant heat exposure in factories such as steel mills, can be controlled by installing reflective shields and by providing protective clothing.
Read and translate the text about ergonomic hazards:
| to evaluate to involve assembling irritation inflammation employer demand overall | оценить привлечь монтаж раздражение воспаление работодатель спрос в общем, в целом |
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
The science of ergonomics studies and evaluates a full range of tasks including lifting, holding, pushing, walking, and reaching. Many ergonomic problems result from technological changes such as increased assembly line speeds, adding specialized tasks, and increased repetition; some problems arise from poorly designed job tasks. Any of those conditions can cause ergonomic hazards such as excessive vibration and noise, eye strain, repetitive motion, and heavy lifting problems. Improperly designed tools or work areas also can be ergonomic hazards. Repetitive motions or repeated shocks over prolonged periods of time as in jobs involving sorting, assembling, and data entry can often cause irritation and inflammation of hands and arms.
Ergonomic hazards are avoided primarily by the effective design of a job or jobsite and by better designed tools or equipment that meet workers' needs in terms of physical environment and job tasks. Through thorough worksite analyses, employers can set up procedures to correct or control ergonomic hazards by using the appropriate engineering controls (e.g., designing or redesigning work stations, lighting, tools, and equipment); teaching correct work practices (e.g., proper lifting methods); employing proper administrative controls (e.g., shifting workers among several different tasks, reducing production demand, and increasing rest breaks); and, if necessary, providing personal protective equipment. Evaluating working conditions from an ergonomics standpoint involves looking at the total physiological and psychological demands of the job on the worker.
Overall, industrial hygienists point out that the benefits of a well-designed,
ergonomic work environment can include increased efficiency, fewer accidents, lower operating costs, and more effective use of personnel.
Do the crossword using information from the previous four texts:
Across:
1) organism that can cause infection by entering the body;
2) volatile solids or liquids;
3) solid organic or inorganic particles formed as a result of mechanical
processing of some material;
4) state of being uncovered or left without protection;
5) a tool to protect from radiation, noise, heat;
6) something likely to cause damage or loss;
7) formless fluids that expand to occupy the space or enclosure in which
they are confined;
8) liquid in a dispersed state;
9) a loud or disturbing sound;
10) a slight continuous shaky movement.
Down:
a piece of equipment protecting against biological and chemical hazards.
Write down Mind Map about types of workplace hazards and be ready to tell:
Find out five statements which are not correct, explain and correct them:
PREPARING
• Clear all surfaces before beginning experiments.
• Read the entire experiment before you start.
• Know the hazards of the experiments and anticipate dangers.
PROTECTING YOURSELF
• Follow the directions step by step.
• Perform several experiment at a time.
• Locate exits, fire blanket and extinguisher, master gas and electricity shut-offs, eyewash, and first-aid kit.
• Make sure there is adequate ventilation.
• Wear open-toed shoes.
• Keep floor and workspace neat, clean, and dry.
• Clean up spills immediately.
• Tie back long hair.
• Wear safety glasses or goggles, apron, and gloves
• Never eat, drink, or smoke in the laboratory or workspace.
USING EQUIPMENT WITH CARE
• Set up apparatus far from the edge of the desk.
• Use knives or other sharp, pointed instruments with care.
• Pull cords, not plugs, when removing electrical plugs.
• Check glassware for scratches, cracks, and sharp edges.
• Do not use reflected sunlight to illuminate your microscope.
• Do not touch metal conductors.
USING CHEMICALS
• Always taste and smell chemicals.
• Read labels carefully.
• Avoid chemical contact with skin and eyes.
• Do not touch chemical solutions.
HEATING SUBSTANCES
• Keep your face away from test tubes and beakers.
• When heating substances in a test tube, point the top of the test tube toward other people.
• Never leave apparatus unattended.
• Take care when lighting your Bunsen burner; light it with the airhole closed and use a Bunsen burner lighter rather than wooden matches.
•Turn off hot plates, Bunsen burners, and gas when you are done.
• Keep flammable substances away from flames and other sources of heat.
FINISHING UP
• Thoroughly clean your work area and any glassware used.
• Wash your hands.
• Be careful not to return chemicals or contaminated reagents to the wrong containers.
• Dispose of all chemicals according to all local, state, and federal laws.
Watch the full video “Donald Duck. How to have an accident at work” ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYGAal4hgEw ) and answer the following questions:
What’s the name of the speaker?
What is the difference between Donald Duck at home and Donald Duck at work?
What’s the first accident Donald has?
Why did he have an accident in the punch press?
What happened when he threw away the cigarette?
Where is he supposed to have lunch instead of the work area?
What are the consequences for Donald of falling asleep at work?
Name the accidents Donald had in the video.
TRANSLATION PRACTICE:
Text A:
MINISTRY OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS (RUSSIA)
The Ministry of the Russian Federation for Affairs for Civil Defence, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural, also known as The Ministry of Emergency Situations, or internationally as EMERCOM (derived from "Emergency Control Ministry"), was established on January 10, 1994 by President Boris Yeltsin. There is a consideration that the real date of birth of the agency was on December 27, 1990, when the Russian Rescue Corps was established and assigned the mission of rapid response in the case of emergencies.
Current Head of Ministry is Vladimir Puchkov, who was appointed in May 17, 2012, replacing Sergey Shoygu, who was the first Emergencies Minister and has served as a minister for sixteen years.
According to an EMERCOM publication, the Ministry is an agency of Federal Executive Power with the following tasks:
- developing proposals and initiatives in the sphere of State policy on issues within the Ministry's competence;
- managing the Civil Defence and Search and Rescue Service in the Russian Federation;
- providing for the functioning and further development of the Russian System of Disaster Management (RSDM);
- directing activities aimed at eliminating the consequences of large-scale disasters, catastrophes and other emergencies;
- conducting special submarine activities;
- supervising the use of finance resources allocated to the Government for disaster management and response;
- organizing the training of the population, and governing agencies and the RSDM forces for disaster management and response;
- and organizing international cooperation in the fields of the Ministry's competency.
Working through the office of the Prime Minister, the Ministry can ask for private, Ministry of Defence or Internal Troops of the MVD assistance. That is, the Ministry has international coordination power and the ability to tap local resources if required.
To perform rapid response operations the following forces and equipment are available:
- Russian State Fire Service is the highest fire service body of Russian Federation.
- Central Air-Mobile Rescue Team - these teams are equipped with aviation facilities that include helicopters and cargo aircraft (Ilyushin Il-76, Antonov An-72, An-148-100EM, Ka-32A11VS). The teams have taken part in United Nations' humanitarian delivery operations.
- Civil Defense Troops - these troops consist of military troop divisions and regiments stationed in various regions of the country aimed at civil defense measures during natural and man-made disasters.
- EMERCOM Civil Defense Academy, Moscow - trains all officers and non-commissioned personnel of the Ministry in the duties of civil defense.
- Search and Rescue Service - this service maintains 30 units in various republics, regions and provinces.
Text B:
CIVIL DEFENSE
Civil defense (civil defence) protection is an effort to protect the citizens of a state from military attack. It uses the principles of emergency operations: prevention, mitigation, preparation, response, or emergency evacuation and recovery. Programs of this sort were initially discussed at least as early as the 1920s and were implemented in some countries during the 1930s as the threat of war and aerial bombardment grew. It became widespread after the threat of nuclear weapons was realized.
Since the end of the Cold War, the focus of civil defense has largely shifted from military attack to emergencies and disasters in general. The new concept is described by a number of terms, each of which has its own specific shade of meaning, such as crisis management, emergency management, emergency preparedness, contingency planning, emergency services, and civil protection.
The advent of civil defence was stimulated by the experience of the bombing of civilian areas during the First World War.The bombing of Britain began on 19 January 1915 when zeppelins dropped bombs on the Great Yarmouth area, killing six people. German bombing operations of the First World War were surprisingly effective, especially after the Gotha bombers surpassed the zeppelins. The most devastating raids inflicted 121 casualties for each ton of bombs dropped and it was this figure that was used as a basis for predictions.
After the war, attention was turned toward civil defence in the event of war, and the Air Raid Precautions Committee was established in 1924 to investigate ways for ensuring the protection of civilians from the danger of air-raids.
The Committee produced figures estimating that in London there would be 9,000 casualties in the first two days and then a continuing rate of 17,500 casualties a week. These rates were thought conservative. It was believed that there would be "total chaos and panic" and hysterical neurosis as the people of London would try to flee the city. To control the population harsh measures were proposed—bringing London under almost military control; physically cordoning London with 120,000 troops to force people back to work. A different government department proposed setting up camps for refugees for a few days before sending them back to London.
A special government department, the Civil Defence Service was established by the Home Office in 1935. Its remit included the pre-existing ARP as well as wardens, firemen (initially the Auxiliary Fire Service (AFS) and latterly the National Fire Service (NFS)), fire watchers, rescue, first aid post, stretcher party and industry. Over 1.9 million people served within the CD and nearly 2,400 lost their lives to enemy action.
The organisation of civil defence was the responsibility of the local authority. Volunteers were ascribed to different units depending on experience or training. Each local civil defence service were divided into several sections. Wardens were responsible for local reconnaissance and reporting, and leadership, organisation, guidance and control of the general public. Wardens would also advise survivors of the locations of rest and food centres, and other welfare facilities.
Rescue Parties were required to assess and then access bombed out buildings and retrieve injured or dead people. In addition they would turn off gas, electricity and water supplies, and repair or pull down unsteady buildings. Medical services, including First Aid Parties, provided on the spot medical assistance.
The expected stream of information that would be generated during an attack was handled by 'Report and Control' teams. A local headquarters would have an ARP controller that would direct rescue, first aid and decontamination teams to the scenes of reported bombing. If local services were deemed insufficient to deal with the incident then the controller could request assistance from surrounding boroughs.
Fire Guards were responsible for a designated area/building and required to monitor the fall of incendiary bombs and pass on news of any fires that had broken out to the NFS. They could deal with an individual magnesium electron incendiary bomb by dousing them in buckets of sand, water or by smothering. Additionally, 'Gas Decontamination Teams' were kitted out with gas-tight and waterproof protective clothing and were to deal with any gas attacks. They were trained to decontaminate buildings, roads, rail and other material that had been contaminated by liquid or jelly gases.
Little progress was made over the issue of air-raid shelters, because of the apparently irreconcilable conflict between the need to send the public underground for shelter and the need to keep them above ground for protection against gas attacks. In February 1936 the Home Secretary appointed a technical Committee on Structural Precautions against Air Attack. During the Munich crisis, local uthorities dug trenches to provide shelter. After the crisis, the British Government decided to make these a permanent feature, with a standard design of precast concrete trench lining. They also decided to issue free to poorer households the Anderson shelter and to provide steel props to create shelters in suitable basements.
During the Second World War, the ARP was responsible for the issuing of gas masks, pre-fabricated air-raid shelters (such as Anderson shelters, as well as Morrison shelters), the upkeep of local public shelters, and the maintenance of the blackout. The ARP also helped rescue people after air raids and other attacks, and some women became ARP Ambulance Attendants whose job was to help administer first aid to casualties, search for survivors, and in many grim instances, help recover bodies, sometimes those of their own colleagues.
As the war progressed, the effectiveness of aerial bombardment was, beyond the destruction of property, very limited. There were less than three casualties for each ton of bombs dropped by the Luftwaffe in many British cities and the expected social consequences hardly happened. The morale of the British people remained high, 'shell-shock' was not at all common, and the rates of other nervous and mental ailments declined.
Text C:
TERRORISM
Terrorism is commonly defined as violent acts (or the threat of violent acts) intended to create fear (terror), perpetrated for an economic, religious, political, or ideological goal, and which deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (e.g., neutral military personnel or civilians). Another common definition sees terrorism as political, ideological or religious violence by non-state actors. Some definitions now include acts of unlawful violence and war. The use of similar tactics by criminal organizations for protection rackets or to enforce a code of silence is usually not labeled terrorism, though these same actions may be labeled terrorism when done by a politically motivated group. Usage of the term has also been criticized for its frequent undue equating with Islamism or jihadism, while ignoring non-Islamic organizations or individuals. In the international community, terrorism has no legally binding, criminal-law definition.
History of terrorism
Depending on how broadly the term is defined, the roots and practice of terrorism can be traced at least to the 1st-century AD Sicarii Zealots, though some dispute whether the group, a radical offshoot of the Zealots which was active in Judaea Province at the beginning of the 1st century AD, was in fact terrorist. According to the contemporary Jewish-Roman historian Josephus, after the Zealotry rebellion against Roman rule in Judea, when some prominent collaborators with Roman rule were killed, Judas of Galilee formed a small and more extreme offshoot of the Zealots, the Sicarii, in 6 AD. Their terror also was directed against Jewish "collaborators", including temple priests, Sadducees, Herodians, and other wealthy elites.
The term "terrorism" itself was originally used to describe the actions of the Jacobin Club during the "Reign of Terror" in the French Revolution. "Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible," said Jacobin leader Maximilien Robespierre. In 1795, Edmund Burke denounced the Jacobins for letting "thousands of those hell-hounds called Terrorists ... loose on the people" of France.
In January 1858, Italian patriot Felice Orsini threw three bombs in an attempt to assassinate French Emperor Napoleon III. Eight bystanders were killed and 142 injured. The incident played a crucial role as an inspiration for the development of the early terrorist groups.
Arguably the first organization to utilize modern terrorist techniques was the Irish Republican Brotherhood, founded in 1858 as a revolutionary Irish nationalist group that carried out attacks in England. The group initiated the Fenian dynamite campaign in 1881, one of the first modern terror campaigns. Instead of earlier forms of terrorism based on political assassination, this campaign used modern, timed explosives with the express aim of sowing fear in the very heart of metropolitan Britain, in order to achieve political gains.
Another early terrorist organisation was Narodnaya Volya, founded in Russia in 1878 as a revolutionary anarchist group inspired by Sergei Nechayev and "propaganda by the deed" theorist Pisacane. The group developed ideas—such as targeted killing of the 'leaders of oppression'—that were to become the hallmark of subsequent violence by small non-state groups, and they were convinced that the developing technologies of the age—such as the invention of dynamite, which they were the first anarchist group to make widespread use of—enabled them to strike directly and with discrimination. Modern terrorism had largely taken shape by the turn of the 20th century.
Types
Depending on the country, the political system, and the time in history, the types of terrorism is varying.
In early 1975, the Law Enforcement Assistant Administration in the United States formed the National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. One of the five volumes that the committee wrote was titled Disorders and Terrorism, produced by the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism under the direction of H. H. A. Cooper, Director of the Task Force staff. The Task Force classified terrorism into six categories.
- Civil disorder – A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the community.
- Political terrorism – Violent criminal behaviour designed primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes.
- Limited political terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary approach; limited political terrorism refers to "acts of terrorism which are committed for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the state.
- Official or state terrorism – "referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions". It may also be referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.
- Data-terrorism – "The unjust storage or use of private information for economic, political or personal gains". Commonly seen in governments and countries like the United States, Canada and Australia. Large corporations such as Facebook are also guilty of using user data without confirming explicit user knowledge and consent to do so when joining.
- Passive Terrorism - (Passive + Terrorism) is an, inert or quiescent behavior towards terrorism; an inaction, non-reaction, non-participation, non-involvement in countering terrorism. Passive terrorism describes a behavior of general public or government which silently allows the spread or promotion of terrorism by turning a blind eye or tolerating terrorism. Passive terrorism prevails when there is no deliberate effort or decision to either counter it or raise voice against it.
The term hasn’t been widely defined or discussed openly as yet and has just been recently emerging in the wake of recent ongoing terrorism activities against or in the countries like Pakistan. The word “Passive” has its origin from 1350 – 1400; Middle English Latin passīvus literally means submissive or to submit. “Terrorism” originated in 1795 from French terrorisme, from Latin terror; used as government intimidation during the reign of terror in France in 1795. Professor Daniel L Byman, in his article "Passive Sponsorship of Terrorism," (published in Journal "Survival" 2005), in the MIT Security Studies Seminar in 2004 defined the term "Passive Sponsorship of Terrorism" as the individuals assistance of terrorists without their permission. A regime is guilty of passive sponsorship if it knowingly allows a terrorist group to raise money, enjoy a sanctuary, recruit, or otherwise flourish but does not directly aid the group itself. Professor Byman define the following characteristics of Passive support of terrorism:
The regime in question itself does not provide assistance but knowingly allows other actors in the country to aid a terrorist group; The regime has the capacity to stop this assistance or has chosen not to develop this capacity, and Often passive support is given by political parties, wealthy merchants, or other actors in society that have no formal affiliation with the government.
Several sources have further defined the typology of terrorism:
- Political terrorism
- Sub-state terrorism
- Social revolutionary terrorism
- Nationalist-separatist terrorism
- Religious extremist terrorism
- Religious fundamentalist Terrorism
- New religions terrorism
- Right-wing terrorism
- Left-wing terrorism
- Single-issue terrorism
- State-sponsored terrorism
- Regime or state terrorism
- Criminal terrorism
- Pathological terrorism
REFERENCES
1. Воскресенская Л.И. Чрезвычайные ситуации (Emergency Situations): учебное пособие по английскому языку. Омск: ОМГТУ, 2009. – 79 с.
2. Ульянова О.В. Английский для специалистов по защите окружающей среды и безопасности жизнедеятельности: учебное пособие. Томск: Томский политехнический ун-т, 2011. – 135 с.
3. Ященко М.В. Английский язык для инженеров специальности пожарная безопасность (English for fire safety engineers): сборник иностранных текстов. Xабаровск: ДВГУПС, 2013. – 60 с.
4. Study-english.info. E – source: http://study-english.info/modal.php# ixzz3Ya
JFNthe
5. BusyTeacher. E – source: http://busyteacher.org/
6. You-tube. E – source: http://www.youtube.com/
7. Wikipedia. E – source: http://en.wikipedia.org
8. The National Geographic. E – source: http://video.nationalgeographic.com
9. The National Geographic. E – source: http://environment.nationalgeographic.
com
10. Journal of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. E – source: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/
11. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. E – source: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/
12. Journal Newsweek. E – source: http://europe.newsweek.com/
13. United States department of labor. E – source: https://www.osha.gov/
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