In the second half of the twentieth century, the invention of the computer and the way of thinking associated with it led to a new approach or orientation to psychology called the cognitive movement. The roots of the cognitive movement are extremely varied: they include: behaviorism, humanism, etc. They include thinkers from linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, and engineering; and it especially involves specialists in computer technology and the field of artificial intelligence.
Cognition means «knowing» and cognitive processes refer to the ways in which knowledge is gained, used and retained.Cognitivists believe that the study of internalprocesses is important in understanding behaviour because humans do not passively respond to the environment. Cognitive processes actively organize and manipulate the information we receive. Therefore, cognitive psychologists study perception, attention, memory, thinking, language and problem solving.They alsoattempted to explain artificial intelligence and abnormality.
Cognitive psychology developed as a separate area within the discipline since the late 1950s and early 1960s (though there are examples of cognitive thinking from earlier researchers). The term came into use with the publication of the book "Cognitive psychology" by Ulrich Neisser in 1967. However, the cognitive approach was brought to prominence by Donald Broadbent's book "Perception and Communication" in 1958. Since that time, the dominant paradigm in the area has been the information processing modelof cognition that Broadbent put forward.This is a way of thinking and reasoning about mental processes, imaginingthem like softwarerunning on the computer that is the brain. Theories commonly refer to forms of input, representation, computation or processing, and outputs. Interest in mental processes appeared in the works of Tolman and Piaget, but it was the computer thatintroduced the terminology and metaphornecessary to investigate the human mind. Cognitive psychology compares the human mind to a computer and suggests that we are information processors. From the perspective of the cognitive psychology it is possible to study the internal mental processes that lie between the stimuli we receive and the responses we make.
Cognitive psychologists use a number of experimental techniques, including laboratory-based research with normal and brain-damaged subjects, as well as computer and mathematical models to test and validate theories.
This way of conceiving mental processes has pervaded psychology more generally over the past few decades, and it is not uncommon to find cognitive theories within social psychology, personality, abnormal psychology, developmental psychology. The application of cognitive theories in comparative psychology has lead to many recent studies in animal cognition.
The information processing approach to cognitive functioning is currently being questioned by new approaches in psychology.
Many are hoping that cognitive psychology will prove to be the paradigm we have been waiting for. It is still early to tell, but the significance of cognitive psychology is impossible to deny.
Занятие № 18.
Тема занятия: «Cognitivism-2».
2. Форма организации занятия: практическое занятие.
3. Значение изучения темы: Работа над данной темой предусмотрена Программой по специальности. Необходимость её изучения не вызывает сомнений, т.к. когнитивный подход является одним из ключевых в клинической психологии.
4. Цели обучения:
общая цель: обучающийся должен обладать способностью и готовностью к свободному применению русского и иностранных языков, как средства профессионального общения (ОК-14), способностью и готовностью к проведению библиографической и информационно-поисковой работы (ОК-12), готовностью к активной коммуникации и информационно-аналитической деятельности, поддержанием активных контактов с коллегами (ПК-1);
учебные цели: знать лексический материал по теме занятия и правила употребления новой синтаксической конструкции в речи; уметь использовать изученный лексический материал; владеть навыками изучающего и просмотрового видов чтения, а также навыками диалогической речи и письма, употребления в речи изученного грамматического материала.
5. План изучения темы:
5.1. Контроль исходного уровня знаний:
- Фронтальный опрос лексического материала.
- Вопросно-ответная беседа по теме “Cognitive movement in Psychology”.
Основные понятия и положения темы
“Complex Object” – это синтаксическая конструкция, которая состоит из дополнения, выраженного существительным или местоимением в объектном падеже, и инфинитива. Конструкция «Сложное дополнение» или «Объектный инфинитивный оборот» переводится на русский язык дополнительным придаточным предложением, начинающимся с союзов что, чтобы, как,причем существительное или местоимение в объектном падеже переводится, как подлежащее придаточного предложения, а инфинитив – как его сказуемое. Данная конструкция часто используется в письменной, в основном, научной речи.
Самостоятельная работа по теме
1. Ознакомьтесь с новым лексическим материалом: literally, overwhelming feeling, familiarity, cathedral, current, strange, strangeness, novelty, unclear, familiar, perception, inappropriateness, over one’s lifetime, to assess, nuance, phenomenon (pl. phenomena), to report, to occur, condition, wish fulfillment mismatching, obviously.
2. Выполните упражнения на закрепление лексики:
а) Найдите в тексте следующие словосочетания и переведите их на русский язык: an overwhelming sense of familiarity, discussing some current political topic, many different theories, smth looks familiar, feel familiar with the present perception, with and without a medical condition, attribute déjà vu to simple fantasy, to mistake the present for the past.
б) Найдите в ряду пары слов с противоположным значением: familiar, inappropriate, odd, current, fulfillment, complex, failure, appropriate, unknown, simple, out-of-date, strange.
3. Изучающее чтение текста “Déjà vu” (cм. Приложение):
а) Просмотрите текст и скажите, о чем он.
б) Найдите в тексте фамилию ученого, который ввел в употребление термин “déjà vu”.
в) Прочитайте текст.
г) Объясните употребление цифр, дат и собственных имен.
4. Подготовка развернутого плана-конспекта темы “Cognitive movement in psychology” с помощью текстов этого и предыдущего занятий.
Итоговый контроль знаний
1. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What does the term ‘déjà vu’ mean?
2. How do people who experienced déjà vu describe it?
3. Who introduced the term?
4. What is unique about déjà vu?
5. What feelings are associated with the déjà vu experience?
6. What does A.Funkhouser think about déjà vu?
7. How did A.Funkhouser classify déjà vu?
8. What age group experiences déjà vu more often?
9. How do psychoanalysts explain déjà vu?
10. How do parapsychologists explain déjà vu?
2. Решите ситуационную задачу:
Вы – студент-второкурсник факультета клинической психологии КрасГМУ. Вы сдаёте экзамен. В билете: déjà vu. Объясните, что это такое.
3. Прочитайте текст и выберите правильный ответ на вопрос “What is this text about?”:
a) There are some facts from Jean Piaget’s biography.
b) This text is about cognitive and intellectual development of children.
c) It is about the development of language and concept-development.
One of the most influential schools of psychology abroad is that of Jean Piaget. He was preoccupied especially with nature of cognitive and intellectual development in the growing child. His theory affirms the development of new cognitive structures in a series of age-related stages. Summarized, these are: the period of sensory-motor intelligence (0-2 years); the period of preoperational thought (2-7 years) characterized by the development of language and concept-development; the period of concrete operations (7-11 years), and the period of formal operations (11-15 years) in which the individual’s cognitive structures are most highly developed.
Составьте 5 вопросов по тексту из задания 1 и ответьте на них в парах.
6. Домашнее задание для уяснения темы занятия
1. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What does the term ‘déjà vu’ mean?
2. Who introduced the term?
3. What is unique about déjà vu?
4. What does A.Funkhouser classify déjà vu?
5. What age group experiences déjà vu more often?
6. Does déjà vu occur only in individuals with a medical condition?
7. How can déjà vu be explained?
8. Is the phenomenon of déjà vu completely studied?
2. Заполните пустые строки таблицы:
| Существительное | Прилагательное | Глагол |
| stranger | ||
| familiar | ||
| perception | ||
| attribute | ||
| thought |
3. Решите ситуационные задачи:
1.Вы – студент-второкурсник КрасГМУ. Вы учитесь на факультете клинической психологии. Ваш одноклассник рассказывает вам о том, что он испытал déjà vu. Спросите его, когда и как это произошло, что он ощущал.
2. Вы – студент-второкурсник КрасГМУ. Вы учитесь на факультете психологии. Объясните своему младшему брату, что такое déjà vu.
7. Рекомендации по выполнению НИРС, в том числе список тем, предлагаемый кафедрой:
Примерные темы проектов/докладов:
“Déjà vu as a phenomenon”:
Примерный план доклада / проекта: объяснение термина --- введение термина Эмилией Бойрак --- А.Функхаузер --- типы «déjà vu”.
“Cognitive psychology”:
Примерный план доклада / проекта: суть когнитивного подхода в психологии --- его возникновение --- основоположники когнитивного направления в психологии --- “déjà vu” как феномен.
8. Рекомендованная литература по теме занятия:
основная: И.П.Агабекян, П.И.Коваленко, Ю.А.Кудряшова / Английский язык для психологов: учебное пособие. – М.: ТК Велби, Изд-во Проспект, 2008. – 272с.
дополнительная: Е.А.Макарова. Английский язык для психологов: Учебное пособие для вузов/ Е.А.Макарова. – 2-е изд., испр., перераб. и доп. – М.: Изд-во Юрайт: ИДЮрайт, 2011. – 403с, Англо-русский и Русско-английский словари, Грамматический справочник.
электронные ресурсы: englishgrammarsecrets.com
Приложение
DEJA VU
The term deja vuis French and means, literally,"already seen." Those who have experienced the feeling describe it as an overwhelmingsense of familiaritywith something that shouldn't be familiar at all. For example, you are traveling to London for the first time. You are in the cathedral,and suddenly it seems as if you have been in that place before. Or maybe you are having dinner with a group of friends, discussing some currentpolitical topic, and you have the feeling that you've already experienced this very thing — same friends, same dinner, and same topic.
The phenomenon is rather complex, and there are many different theories as to why deja vu happens.
The term was introduced by Emile Boirac (1851—1917), who had strong interests in phenomena. Boirac's term directs our attention to the past. What is unique about deja vu is not something from the past but something in the present, namely, the strangefeeling one has. We often have experiences the noveltyof which is unclear.In such cases we may have been led to ask such questions as, "Have I read this book before?" "This place looks familiar;have I been here before?" We may feel confused, but the feeling associated with the deja vu experience is not one of confusion, it is one of strangeness.There is nothing strange about not remembering whether you've read a book before, especially if you are fifty years old and have read thousands of books over your life-time.In the deja vu experience, however, we feel strange because we don't think we should feel familiar with the present perception.That sense of inappropriatenessis not present when one is simply unclear whether one has read a book or seen a film before.
The Swiss scholar Arthur Funkhouser suggests that there are several "deja experiences" and assertsthat in order to better study the phenomenon,the nuancesbetween the experiences need to be noted. In the examples mentioned at the beginning, Funkhouser would describe the first incidence as deja visite("already visited") and the second as deja vecu("already experienced or lived through").
As much as 70 percent of the population reportshaving experienced some form of deja vu. A higher number of incidents occurin people 15 to 25 years old than in any other age group.
Since deja vu occurs in individuals with and without a medical condition,there is much speculation as to how and why this phenomenon happens. Several psychoanalysts attributedeja vu to simple fantasy or wish fulfillment,while some psychiatrists think it is a mismatchingin the brain that causes the brain to mistake the present for the past. Many parapsychologists believe it is related to a past-life experience. Obviously,there is more investigation to be done.
Занятие № 19
Дата: 2016-10-02, просмотров: 491.
