Third Conditional: no possibility

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IF	condition	result
	Past Perfect	WOULD HAVE + Past Participle
If	I had won the lottery	I would have bought a car.

Zero Conditional: certainty

IF	Condition	result
	present simple	present simple
If	you heat ice	it melts.

APPENDIX 12

GERUND

	Active	Passive
Simple	Не likes tellingtales.	He likes being toldtales.
Perfect	He is proud of having spokento this person .	He is proud of having been spoken to

Gerund is used after:

as a result of besides in spite of by

in favour of without despite for

against what about instead of after

as well as how about on before

Gerund is used after expressions:

to be afraid of	to be interested in
to be busy	to be responsible for
to be engaged in	to be tired of
to be fond of	to be used to
to be good at	to be worth

Gerund is used after certain verbs:

to avoid	to keep
to admit	to like
to burst out	To mind (в вопросит. и отриц. предлож.)
cannot help	to need
to consider	to postpone
to deny	to practise
to dislike	to prefer
to excuse	to put off
to forgive	to regret
to give up	to remember
to go on	to stop
toinvolve	to try

Gerund is used after verbs with prepositions:

to accuse of	to insist on
to agree to	to look forward to
to apologize for	to object to
to approve of	to persist in
to congratulateon	to prevent from
to depend on	to rely on
to dream of	to succeed in
to feel like	to suspect of
to give up the idea of	to thank for
to inform of	to think of

INFINITIVE

	Active	Passive
Simple	I am glad to tellyou this news.	I am glad to be toldthe news.
Continuous	I am glad to be telling you
Perfect	I am glad to have told you	I am glad to have been Toldthe news.
Perfect Continuous	I am glad to have been Tellingyou.

APPENDIX 13

THE MODALS TABLE

Auxiliary	Uses	Present / future	Past
may	1. polite request 2. formal permission 3. less than 50% certainty	May I borrow your pen? You may leave the room. A: Where's Tom? B: He may beat the office.	He mayhavebeenat the office.
might	1. less than 50% certainty 2. polite request	A: Where's Tom? B: He might be at the office. Might I borrow your pen?	He might have been at the office.
should	1. advisability 2. 90% certainty	I should help my fatherin the morning. She should pass the exam!(future only, not present)	I should have helped my father yesterday. She should have passed the exam!
ought to	1. advisability 2. 90% certainty	I ought to study tonight. She ought to do well on the test. (future only, not present)	I ought to have studied last night. She ought to have studied last night.
had better	1. advisability with threat of bad result	You had better be on time, or we will leave without you.	(past form uncomon)
be supposed to	1. expectation	He is supposed to come at 12.	He was supposed to comeat 12.
be to	1. strong expectation	You are to behere at 9:00.	You were to behere at 9:00.
must	1. strong necessity 2. prohibition (negative) 3. 95% certainty	I must goto class today. You must not open that door. Mary isn't in class. She must be sick. (present only)	I had to goto class yesterday. Mary must have beensick yesterday.
have to	1. necessity 2. lack of necessity (negative)	I have to goto class today. I don't have to goto class today.	I had to goto class yesterday. I had to goto class yesterday.
have got to	1. necessity	I have got to goto class today.	I had to go to class yesterday.
will	1. 100% certainty 2. willingness 3. polite request	He will be here at 6:00 ((future only). The phone's ringing. I'll get it. Will you please pass the salt?
be going to	1. 100% certainty 2. definite plan	He is going to behere at 6:00 (future only) I'm going to paint my bedroom. (futureonly)	I was going to paint my room, but I didn't have time.
can	1. ability / possibility 2. Informal permission 3. Informal polite request 4. impossibility (negativeonly)	I can run fast. You can usemy car tomorrow. Can I borrow your pen? That can'tbetrue!	That can't have beentrue!
could	1. past ability 2. polite request 3. suggestion 4. less than 50% certainty 5. impossibility (negative only).	Could I borrow your pen? Couldyou help me? A: I need help in English. B: You could talk to your English teacher. A: Where's John? B: He could beat home. That couldn't be true!	I could runfast when I was a child. You could have talked to your teacher. He could have been at home. That couldn't have beentrue!
be able to	1. ability	I am able to help you. I will be able to helpyou.	I was able to helphim.
would	1. polite request 2. preference 3. repeated action in the past	Would you please ass salt? Wouldyou mind if I left early? I would rather goto the park than stayhome.	I would rather have gone to the park. When I was a child, I would visit my grandmother every weekend.
used to	1. repeated action in the past		When I was a child, I would visit my grandmother every weekend.
shall	1. polite question to make a suggestions 2. future with "I" or "we" as subject	Shall I open the window? I shallleave at nine. (will =more common)

LITERATURE

1. Рушинская И.С. About sociology in English. О социологии: Практикум по английскому языку / И.С. Рушинская. – М. : Флинта : Наука, 2000. – 112 с.

2. Сімкова І.О. Англійська мова професійного спрямування. Методичні вказівки до практичних занять для студентів IІІ курсу ФСП напрямів підготовки 8.18010018 «Адміністративний менеджмент» і 7.040202 «Соціальна робота» / І.О. Сімкова, С.І. Неїжко. – [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу http: // library.ntu-kpi.kiev.ua:8080/handle/123456789

3. Baade K. Business Result. Advanced Student’s Book / K. Baade, Ch. Holloways, J. Scrivener, R. Turner – Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2010. – 168 p.

4. British Council [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу http://www.britishcouncil.org/professionals-business-a-z-archive.htm – Заголовок з екрану.

5. Dooley J. Grammarway 4. Practical English Grammar / J. Dooley, V. Evans. – Swansea : Express Publishing, 1999. – 224 p.

6. English for Specific Purposes (ESP) National Curriculum for Universities / [Бакаєва Г.Є., Борисенко О.А., Зуєнок І.І. та ін.]. – К. : Ленвіт, 2005. – 119 с.

7. Goodale M. The language of meeting / M. Goodale – Boston : Thomson Learning Inc., 2006. – 128 p.

8. Lebeau I. Language Leader. Course book / I. Lebeau, G. Rees. – Essex : Pearson Education Limited, 2008. – 168 p.

9. Multitran System for translators [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу http://www.multitran.ru/c/m.exe?CL=1&l1=1&s=acceptable+

10. Powell M. In Company Upper Intermediate / M. Powell. – Oxford : Macmillan Education, 2008. – 160 p.

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