(Условные предложения. Условные предложения 1-го типа)
В английском языке так же, как и в русском существуют условные предложения. Однако, в английском языке имеются 4 типа подобных предложений – Zero Conditional, First Conditional, Second Conditional, Third Conditional. Условные предложения состоят из двух частей:
- придаточная часть (if-clause) – задает условие (что могло бы случиться или вероятно случится)
- главная часть (main clause) – показывает результат, который мы получим в случае выполнения условия.
Разберем First Conditional (первое условное предложение).
· Мы используем First Conditional, чтобы показать ситуации/действия и их результат.
If it’s sunny tomorrow, we’ll go swimming.
· Для обещаний
If you do well in your exams, I’ll buy you a bike.
· Угрозы
If you do that again, I’ll phone the police.
· Предупреждения
If you touch that, you’ll hurt yourself.
· Предложения
If you’re going away, I’ll feed your cat.
Образование.
| Условие If+ Present Simple | Результат will+infinitive |
| If we take the car to the station, | we’ll get the eight o’clock train. |
| If we don’t leave now, | we won’t catch the train. |
| If the car doesn’t start, | we’ll be late for the train. |
NB
После if мы всегда ставим глагол в Present Simple, несмотря на то, что условие относится к будущему.
If it rains later… not if it will rain later…
Упражнение 1. Соотнесите действия (1-8) и результат (a-). Запишите предложения в Условном предложении 1-го типа.
| 1 pass your exams | a have an accident |
| 2 eat too much | b collect you from the station |
| 3 don't save some money | c be in trouble |
| 4 see your sister | d go to university |
| 5 telephone me when your train arrives | e not have enough energy in the morning |
| 6 cycle too fast | f feel ill |
| 7 forget your homework again | g not go on holiday |
| 8 don't eat breakfast | h tell her about the concert? |
1. If you pass your exams, you will go to university.
2. ________________________________________
3. ________________________________________
4. ________________________________________
5. ________________________________________
6. ________________________________________
7. ________________________________________
8. ________________________________________
Упражнение 2. Посмотрите на картинки. Воспользуйтесь подсказками, чтобы составить предложения (приметы).
| superstition /,su:pә'stıʃәn/ noun a traditional belief that some things are lucky or unlucky |
1 seven years' bad luck/ break the mirror
You'll have seven years' bad luck if you break the mirror.
2 In Britain / see two black and white birds together
/ have good luck
3 be lots of fruit in autumn / be a very cold winter
4 see cows lying in a field / rain
Упражнение 3. Поставьте предложения в First Conditional.
1. If Peter __________ (come) to my place, we__________ (go) to play in the yard.
2. If Peter__________ (not come) to my place, I __________ (watch) TV.
3. If Frank’s parents__________ (have) their holidays in summer, they __________ (go) to the seaside.
4. If they __________ (have) their holidays in winter, they __________ (stay) at home.
5. If the fog _______ (thicken), Harold _______ (put up) the tent for the night.
6. When I _______ (finish) my work, I_______ (go) to the cinema.
7. We_______ (buy) this book as soon as our mother_______ (give) us some money.
8. When we _______ (come) to your place you_______ (show) us your present.
9. I_______ (return) you your ring when you_______ (ask) me.
10. I_______ (wait) for my friend until he_______ (come) from the shop.
11. My father_______ (start) writing before the sun _______ (rise).
12. As soon as you _______ (finish) your study I_______ (present) you with a new flat.
Упражнение 4. Продолжите истории по цепочке, используя First Conditional .
A)
If Brian has a lot of money, he’ll buy a bike.
If he buys a bike, he’ll ...
If he rides it ...
If …
B)
If you don’t do well at school, you’ll become a bad pupil.
If you become a bad pupil, you’ll stay ...
If you stay ...
If ...
Упражнение 5. Ответьте на вопросы с помощью First Conditional.
What will you do
- if it rains on Sunday?
- if your friends don’t play with you?
- if your TV doesn’t work this evening?
- if you lose your school record-book?
- when the lessons are over?
- when your holiday comes?
- when your friend comes to see you tonight?
- when you finish your homework?
Упражнение 6. Продолжите предложения.
1. I’ll buy a colour film and take a lot of pictures if …
2. I’ll have a party and we can dance to music if …
3. I’ll go camping in the Lake District if …
4. Molly’ll learn a lot of things if…
5. I shan’t sit with you at the same desk unless…
6. I’ll send her a letter as soon as …
7. If he does his homework every day he …
8. If he comes in the afternoon we …
9. If you live in a big city what …?
10. If Milly gives me her address, I …
11. If you don’t stop talking, the teacher …
Verb Patterns
(Глагольные конструкции)
В русском языке (как и в любом другом) имеет место комбинация двух глаголов, когда один следует за другим. Например: мне нужно идти, я хочу учить английский. Причем в предложении изменяет свою форму в зависимости от времени, лица и числа только первый глагол, а второй четко сохраняет неопределенную форму. Например: я хочу (настоящее время) учить (неопред. форма), хотел (прошедшее время) учить (неопред. форма) и буду хотеть (будущее время) учить (неопред. форма) английский.
В английском языке «глагольные конструкции» представляют собой варианты использования двух и более глаголов подряд. Если же в русском изменяется первый глагол в комбинации нескольких, а второй (третий) остается в неопределенной форме (я хочу научиться плавать), то в английском языке имеются следующие комбинации:
Verb Patterns :
· Глагол + ing (или Gerund* - герундий):
I hate getting up early at school.
I enjoy watching TV in the evening.
· Глагол + to + инфинитив:
I want to study Biology.
We decided to talk to them later.
· Глагол + инфинитив без частицы to:
You should be more polite to your grandmother.
I can read French .
Список глаголов и конструкции, с которыми они используются
| Глагол + ing | Глагол + to + инфинитив | Глагол + инфинитив без частицы to | ||
| avoid can’t stand enjoy hate like love | miss not mind practice prefer start stop | agree decide hope learn manage need | offer promise seem want wish would like | can could might must should |
NB
В предложениях, где первый глагол выступает одним из следующих – begin, continue, hate, like, love, prefer и start может использоваться как конструкция «Глагол + ing», так и «Глагол + to + инфинитив», при этом смысл не изменится.
Example: We started walking to the station. = We started to walk to the station. (Мы начали идти на станцию.)
NB
Некоторые глаголы могут использоваться как в конструкции c инфинитивом, так и с герундием, при этом смысл предложения меняется:
- I stopped speaking to her. = Я перестал общаться с ней. ( перестал быть ее другом )
- I stopped to speak to her. = Я остановился поговорить с ней.
* Gerund – (герундий) неличная глагольная форма, выражающая название действия и обладающая как свойствами глагола, так и свойствами существительного (одна из форм герундия образуется путем присоединения окончания -ing к глаголу. Например, герундием глагола read является reading. Аналога герундия в русском языке нет.
Упражнение 1. Прочитайте предложения, переведите и определите в какую графу стоит определить выделенные глаголы.
1 You 1should study science subjects if you 2want to be a doctor.
2 I 3love working with people but I 4don't like being in an office all day - I 5prejer working outdoors.
3 You 6can 7learn to drive more easily when you are young.
4 I 8hope to work in Scotland this summer, so I 9need to 10practise speaking English.
5 If you send them your CV, they 11might 12agree to help you.
| + -ing | + to + infinitive | + infinitive without to |
| should |
Упражнение 2. Соотнесите 2 части одного предложения.
| 1 I enjoy | g |
| 2 You must | |
| 3 He promised | |
| 4 During the holidays, I miss | |
| 5 I could | |
| 6 We decided | |
| 7 She offered |
a seeing my schoolfriends.
b to help me find a holiday job.
c help you with your CV.
d to get jobs in the same town.
e to get a summer job.
f do your homework.
g going to the cinema.
Упражнение 3. Выберите верный ответ.
1 She needs _ a new suit for the job interview.
a buy b buying с to buy
2 I could _ a job in another country.
a get b to get c getting
3 My friend might _ French lessons next year.
a drop b to drop c dropping
4 My uncle offered _ work experience for me.
a arrange b to arrange c arranging
5 My cousin is going to New York so she must _ a passport.
a get b to get c getting
6 He hopes _ in a bank one day.
a work b to work c working
Упражнение 4. Перепишите предложения так, чтобы смысл не изменился.
1 I must get a summer job.
I need to get a summer job .
2 You must phone me after the meeting.
Promise ___________________
3 Would you like working outside all the time?
Could you________________ all day?
4 She needs to practise for her exams.
She must ___________________
5 I learned to speak French when I was a child.
I could _____________________
6 I prefer working in an office.
I want _____________________
7 I hope to get a job next year.
I'd like _____________________
8 He wants to work in a bank.
He hopes ___________________
9 He never wants to go to interviews.
He can't stand _______________
Упражнение 5. Раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в нужную форму.
“I can’t 1____________ (believe) it! I passed all my exams! I really don’t know how I managed 2____________ (pass) Maths. Now I need 3____________ (decide) what to study at university, but the problem is that I don’t know what I want 4__________ (do).
A few months ago I decided 5___________ (study) Biology, but now I’m not sure. It seems 6___________ (be) difficult to find a job as a biologist. I suppose I could 7___________ (become) a doctor, but it must 8_____________ (be) a very stressful job. My mum says you can learn 9____________ (enjoy) anything, but I wouldn’t like 10____________ (work) in a hospital.
I enjoy 11_____________ (work) with people. I don’t like 12______________ (do) the same thing every day. I don’t mind 13 __________ (get) up early. I love 14___________ (travel) and I prefer 15__________ (work) outside. Oh, and I can’t stand 16___________ (talk) on the phone for a long time. What’s the best job for me?”
UNIT 6
The Present Perfect Tense
(Настоящее совершенное время)
Настоящее совершенное время связывает прошедшие действия с настоящим. Действия либо произошли в прошлом и важен их результат в настоящем, либо начались в прошлом и все еще продолжаются, либо произошли только что.
Употребление.
1. Для действий, которые завершились и имеют результат в настоящем.
Example:
I’ve worked in three countries. (Я работал заграницей в прошлом, но сейчас это важно для моего резюме)
2. Для того, чтобы сообщить новости.
Example:
A train has crashed in London. (Он разбился недавно, результат мы видим сейчас)
3. Для действий, которые произошли недавно.
Example:
The cat’s been sick in the kitchen. (Недавно кота стошнило, теперь кухня нуждается в уборке).
The Present Perfect Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have (формы – have, has) и прошедшего причастия (Past participle).
Образование.
| Утвердительные предложения | Отрицательные предложения | Вопросительные предложения |
| I We You have They worked He She has It | I We You haven’t They worked He She hasn’t It | I We Have You They worked? He Has She It |
Для Present Perfect существует ряд маркеров (наречий), такие как:
- already (уже; только для утверждений)
- yet (уже/еще не; вопросы и отрицательные предложения)
- never (никогда; только для отрицательных предложений)
- ever (когда-либо; только для вопросов)
Упражнение 1. Заполните пропуски, поставив глаголы в Present Perfect .
1 Have you ever written (write) to a film star?
2 I ____ (meet) my boyfriend's parents once.
3 My girlfriend and I ____ (not speak) today because we had an argument yesterday.
4 ____ your sister ____ (get) engaged yet?
5 We ____ (not choose) an engagement ring yet.
6 Jim and Melanie aren't here today. They ____ (go) to their cousin's wedding.
7 My aunt and uncle ____ (have) three babies in three years.
8 My mum is furious because my dad ____ (forget) it's her birthday today.
Упражнение 2. Выберите правильный ответ.
1 We _ our first date on Valentine's Day last year.
a had b have had
2 He _ her to marry him already.
a asked b has asked
3 _ she _ 'yes' yet?
a Did / say b Has / said
4 My mum _ my dad to marry her when they were both five!
a asked b has asked
5 He_ 'yes' until he was twenty-seven.
a didn't say b hasn't said
6 My grandparents _ for fifty years and they are still very happy.
a were married b have been married
7 Phone the vet! The dog _ my ring!
a ate b has eaten
Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски в диалоге, поставив глаголы в Present Perfect .
8.00p.m. Ann and Leo are having dinner together. It's their first date.
| Leo | 1 you I eat / here / before? Have you ever eaten here before ? |
| Ann | Yes, I have. |
| Leo | 2 when I come I here? ______________________ ? |
| Ann | My parents brought me here for my birthday last year. |
| Leo | 3what I eat? _______________________? |
| Ann | I think I had fish with rice and vegetables. It was very nice. |
| Leo | 4 I / not eat / Chinese food before. ___________________ . I think I'll have the chef's suggestion. |
| Ann | That's a good idea, I'll have the same. |
| 9.00p.m. | |
| Ann | 5 how long / you I live in Brighton? __________________________? |
| Leo | I moved here two months ago.6 I / not meet / many people yet. ________________________? 7 I / join / a tennis club last month _________________ so I've played tennis a few times. |
| Ann | I like tennis too but 8 I / not play/ for a long time. _________________________. 9 I / be / busy revising. ______________________ . |
| Leo | 10 you / finish / your exams now? ________________________? |
| Ann | Yes, I have! 11 I / finish / on 5th June. _______________________ . |
| Leo | Have you got your results yet? |
| Ann | No, I haven't. A friend got hers this morning so I hope mine will arrive in tomorrow's post. |
| 9.45p.m. | |
| Ann | Thank you, that was a lovely meal. |
| Leo | I'm glad you enjoyed it. 12 I / have / great time this evening. ________________________ . |
| Ann | So have I! Let's do it again soon. |
Упражнение 4. Поставьте глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple .
1. I (know) _______ her for six years.
I (know) _______ him when I was at school.
2. He (live) _______ in Paris from 1997 to 2000.
He (live) _______ in New York since 2001.
3. Where's Pete? I (not see) _______ him for ages.
I (not see) _______ Pete last night.
4. We (be) _______ at primary school from 1993 to 1998.
We (be) _______ in this class since September.
5. I (not watch) _______ this video yet.
I (not watch) _______ a video at the weekend.
Упражнение 5. Поставьте глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.
1. I ________ (never/ be) to the USA. I ______ (want) to go there last summer but I couldn’t.
2. He _______ (live) in this street all his life.
3. His father ________ (come back) to London last Sunday.
4. Yan __________ (write) a letter to Nick two days ago.
5. He ________ (send) his letter yesterday.
6. They ________ (just/ buy) some postcards.
Упражнение 6. Подставьте следующие слова в предложения: last night , ever , ago , just , yet , always .
1. Nick’s uncle went to Russia 3 years.
2. Mr. Rambler has come back from Belarus.
3. Nick has wanted to visit Belarus.
4. Mr. Rambler saw Yan.
5. They haven’t visited this old castle.
6. Have you been to England?
Упражнение 7. Выберите верный вариант.
1. She ______has / ‘s had a moped since she was 15.
2. We ______took / ‘ve taken a taxi to town that morning.
3. We ______played / 've played volleyball last night
4. I'm really hungry. I______ didn’t eat / haven’t eaten since last night.
5. They ______ visited / ‘ve visited Colorado last summer.
Упражнение 8. Поставьте глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.
1. Maria (get) ______ some bad news last week. She (be) ______ sad since she (get) ______ the bad news.
2. I (start) ______ school when I was five years old. I (be) ______at school since I (be) ______ five years old.
3. I (change) ______ my job three times this year.
4. I (change) ______ my job three times last year.
5. The weather was hot and dry for many weeks. But two days ago it (rain) ______.
6. Tom (break) ______ his leg five days ago. He’s in hospital. He (be) ______ in hospital since he (break) ______ his leg.
7. Are you going to finish your work before you go to bed? — I (finish) ______ it (already). I (finish) ______ my work two hours ago.
Упражнение 9. Поставьте глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.
1. I (have, just) ______ a nice pot of coffee. Would you like a cup?
2. I (see, not) ______ Steve this morning yet.
3. Carol and I are old friends. I (know) ______ her since I (be) ______ a freshman in high school.
4. Maria (have) ______ a lot of problems since she (come) ______ to this country.
5. I (go) ______ to Paris in 2003 and 2006.
6. A car came round the corner and I (jump) ______ out of the way.
7. Don’t throw the paper away because I (not to read) ______ it yet.
8. Is Jim going to eat lunch with us today? — No. He (eat) ______ (already).He (eat) ______ lunch an hour ago.
9. Since we (start) ______ doing this exercise, we (complete) ______ some sentences.
10. I (be) ______ never to Italy.
Упражнение 10. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple или Present Perfect.
1. I (cut) ______ some flowers from my garden yesterday. I (cut) ______ lots of flowers from my garden so far this summer.
2. I (not / see) ______ Tom lately.
3. The artist (draw) ______ a picture of sunset yesterday. She (draw) ______ many pictures of sunsets in her lifetime.
4. I (feed) ______ birds at the park yesterday. I (feed) ______ birds at the park every day since I (lose) _____ my job.
5. Ann (wake up) ______ late and (miss) _______ her breakfast on Monday.
6. I (forget) ______ to turn off the stove after dinner. I (forget) ______ to turn off the stove a lot of times in my lifetime.
7. The children (hide) ______ in the basement yesterday. They (hide) ______ in the basement often since they (discover) ______ a secret place there.
8. The baseball player (hit) ______ the ball out of the stadium yesterday. He (hit) ______ a lot of homeruns since he (join) ______ our team.
9. We first (meet) ______ in 2001. So we (know) _______ each other for 8 years.
Упражнение 11. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple или Present Perfect.
1. She (change) ______ a lot since she left school.
2. I (see) ______ this film and I don’t want to see it again.
3. Jazz (originate) ______ in the United States around 1900.
4. Tom Hanks (win) ______ an Oscar several times already.
5. Long ago, they (build) ______ most houses out of wood.
6. Scientists still (not/find) ______ a cure for cancer.
7. Sean (eat, never) ______ Chinese food before.
8. In my first job, I (be) ______ responsible for marketing.
9. The last job I (apply) ______ for required applicants to speak some Japanese.
10. The first modern Olympics (take) ______ place in Athens more than a hundred years ago.
11. I am writing in connection with the advertisement which (appear) ______ in December.
Упражнение 12. Найдите ошибки и исправьте их.
| 1. We lived here since 1997. | |
| 2. I've been ill since two days. | |
| 3. How long do you know him? | |
| 4. Susie has seen a good film last night. | |
| 5. We've finished our homework just. | |
| 6. I've already wrote three letters. |
NB Present Perfect with since and for
Предлоги since и for также являются маркерами данного времени.
Предлог since (в переводе на русский язык означает «с», «с тех пор») используется для того, чтобы показать с какого момента началось действие.
I’ve been at this school since I was thirteen.
Для since необходима точка отсчета или момент времени: 1789, Tuesday, yesterday и так далее.
Предлог for (в переводе на русский язык означает «в течение») показывает, что действие началось в прошлом и продолжается в данный момент.
I’ve been at this school for four years.
При использовании предлога for указывается период времени: five minutes, two weeks, most of my life и так далее.
Упражнение 13. Определите слова ниже в таблицу.
1995 , ten minutes, a few weeks, a long time, a year, Wednesday, Easter, January, last month, a quarter of an hour, two minutes
| since ... | for … |
| 1995 | ten minutes |
Упражнение 14. Ответьте на вопросы в двух вариантах.
1 How long has Washington DC been the capital of the USA? (1800)
Washington DC has been the capital of the USA
since 1800.
Washington DC has been the capital of the USA
for more than 200 years.
2 How long has Alaska been a US state? (1959)
3 How long has the Statue of Liberty been in New York? (1886)
4 How long has Number 10 Downing Street been the home of the British prime minister? (1735)
5 How long has Buckingham Palace been the home of the British king or queen? (1837)
6 How long have England and Scotland been joined politically? (1707)
Упражнение 15. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в Present Perfect.
1. He _____ (finish) training.
2. She _____ (score) twenty points in the match.
3. We _____ (watch) all the Champions League matches this season.
4. That's amazing! She _____ (run) fifteen kilometers this morning!
5. She _____ (buy) some really nice rollerblades!
6. Oh, no! I _____ (lose) my money!
7. My mum _____ (write) shopping list. It's on the kitchen table.
8. Dad, you _____ (eat) my biscuit!
9. I’m tired. I _____ (watch) three X-Files videos.
10. Hurry up! They _____ (start) the film!
11. Mary _____ (study) hard this year, so she'll pass her exams.
12. Oh no! She _____ (drop) the plate!
13. The garden is very green. It _____ (rain) a lot this month.
14. These are my favourite trousers. I _____ (have) them for five years.
15. Tom's my best friend. I _____ (know) him for three years.
16. They _____ (live) in Miami for two years.
17. Jo has earache. He _____ (have) it since 7 o'clock.
18. Brad _____ (live) in Chicago since 1998.
Упражнение 16. Заполните письмо Джейн глаголами в Present Perfect.
| Dear Amy I _____ (1 not have) a letter from you for a long time. _____ (2 you lose) my address? I bought the new Steps CD at the weekend. I _____ (3 already listen) to it. _____ (4 you hear) it yet? It’s brilliant. There’s a new video too, but I _____ (5 not see) it yet. School is going OK. I _____ (6 just finish) some exams, but the holidays _____ (7 not start) yet. We’re going to Ireland. I _____ (8 never be) there. Write soon with your news. Love Jane |
The Past Perfect Tense
(Прошедшее совершенное время)
Употребление.
Past Perfect употребляется для выражения прошедшего действия, которое уже совершилось до определенного момента в прошлом. Past Perfect представляет собой так называемое «предпрошедшее» время.
Examples:
When the police arrived to the bank the robbers had gone.
The police didn’t find the rings because the thief had eaten them.
Образование.
| Утвердительные предложения | Отрицательные предложения | Вопросительные предложения |
| I We You They had worked He She It | I We You They hadn’t worked He She It | I We You They Had worked? He She It |
Чаще всего маркерами данного времени выступают before и because.
Упражнение 1. Выберите правильный ответ.
1 We had seen each other several times before we ________
a speak.
b spoke.
c had spoken.
2 I had to walk home because I_________ the last bus.
a 'm missing
b miss
c had missed
3 My friends gave me a CD for my birthday.
Unfortunately, thieves _______ our home the week before and stolen my CD player.
a had broken into
b broke into
c has broken into
4 She hadn't eaten such a bad meal since she ________ prison.
a had left
b left
c has left
5 I couldn't get into my house because I ________ myself out.
a 've been locked
b had locked
c have locked
6 Had you looked at a lot of police photographs before you_______ the robber?
a recognised
b didn't recognise
c had recognised
7 The judge didn't send the burglar to prison because he _______six months in prison waiting for the trial.
a hadn't spent
b has spent
c had spent
8 I couldn't ring the police because the mugger _______ my mobile phone.
a can take
b hadn't taken
c had taken
9______ the two men _______a lot of crimes before the police arrested them?
a Have / committed
b Had / committed
c Are / committing
10 The police _________my brother for speeding five times before he lost his driving licence.
a had stopped
b has stopped
c hadn't stopped
Упражнение 2. Выберите правильный ответ.
1 When the burglar left / had left the crime scene he couldn't remember where he parked / had parked his car.
2 The bank manager forgot / had forgotten to lock the door so the robbers didn't have to / hadn't had to break in.
3 The guard's video tape showed / had shown that the robber went / had been to the bank several times.
4 The police caught / had caught the art thief because she didn't wear / hadn't worn gloves.
5 When the police arrested / had arrested the international criminal they found she used / had used several aliases.
6 The shoplifter told / had told the judge that she stole / had stolen the food for her family.
Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски в диалоге, поставив глаголы в Past Perfect .
1 She went (go) to prison because the police had caught (catch) her.
2 The police _______(arrest) the criminal after they ________ (watch) the house for a month.
3 He _________ (steal) five computers from his office before his boss ______ (know).
4 The detectives _________ (be) pleased because the thieves _________ (leave) fingerprints everywhere.
5 The criminal ______ (spend) most of his life in prison before he _______ (decide) to get an education.
6 The guard ______ (left) his job in a women's prison because he ________ (fall) in love with a prisoner.
7 The burglar _____ (throw) his clothes in the river because he ______ (get) blood on them.
8 The young man _______ (give) a good reason for having ?2,000 in his pocket so the police ______ (allow) him to go home.
9 The police ________ (not recognise) the man because in the past he ______ (wear) glasses and his hair ________ (be) a different colour.
10 I ______ (not know) it was my car because the thief _______ (paint) it red.
Упражнение 4. Поставьте глаголы в Past Perfect.
1. I _____ (to have) breakfast before I went to school.
2. He went to meet his friends after he _____ (to do) his homework.
3. By 8 o’clock the rain _____ (to stop).
4. Alice was late because she ____ (to miss) the bus.
5. She went to the post-office after she _____ (to write) the letter.
6. He _____ (to work) at the factory before he entered the college.
7. He got a bad mark for his test because he _____ (to make) a lot of mistakes in it.
8. I went to bed after I _____ (to finish) reading the book.
9. The child _____ (to fall) asleep before the parents came home.
10. They_____ (to marry) before they bought this house.
Упражнение 5. Используйте Past Perfect предложенных глаголов, чтобы дополнить предложения.
| to leave, to go, to die, to see, to live, to fly |
1. I didn’t read the text in class because I _____ my book at home.
2. The children didn’t want to go to the cinema because they _____already _____ the film.
3. Kate wasn’t at home last week because she _____ to visit her uncle.
4. Linda never knew her father because he _____before she was born.
5. I was excited when the plane took off because I _____ never _____before.
6. My grandfather was always afraid of animals because he _____ never _____ in the country.
Упражнение 6. Поставьте глаголы в Past Perfect .
1. Jill was afraid she _____ (forget) her key at home, but she found it in her handbag.
2. Dad wasn’t at home when I came back. He _____ (go) out twenty minutes before.
3. I wasn’t hungry because I_____ (just/have) breakfast.
4. Peter saw an urgent message on his table. Somebody _____ (leave) it the day before.
5. I apologized I _____ (not/phone) her.
6. He told me that he _____ (come back) a fortnight before.
7. I knew him at once though I _____ (meet) him many years before.
8. We spent the night in Klin, a town we _____ (often/hear of) but_____ (never/see).
9. They couldn’t believe he _____ (give up) his job in the bank. He _____ (make) a good living there.
10. Mr. Jackson said that he _____ ( already/buy) everything for lunch.
11. Alice asked her brother where he _____ (arrange) to meet his friends.
12. We had no car at that time because we _____ (sell) our old one.
13. They _____ (finish) painting the ceiling by two o’clock.
Упражнение 7. Переведите предложения.
1. Я пообедала прежде, чем они вернулись домой.
2. Когда приехала мама, мы уже подготовили подарки.
3. Мария сказала, что уже купила все подарки.
4. Когда я пришла домой, то узнала, что кто-то оставил мне письмо.
5. Когда я пошел на прогулку, дождь уже прекратился.
UNIT 7
Modal Verbs
(Модальные глаголы)
Модальные глаголы не употребляются самостоятельно, а только в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола. Они обозначают возможность, способность, вероятность, необходимость совершения действия, выраженного смысловым глаголом. Модальные глаголы в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола употребляются в предложении в роли составного глагольного сказуемого: Не can do it himself. Он может это сделать сам. They may come tonight. Они, может быть, придут сегодня вечером.
Модальные глаголы не выражают конкретных процессов (действий), а показывают лишь отношение говорящего к действию, оценку действия, т. е. возможность, необходимость, предположительность, долженствование, разрешение и т. д.
Модальные глаголы являются недостаточными глаголами (Defective Verbs), так как они не имеют всех форм, какие есть у других глаголов.
· Must и have to выражают необходимость.
I must phone the doctor. ( Мне необходимо позвонить ему .)
He says I have to exercise more. (Он сказал, что мне нужно больше заниматься.)
· Don ’ t have to означает отсутствие необходимости в данном действии.
I don’t have to listen to this. (У меня нет необходимости (Я не обязан) слушать это.)
· Mustn ’ t используется в значении запрета.
You mustn ’ t phone me . (Тебе не позволено звонить мне.)
· Should означает совет и переводится на русский язык «следует», «следовало бы».
You should take an aspirin. (Тебе следует принять аспирин.)
· Shouldn ’ t означает совет и переводится на русский язык «не следует», «не следовало бы».
You shouldn’t read this book. (Тебе не следует читать эту книгу.)
Упражнение 1. Поставьте модальные глаголы have to, has to или had to. Переведите предложения.
1. I can’t see you quite well. I _______ put on my glasses.
2. In London we _______ drive on the left side.
3. Jack _______ wear a suit and a tie to school.
4. Yesterday I _______ stay at work till midnight.
5. She _______ go now or she’ll miss the train.
6. If I lose my job, I will _______ sell my diamonds.
7. She doesn’t _______ buy an expensive present.
Упражнение 2. Выберите подходящий модальный глагол в скобках.
1. You _______ (don’t have to/must not) go to school if you have a high temperature.
2. The exam is next week. So you _______ (must/can) study hard.
3. I will cook everything for the party, so you _______ (don’t have to/mustn’t) bring any food.
4. He needs more exercise, he _______ (should/can) go to a gym.
5. Women _______ (are allowed to/have to) cover their heads in a church.
6. I _______ (can’t/can) speak Italian very well because I didn’t learn it at school.
7. We _______ (could/couldn’t) sleep last night because of the storm.
8. Sam _______ (must/had to) leave the party early because his wife disappeared.
9. If you train more you _______ (could/will be able to) run faster.
10. I was _______ (ought to/able to) buy a dishwasher with my credit card.
11. You _______ (ought/can) to apologize.
12. We _______ (needn’t/mustn’t) book a room in advance. They always have some vacant rooms.
13. Your hair looks awful. You _______ (can/should) get it cut.
14. I am exhausted. I _______ (am able to/need to) get some rest.
15. When they were rich they were _______ (able to/allowed to) travel abroad every month.
16. Visitors of our hotel _______ (may/can) use the car park.
17. Dogs _______ (aren’t allowed to/aren’t able to) get inside.
18. I’m not sure but Bob _______ (could/must) be in England now.
19. _______ (Must/May) I use your mobile phone?
20. Tom doesn’t answer the phone. His car _______ (should/must) be in a tunnel now.
Упражнение 3. Расставьте слова в предложениях с модальными глаголами по порядку.
1. chairs – have – to – many – you – did – buy – so – why?
2. after – to – you – tree – have – look – this – carefully – very.
3. have – doesn’t – my — correct – she – to – mistakes.
4. invite – wedding — should – our – we – cousins – the – to.
5. shouldn’t – today – without – an — outside – go – she – umbrella.
6. socks – the – wash – must – every — their – boys – evening.
7. mustn’t – son – lighter – my – play – with – a.
8. I – off – can – day – have – a?
9. aren’t – in — you – shout – the — to – allowed – museum.
10. could – to –have — station – he – gone — the.
Упражнение 4. Поставьте модальные глаголы must, mustn’t, have to или don’t have to.
1. You ______ smoke in the hospital.
2. You ______fill in all the form – your name and signature are enough.
3. I ______remember to go to the chemist’s. I’ve got a sore throat.
4. I feel fine but my doctor tells me that I ______take more exercise.
5. Thanks but you really ______ help me – I can do it myself.
6. You ______eat before your operation. It’s dangerous.
Упражнение 5. Прочитайте рекламу и выберите верный ответ.
Bad Cold? Headache? Sore throat?
· You shouldn’t / have to stop eating.
· You should / mustn’t have a lot of hot drinks.
· You must /shouldn’t stay in bed if you’re
got temperature.
· You must / shouldn’t go to school or work.
· You don’t have to / must see a doctor if you
And remember to take Citrocon, available from all good chemists! |
The Passive Voice
(Страдательный залог)
Действительный и страдательный залоги в английском языке совпадают со значением соответствующих залогов в русском языке. Глагол в действительном залоге (Active Voice) показывает, что действие совершает лицо или предмет, выраженный подлежащим.
Example: He often asks questions. ( Он часто задаёт вопросы.)
Глагол в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice) означает, что действие направлено на предмет или лицо, выраженное подлежащим.
Example: He is often asked questions. ( Ему часто задают вопросы.)
Употребление.
1. Когда действие или объект, на который направлено действие важнее чем исполнитель (тот, кто осуществляет действие).
Example: English is spoken all over the world. (На английском языке разговаривают во всем мире.)
2. Когда исполнитель действия нам не известен.
Example: The painting was stolen from the museum. (Картина была украдена из музея.)
3. Для описания процессов.
Example: The milk is taken to the factory then it is made into butter and cheese. (Молоко привозят на завод, затем из него делают масло и сыр.)
Образование.
Формы страдательного залога образуются при помощи глагола to be в соответствующей форме и Participle II (Причастие II)* смыслового глагола. Participle II всегда будет оставаться в своей форме, не изменяясь в зависимости от времен английского глагола, все изменения мы совершаем над глаголом to be: Present Simple – am / is / are built, Past Simple – was / were built, Present Continuous – am / is / are being built, Present Perfect – has / have been built и т.д.
| Утвердительное предложение | Отрицательное предложение | Вопросительное предложение | |
| Present Simple Passive | Breakfast is served from 7 to 9.30 a.m. Lunch and dinner are served in dining room. | Breakfast is not (isn’t) served from 7 to 9.30 a.m. Lunch and dinner are not (aren’t) served in dining room. | Is this magazine bought by young people? |
| Past Simple Passive | Penicillin was discovered in 20th century. Five people were killed in an accident yesterday. | The Titanic was not (wasn’t) built in the USA. The roads were not (weren’t) opened for four hours. | Was the stolen car found at station? |
| Present Perfect Passive | My bag has been stolen. The investigations have been sent by email. | My bag has not (hasn’t) been stolen. The investigations have not (haven’t) been sent by email. | Has the door been locked? |
*[правильный глагол с окончанием -ed или 3 форма неправильного глагола]
NB
Мы можем использовать by, чтобы указать кем или чем выполнено действие, если в этом есть необходимость. Как правило, by не будет переводиться на русский язык дословно, но окажет свое влияние на исполнителя действия, поставив его в Творительный падеж.
Example: The best article was written by a French journalist. (Лучшая статья была написана французским журналистом.)
Упражнение 1. Заполните пропуски, поставив глаголы в скобках в нужную форму Passive Voice.
One of the first newspapers 1) was produced (produce) during the times of Julius Caesar. The Acta Diurna (Events of the Day) was a newsletter which 2) ________ (write) by hand and then put up in important places in Rome.
Newspapers 3) ________ (print) since the beginning of the seventeenth century. At first, they 4) ________ (publish) in Northern Germany but soon the idea 5) ________ (copy) in other countries. These early newspapers usually had only one page and there were no pictures, advertising or even headlines.
The oldest daily newspaper in Britain which 6) ________ (print) today is The Times. It 7) ________ (publish) since 1785.
Today more than 18, 000 different newspapers 8) ________ (sell) around the world.
Упражнение 2. Подумайте, какое из предложений лучше использовать – в действительном залоге или в страдательном.
1. There’s going to be a big art exhibition.
a) A lot of visitors will be attracted to it
b) It will attract a lot of visitors.
2. Telephone is an apparatus with which people can talk to each other over long distances.
a) The telephone was invented by A. Bell.
b) A. Bell invented the telephone.
3. Alexander Bell is a British inventor who went to live in Canada and then in the USA.
a) The telephone was invented by A. Bell.
b) A. Bell invented the telephone,
4. We’ve bought a new computer.
a) It can do the job much more quickly.
b) The job can be done much more quickly.
Упражнение 3. Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в нужную форму.
1. This book _______ (write) many years ago.
2. His car _______ (break) so he had to take a taxi.
3. This castle _______ (build) in the 16th century.
4. I’ve missed the news block! When it _______ (repeat)?
5. This dress is brand new, it never _______ (wear).
6. I am reading a book while my car _______ (repair).
7. At what time the dinner usually _______ (serve) here?
8. To my great surprise the problem _______ (solve) yet.
Упражнение 4. Составьте предложения, расставив слова в правильном порядке.
1. the / not / to / letter /the / has / been / report / According / delivered / still.
2. A / accessories / with / room / is / various / decorated.
3. in / was / He / 1984 / born.
4. already / have / said / Many / about / been / love / words.
5. light / and / was / sunshine / due / The / to / house / large / with / windows / filled.
6. his / after / Mark / named / grandfather / was.
7. grown / tomatoes / in / These / the / countryside / are.
Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя страдательный залог.
1. Когда была куплена эта книга?
2. Они были расстроены, потому что проиграли.
3. Эта песня была прослушана 10 раз на данный момент.
4. Обычно, когда мой отец приходит домой, ужин уже готов.
5. Нужно чистить зубы минимум 2 раза в день.
6. Когда я пришла в магазин, туфли еще не были проданы.
7. Москва была основана в 1147 году.
8. Ее мечты были разрушены из-за его ответа.
Упражнение 6. Выберите правильный ответ.
1. The first British newspaper, The Daily Courant, _______ in London’s Fleet Street in 1702.
a) is published b) was published c) has been published
2. Until the 1980s, nearly all Britain’s biggest newspapers _______ in Fleet Street.
a) are produced b) were produced c) have been produced
3. In the past, British newspaper production _______ by the printers’ unions.
a) is controlled b) was controlled c) has been controlled
4. The Sun, Britain’s biggest selling tabloid, _______ in 1969 by News Corporation.
a) is started b) was started c) has been started
5. The Times ______ by News Corporation since 1981.
a) is owned b) was owned c) has been owned
6. In 2005, more than 170 newspapers _______ by News Corporation in different parts of the world.
a) are owned b) were owned c) have been owned
7. Fifteen thousand people _______ News Corporation in different parts of the world.
a) are employed by b) were employed by c) have been employed by
8. Forty million newspapers _______ worldwide by News Corporation every week.
a) are printed b) were printed c) have been printed
SUPPLEMENT.
TEXTS
Level A
BIOGRAPHY
Текст 1
family – семья
wife – жена
parents – родители
graduate – выпускник
speciality – специальность
to be born – родиться
to be … years old – быть … лет
to be married – быть женатым / замужем
to be interested in – интересоваться
to be retired – быть на пенсии
About Myself
My name is Victor Pavlov. I am from DPR. I was born in Donetsk. I am eighteen years old. I am not married.
I have a family. My family is not large. I have parents and a sister. My parents were born in Donetsk. My mother’s name is Olga. She is thirty-nine years old. She is a graduate of Donetsk National University. My mother is a very good expert in English. She is an English teacher by speciality.
My father’s name is Nick. He is a graduate of a military school. My sister’s name is Ann. She is not a schoolgirl. She is only five years old. She will be a schoolgirl in two years.
I am a student. I am good at English. I am also interested in computers.
I have grandparents. My grandfather is an engineer. He is retired now. My grandmother is a doctor at a hospital.
I have a cousin. My cousin is twenty-one years old. His name is Alex. Alex is a student of an Institute. He will be an engineer. Alex is married. His wife’s name is Irene. She is nineteen. Irene is a student too. She will be an economist in three years.
Вопросы к тексту
1. Who are you?
2. What are you?
3. Where are you from?
4. How old are you?
5. Are you married?
6. How large is your family?
7. What’s your mother’s name?
8. How old is your sister?
9. Your cousin is not married, is he?
10. What are your parents?
Текст 2
officer – офицер
specialist – специалист
faculty – факультет
first-year student – первокурсник
civil defence – гражданская оборона
military – военный
civilian – гражданский (штатский)
highly-qualified – высококвалифицированный
experienced – опытный
besides – кроме
About my Friend
I have a special friend. His name is Ivan. Ivan is an officer. He was born in Makeevka. Ivan is not of my age. He is twenty-eight years old. My friend is married and has a family. His family is not large but it is very united.
My friend’s wife is a beautiful woman aged twenty-three. Her name is Kate. Kate has a higher education. She is a University graduate. She is a programmer by speciality. Kate is a highly-qualified and experienced specialist. Besides, she is deeply interested in foreign languages. She is especially good at English.
Ivan and Kate have a daughter. They have no sons. Their daughter is only one year old. Her name is Dasha.
Ivan has a sister and a brother. Ivan’s sister is a German teacher at a medical college. Her name is Nina. Nina is married. Her husband is not military. He is civilian. His job is a manager. My friend’s brother is a cadet of the Military Engineering Institute. His name is Oleg. Oleg is a first-year cadet at the faculty of civil defence. He is on top of the list in chemistry. Besides, Oleg is keen on sports. He is a member of the volley-ball team. Oleg is not married. He is single.
Ivan has parents. They are in their fifties. Ivan’s parents are engineers.
Вопросы к тексту
1. What’s your friend’s name?
2. What’s your friend by profession?
3. Where was your friend born?
4. Is your friend of your age?
5. Your friend is married, isn’t he?
6. How large is your friend’s family?
7. How old is your friend’s wife?
8. What’s your friend’s wife by profession?
9. Is your friend’s daughter a schoolgirl?
10. What are your friend’s parents, brother and sister by profession?
CIVIL DEFENCE ACADEMY
Текст 3
foundation – основание
mission – задача
chair – кафедра
laboratory – лаборатория
subject – предмет
to teach – обучать
to deliver a lecture – читать лекцию
to be situated – находиться
far – далеко
as well as – а также
The Civil Defence Academy
The Civil Defence Academy is the youngest academy in our country. It is situated in Donetsk. The date of its foundation is April 4, 2017. The main mission of the Civil Defence Academy is to train specialists for the Emergency Situations Ministry.
The Academy commandant is a colonel. He controls the activity of the Civil Defence Academy. Besides, he is responsible for international cooperation of the Academy with the civil defenсe organizations of the other countries.
The Civil Defence Academy is a unique one. It trains both officers and cadets as well as civilian students and international students.
One can enter the Academy by entrance examinations. The students of the Academy study eleven months a year and have a month’s leave. In addition, the students spend much time on their self-study without assistance. Their duty is to do all their best to graduate from the Academy successfully and get a higher vocational education.
The Academy has about twenty chairs where competitive specialists work as professors and instructors. Most of them have over twenty-five year’s experience in teaching. They deliver lectures on different sciences and conduct practice classes. Every chair teaches its own subjects.
An Academy’s educational base consists of several buildings with lecture halls, specialized studies, and computerized laboratories. The officers, cadets, and students have their classes, lectures and self-preparation work there. It is going to be a specialized foreign language laboratory where students improve their language skills and habits. There is also a sports complex where officers, cadets, and students do their sports.
The Civil Defence Academy is young but its perspectives are great. The Academy faces its future with confidence and hope for the best.
Вопросы к тесту
1. What’s the date of the Civil Defence Academy’s foundation?
2. Where is the Civil Defence Academy situated?
3. What’s the mission of the Civil Defence Academy?
4. Whom does the Civil Defence Academy train?
5. Does the Civil Defence Academy train international students?
6. What does the educational base of the Civil Defence Academy consist of?
7. Is there a specialized language laboratory in the Civil Defence Academy?
8. How many chairs are there in the Civil Defence Academy?
9. What subjects do the chairs teach?
10. What’s the main duty of a student?
Текст 4
activity – деятельность
duty – обязанность
higher education – высшее образование
entrance examination – вступительный экзамен
emergency situation – чрезвычайная ситуация
to consist of – состоять из
to study – учиться
to train – готовить, обучать
to be responsible for – быть ответственным
both … and … – как … так и …
Our Faculty
We study at the Civil Defence Academy. Our Academy is large. It trains both military and civilian students. The Academy has two faculties. One of them is ours. The faculty trains specialists for the Emergency Situations Ministry.
We are first-year students. Our study group consists of fifteen students. We came from different towns and cities of our country. In summer we passed our entrance examinations and became the students of the Academy. We study with a great interest. Our main duty is to study well in order to have a higher military education. We do not miss lessons and take notes of all lectures. In winter we’ll take our first tests and examinations. The best of us will get special grants.
The dean of our faculty is a highly-qualified and experienced specialist. Our dean controls the activity of our faculty. Besides, the dean is responsible for our studies and discipline.
Вопросы к тексту
1. Where do you study?
2. When did you enter the Academy?
3. Whom does your faculty train?
4. Is your faculty dean a highly-qualified specialist?
5. Are you a first-year cadet?
6. How many students does your study group consist of?
7. What’s your main duty?
Текст 5
foreign language – иностранный язык
skill – умение
practice – практика
classes – занятия
to improve – совершенствовать
to learn – изучать
to carry out – выполнять
to graduate from – оканчивать (учебное заведение)
different – различный
hard – упорно
At the English Lesson
We are first-year students of the Civil Defence Academy which is situated in Donetsk. We study at the faculty for students. The year of its foundation is 2017. The mission of the faculty is to train specialists for the Emergency Situations Ministry
We learn many different subjects. Experienced professors deliver lectures on mathematics, physics, chemistry as well as on history, philosophy, etc. Instructors of the chair of foreign languages teach us English.
Our study group consists of fifteen students. We study English. We have English lessons every week. At our English lessons we usually read, write and speak English. Our instructor gives us a lot of language practice. If we make mistakes, the instructor corrects us.
We are in the language laboratory now. We are having an English lesson. Student Smirnov is writing an English sentence on the whiteboard. Student Titov is answering the instructor's questions. We are listening to him. Some students are reading texts, others are consulting dictionaries. We are working hard at the lesson.
We always work at English much and with a great interest. We want to speak English well because it is an international language. After we graduate from the Academy English will help us carry out our professional missions.
Вопросы к тексту
1. What faculty do you study at?
2. What’s the main mission of your faculty?
3. What subjects do you learn?
4. Do you study foreign languages?
5. What foreign language do you study?
6. How often do you have your English lessons?
7. What do you usually do at the English lesson?
8. What are you doing now?
9. Are you working hard at English?
10. Why do you learn English?
Дата: 2019-02-25, просмотров: 491.
