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В русском языке три времени — настоящее / прошедшее/ будущее. В английском языке их тоже три — present /past / future, но каждое время в зависимости от продолжительности действия может быть 4 типов: simple (простое), continuous (длительное), perfect (совершенное) и perfect continuous (совершенно-длительное). В итоге выходит 12 временных форм.
В английском языке есть два залога: действительный и страдательный. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice) в английском иначе называют пассивным залогом, а действительный (Active Voice) — активным.
· Если подлежащее обозначает предмет или лицо, совершающее действие, то глагол употребляется в форме действительного залога.
| I write letters to my friend in London. | Я пишу письма моему другу в Лондоне. |
| My friend invited me. | Мой друг пригласил меня. |
· Если действие совершается над подлежащим, то глагол употребляется в форме страдательного залога.
| This letter was written the day before yesterday. | Это письмо было написано позавчера. |
| I was invited by my friend. | Я был приглашён моим другом. |
Таблица образования видовременных форм
Действительный залог / Active Voice
| Present | Past | Future | |
| Simple | V(-s, -es) | V(2; -ed) | will/shall + V |
| Continuous | am/is/are + V(-ing) | was/were + V(-ing) | will/shall + be + V(-ing) |
| Perfect | have/has + V(3; -ed) | had + V(3; -ed) | will/shall + have + V(3; -ed) |
| Perfect Continuous | have/has + been + V(-ing) | had + been + V(-ing) | will/shall + have + been + V(-ing) |
Страдательный залог / Passive Voice
| Present | Past | Future | |
| Simple | am/is/are + V(3; -ed) I am often asked. | was/were + V(3; -ed) I was often asked. | will/shall + be+ V(3; -ed) I will be often asked. |
| Continuous | am/is/are + being + V(3; -ed) I am being asked now. | was/were + being + V(3; -ed) I was being asked at the moment. | ____________ |
| Perfect | have/has + been + V(3; -ed) I have already been asked. | had + V(3; -ed) I had already been asked by that time. | will/shall + have + been + V(3; -ed) I will have been asked by the end of the exam. |
| Perfect Continuous | ____________ | ____________ | ____________ |
Таблица формирования времен
| Simple Действие происходит «вообще» или повторяется изо дня в день. | Continuous Действие, происходит в определенный момент, определенный период времени или запланировано на ближайшее будущее | Perfect Завершенное действие с результатом налицо к моменту речи. | Perfect Continuous Действие, которое началось и длится до момента речи или завершилось перед этим моментом. | |
| Present | I work / drive. He works / drives. They work / drive. | I am working / driving. He is working / driving. They are working / driving. | I have worked / driven. He has worked / driven. They have worked / driven. | I have been working / driving. He has been working / driving. They have been working / driving. |
| Past | I worked / drove. He worked / drove. They worked / drove. | I was working / driving. He was working / driving. They were working / driving. | I had worked / driven. He had worked / driven. They had worked / driven. | I had been working / driving. He had been working / driving. They had been working / driving. |
| Future | I shall/will work / drive. He will work / drive. They will work / drive. | I shall/will be working driving. He will be working / driving. They will be working / driving. | I shall/will have worked / driven. He will have worked / driven. They will have worked / driven. | I shall/will have been working / driving. He will have been working / driving. They will have been working / driving. |
Unit 6
Употребление времён группы Present
Present Simple V(-s, -es)
1) Обычное, повторяющееся действие:
I always do my homework.
2) Законы и природные явления, научные факты:
The sun rises in the east.
3) Бытовые ситуации:
Do you want to spend a lot of money here?
4) Истории, анекдоты, обзоры, спортивные комментарии:
Then the knight gets on his black horse and rides away.
5) Расписания поездов, сеансов в кинотеатре и т.п.:
The plane from New York arrives at 16:45
Тренировочные упражнения
Упражнение 1. Прочитайте глаголы в 3 лице единственного числа:
writes, reads, gets, has, takes, gives, brushes, washes, cleans, dreams, thinks, plays, hates, happens, ends, finishes, turns, asks, answers, drives, publishes, tries, appears, watches, sees, looks, verifies, hurries, lends, borrows, decides, awakens, wakes, leaves, sits, stands, cries, kills, receives, matches, fixes, repairs, learns, dresses, chooses, wins, loses, teaches, studies, keeps, remembers, earns, wears, begins, attends, follows, enjoys, returns, reduces, understands, helps, speaks, kisses, enters, drops, checks, makes, misses.
Упражнение 2. Составьте предложения в соответствии с образцом:
Образец: She doesn’t know French. (Russian) — She knows Russian.
1. He doesn’t drive a car. (a lorry) 2. She doesn’t start her work at 10:00. (9:00) 3. He doesn’t drink tea in the morning. (coffee) 4. She doesn’t like pears. (apples) 5. She doesn’t wear short dresses. (long dresses) 6. He doesn’t work quickly. (slowly) 7. She doesn’t speak Chinese. (English) 8. She doesn’t like classical music. (jazz) 9. He doesn’t play basketball. (football) 10. She doesn’t live in the suburbs. (the centre of the city)
Упражнение 3. Составьте отрицательные и вопросительные предложения в соответствии с образцом:
A. Образец: I like bananas. — I do not like bananas. Do you like bananas ?
1.I write letters regularly. I ... not... letters regularly. ... you... letters regularly? 2.I drive a car. I... not... a car.... you ... a car? 3. You sing well. You ... not ...well. ... you ... well?
4. They live in London. They... not... in London.... they... in London?
B.Образец: He likes coffee. — He does not like coffee. Does he like coffee?
1. She watches TV every day. She ... not... TV every day. ... she ... TV every day? 2. He often gives her flowers. He ... not often ... her flowers. ... he often ... her flowers? 3. She helps her mother about the house. She ... not... her mother about the house. ... she ... her mother about the house? 4. He likes classical music. He ... not ... classical music. ... he ... classical music?
Упражнение 4. Составьте разделительные вопросы и дайте краткие ответы в соответствии с образцом:
Образец: He works here. — He works here, doesn’t he ? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
He doesn’t work here. — He doesn’t work here, does he ? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
1. You know her. 2. She often writes letters to her parents. 3. She doesn’t come home late. 4. Your sister doesn’t speak Japanese. 5. She takes a shower every morning. 6. I like to read English books. 7. She sings well. 8. She doesn’t read newspapers. 9. It is cold today. 10. He often walks in the park. 11. We sometimes have lunch in the cafe opposite our office. 12. They spend their holidays in Spain. 13. You don’t have breakfast in the kitchen. 14. The doctor examines her teeth twice a year. 15. She doesn’t meet him every day. 16. He never smokes. 17. She laughs a lot. 18. He lives with his brother. 19. His daughter doesn’t work. 20. It looks like rain. 21. There are no clouds in the sky.
Упражнение 5. Дайте ответ на высказывание в соответствии с образцом:
A. Образец: She often receives letters from him. — So do I. So does my sister.
1. She visits a doctor twice a month. 2. They spend their holidays in the country. 3. We often read aloud. 4. She likes knitting. 5. They translate texts regularly. 6. He often breaks his promise. 7. She plays the piano well. 8. He knows many English poems by heart. 9. You always win. 10. We walk along the beach every day. 11. He drives fast. 12. She has lunch at 2:30. 13. She gets to the University by the metro.
B. Образец: She doesn’t receive letters from him. — Neither do I. Neither does she.
1. We don’t watch TV every evening. 2. She doesn’t go shopping every day. 3. She never eats chocolate. 4. We don’t often buy ready-made clothes. 5. She doesn’t like fat meat. 6. He doesn’t live with his parents. 7. They don’t often go to the theatre. 8. They never gossip. 9. She never tells a lie. 10. She never misses classes. 11. My friends don’t know German. 12. We never take a bus when we go home.
Упражнение 6. Составьте предложения:
| I you he she we they our friends my parents my roommate the passengers young girls her brother old people our teacher it | usually normally regularly occasionally sometimes at times often seldom hardly ever never frequently from time to time once a week once in a while always | go to a dance use their car gives us a lot of homework comes late for classes use the underground get up very late buy tickets in advance go to the country makes mistakes in translation rains here on Sundays eat meat or fish at supper go to a restaurant write letters to us sends her flowers |
Уражнение 7. Ответьте на вопросы. Задайте эти вопросы партнеру:
1. Do you get along well with people? 2. Do you know how to use a computer? 3. Do you often do two things at a time? 4. Do you get upset when people are late for appointments? 5. Do you get upset easily when things go wrong? 6. What do you look for in a friend? 7. Do you get your daily news from TV, radio or newspapers? 8. How many hours do you watch TV every day? 9. How many newspapers and magazines do you subscribe to or read regularly? 10. What do you do when you are happy? 11. What do you do when you are thirsty (hungry)? 12. What do you do if it’s cold outside? 13. What does your friend do if he is bored? 14. What does your friend do if he is unwell?
Уражнение 8. Употребите глагол в скобках в Present Simple:
1. Her brothers always (to tell) the truth, she sometimes (to lie).
2. They always (to gossip), she never (to do) it. 3. They (to laugh) a lot, she (to cry) a lot. 4. We (to eat) much, she (to eat) little. 5. They (to smoke) cigars, he never (to smoke). 6. They often (to get) angry, she never (to get) angry. 7. I (to like) meat, she (to like) fish. 8. We (to go) to the disco three times a week, he never (to go) there. 9. They never (to ask) questions, my little sister (to ask) a lot of questions. 10. We always (to help) our mother with the housework, he never (to help) her. 11. I always (to give) her good advice, she never (to follow) it. 12. You (to like) ballet, she (to like) opera. 13. My friends often (to visit) me, she never (to visit) me. 14. We always (to get) up early, she always (to get) up late. 15. We (to be) from Moscow, she (to be) from Canada. 16. They (to make) friends easily, she hardly (to make) friends. 17. They (to look) very happy, she (to look) unhappy. 18. My friends (to go) to the Crimea every summer, she (to go) to the Caucasus every summer. 19. We (to drive) slowly, she (to drive) fast. 20. They (to speak) Spanish and Italian, she (to speak) English. 21. The students (to know) the rules, he (to know) the rules and (to observe) them. 22. We (to speak) a lot, he (to speak) little. 23. We (to prefer) bananas, she (to prefer) pineapples. 24. They never (to complain) of anything, she always (to complain). 25. They (to praise) their professors, she never (to give) her opinion of any professor.
26. The students (to live) in the dormitory, she (to live) in her own flat. 27. They (to spend) much time at home. 28. They (to be) usually not late, but she never (to keep) her appointments. 29. We always (to remember) things, she always (to forget) everything. 30. We never (to talk) with our mouths full, he always (to talk) when he is eating. 31. Her colleagues always (to admit) their mistakes, but her boss never (to do). 32. They always (to keep) promises, but he often (to break) his. 33. She (to be) very neat, but her brother sometimes (to wear) dirty clothes. 34. Her neighbours (to have) two cats, she (to have) a kitten. 35. My parents (to enjoy) watching TV, my brother (to enjoy) driving a car. 36. Her parents (to like) dogs, she (to like) cats. 37. We (to wash) our hair with shampoo, she (to wash) her hair with eggs or bread. 38. We often (to walk) in the park, she (to walk) in the woods. 39. Teenagers (to go) out a lot, but she never (to join) them.
Уражнение 9. Узнайте у своего партнёра:
1. gets up early in the morning; 2. has breakfast at home; 3. goes shopping once in a while; 4. looks through newspapers at breakfast; 5. sometimes walks to the University; 6. stays in the library till closing time; 7. spends his/her free time with his/her friends; 8. watches TV every evening; 9. has a dog and a cat; 10. plays tennis on Saturdays; 11. never quarrels with his/her sister; 12. likes horror films; 13. speaks Greek; 14. ever goes abroad; 15. often goes to the theatre; 16. is never late; 17. is always on time; 18. is sometimes careless.
Уражнение 10. Используйте косвенную речь. Начните предложения с “You want to know... “I wonder...“ I don’tknow...”:
A. 1. Do you listen to the radio in the morning? 2. Do your parents help you with money? 3. Do they plan to move out soon? 4. Do we have time? 5. Do classes begin at 8? 6. Do they sell paper here? 7. Does he live in Britain? 8. Does your mother often travel? 9. Does he often see her home? 10. Does she love her? 11. Does she want to marry him? 12. Does he ever take part in discussions? 13. Is the tourist camp far from here? 14. Is it too late to give them a call? 15. Is there a post office at this hotel? 16. Are there any students who can speak German?
B. 1. Where do you learn English? 2. Where do you buy your clothes? 3. What do the Russians do on the New Year’s Eve? 4. How often do the planes fly to New York? 5. What colour is the French flag? 6. How often does he travel abroad? 7. How many tourists are there in the group? 8. What time do all the shops close? 9. How many children have they got? 10. What time is it? 11. How old is London? 12. How many universities are there in Moscow? 13. Why does she occasionally miss classes? 14. Who does she want to marry? 15. Who speaks more than one foreign language? 16. Who wakes you up early in the morning?
Уражнение 11. Переведите на английский язык:
A. Питер — студент университета. Он живет в общежитии. Пять раз в неделю у него занятия в университете. В субботу и воскресенье он не ходит в университет. Питер занимается спортом, он также увлекается музыкой. Он часто ходит с друзьями на концерт. Он сам играет на скрипке и принимает участие в студенческих концертах. Питер специализируется по истории России и изучает русский язык, но он еще не знает, кем он хочет стать. У него есть друзья в России. Это студенты, которые изучают английский. Они регулярно пишут письма друг другу, а иногда разговаривают по телефону. Питер обычно говорит по-английски, а его друзья — по-русски, но они понимают друг друга. На каникулы Питер обычно ездит к своим родственникам, которые живут в Канаде. В этом году он обещает приехать в Россию и пишет своим друзьям, что много читает о Москве, о ее достопримечательностях, музеях, театрах и т.д.
B. 1. Как правило, студенты сдают экзамены два раза в год. 2. Мне не нравится в Москве, здесь очень шумно и много транспорта. 3. Сколько времени тебе нужно, чтобы сделать этот перевод? 4. Этот автобус здесь никогда не останавливается. 5. Я не знаю, какие у нас сегодня занятия. 6. Вы не знаете, сколько сейчас времени? 7. Поезд прибывает ровно в восемь, да? 8. Она никогда никому не верит. 9. Раз в неделю они обедают в ресторане.
10. Он очень редко ездит на работу на машине. 11. В это время года здесь постоянно идет дождь. 12. Он звонит ей изредка и спрашивает, как она себя чувствует. 13. Иногда я так устаю, что засыпаю в метро. 14. Вы понимаете, что это такое? 15. Интересно, сколько Кэрол лет? На вид ей не больше двадцати. 16. Кто приносит газеты по утрам? 17. — Кто из вас знает, где живет Люси? — Я знаю. 18. — Ты не знаешь, как она говорит по-английски? — Очень бегло. 19. По пятницам мы заканчиваем работу раньше, чем обычно. 20. — Вы всегда ходите пешком или иногда ездите на автобусе? — Когда как. Если погода хорошая, я предпочитаю ходить пешком.
Present Continuous am / is / are + V (- ing )
1) Действие, происходящее в данный момент или период времени:
I can’t hear what she is talking about now.
He is reading a new story by Edgar Allan Poe.
2) Действие, охватывающее временной отрезок в настоящем:
He is studying at the University.
3) Изменяющаяся ситуация:
Is your French getting better now?
4) Какое-либо запланированное действие (с указанием места и времени):
They are meeting their friend at 6 at the café.
5) Действие, которое будет происходить в ближайшем будущем (с глаголами движения):
The family is moving to the other town.
6) Выражение отрицательной характеристики:
Ann is always making a noise when I’m reading.
Глаголы, не употребляющиеся в Continuous: особенности, примеры предложений
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