Exercise 6.15. Find the ing-forms in the following sentences and define them and their functions:

1) Topical fluoridation means applying fluoride directly to the crowns of teeth. 2) Any acceptable way of reducing caries is to be recommended. 3) Periodic scaling to remove small deposits of calculus will prevent the onset of periodontal disease. 4) Parents should be warned of the danger of sticky carbohydrates causing caries. 5) The effect of water containing fluoride is a fifty percent reduction in caries. 6) Oral hygiene consists simply of keeping the teeth free of food debris ([ˈdɛbriː] - остатки еды), thus preventing plaque formation which leads to dental disease. 7) Plaque starts forming on the teeth as soon as they have erupted. 8) Saliva is important in preventing tooth decay because it can wash away food particles and bacteria and help neutralize acids formed by bacteria in the mouth. 9) Depending on your personal habits, such as smoking and drinking coffee or tea, bleaching may produce many years without reversal (без изменения). 10) If heavy deposits of plaque or calculus are present, the mouth should be cleaned before diagnosing.

Exercise 6.16. Choose the correct form (Gerund or Infinitive) and translate the sentences into Russian:

1) Thank you for (help) me. 2) What would you recommend me (do)? 3) I’m thinking of (see) this film. 4) She offered (pay) for the meal. 5) I think I will never give up (smoke). 6) He decided (begin) at once. 7) Avoid (use) very long sentences. 8) It’s not allowed (smoke) here. 9) You’ll soon learn (read) in English. 10) He offered (help) us with moving house. 11) I hate (interrupt) people. 12) He planned (spend) all day in town. 13) Ann suggested (go) to the cinema. 14) We enjoyed (walk) slowly along the silent streets. 15) I remember (be) here a long time ago. 16) Peter’s hobby is (see) all new films. 17) I prefer (prevent) dental diseases to (treat) them. 18) Don’t forget (call) me up before leaving Moscow. 19) I enjoy (listen) to classical music.

Exercise 6.17. Find sentences with the Complex Subject and translate them into Russian:

1. Water fluoridation is considered to be a highly effective preventive measure. 2. Most types of dental diseases are likely to be treated by a general dentist. 3. Periodontal disease is reported to be the main cause of tooth loss in adults. 4. Dentists are known to use modern plastic and metal materials to make false teeth. 5. Soft tooth brushes are not expected to injure the gums. 6. The dental surgeon is noticed to spend most of his time to open gums and tooth abscesses and to give anaesthesia. 7. In the last decade a new method of whitening is reported to have become the most widely used. 8. At home teeth whitening process seems to be a safe and effective way for bleaching teeth. 9. Dental caries is thought to be a preventable disease nowadays. 10. The delegation of American dentists is reported to have arrived on Monday. 11. Calcium is known to be essential for teeth. 12. Regular medical and dental checkups are sure to be undergone. 13. Good tooth brushing habits are known to help avoid dental disease.

Exercise 6.18. Find sentences with the Complex Object and translate them into Russian:

1. The patient felt the toothache become less. 2. All dentists consider most types of dental diseases to be avoided by good tooth brushing habits. 3. We think the periodontal diseases to be the main cause of tooth loss in adults. 4. I want you to explain the symptoms of acute pulpitis. 5. Our dentist allowed his patient to eat only in an hour and a half. 6. Objective physical laboratory examinations showed the patient to be absolutely healthy. 7. We considered this method to be an interesting and very useful. 8. The results lead us to believe that the technique of gum treatment is useful. 9. The doctor noticed the patient’s condition change with the increase of temperature. 10. All doctors believe the initial diagnosis to be confirmed by X-ray and laboratory examinations. 11. The doctor wanted the nurse to give injections immediately. 12. We watched with the great interest our teacher explaining new technique of root canal treating. 13. I expect my best friend to pass his exam in Oral Surgery very soon.