Exercise 4.11. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Make them interrogative and negative:

1) My friend has passed his examinations. 2) I have heard much about her condition. 3) I have already had dinner. 4) The dentist has just come. 5) He has already told me about this accident. 6) I have not met him since our graduation. 7) I have already prepared for the Anatomy lesson. 8) I have given up smoking lately. 9) I have bought a new textbook. 10) My mother has got a new job in the pharmacy.

Exercise 4.12. Complete the sentences using the verbs given in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Tense:

1) Is he still preparing his homework? No, he (to finish). 2) I (to translate) a difficult text from English into Russian. 3) We just (to enter) the operating room. 4) They just (to go) out. 5) He (to lose) his key. 6) You (to buy) a new car. 7) They (to stop) examining the patient. 8) She already (to perform) this laboratory work. 9) Oh! I just (to cut) my finger! 10) He (to face) with his dentist at the reception desk.

Exercise 4.13. Read and translate the following sentences, explain the use of the Perfect Tenses:

1) It was the best book I had ever read. 2) We called him last night but he hadn’t come yet. 3) I couldn’t understand what had happened. 4) She was sure she had met him before. 5) She was late for the lecture as she had overslept. 6) I’ll have finished my chemistry homework by the time you come home. 7) She will have cooked dinner by the time you get home. 8) By this time next month you will have probably passed your driving test. 9) Will you have done all your homework by bedtime? 10) We won’t have left by the time you come.

Exercise 4.14. Complete the sentences using the verbs given in brackets. Use the Past Perfect и Future Perfect Tenses:

1) When we arrived at the conference Dr Ivanov already (to come) here. 2) When we got home last night, we found that somebody (to break) into the flat. 3) She was sorry for the things that she (to do). 4) He was afraid that she already (to learn) the truth. 5) That lesson was very interesting. The students never (to participate) in a patient’s examination before. 6) We are late. The lecture (to start) by the time we get to the university. 7) They (to graduate) from the university in 5 years. 8) Phone me after 4 p.m. We already (to finish) the operation by that time. 9) By 9.15 he (to come) to the laboratory. 10) When you visit us, we already (to move) into our new house.

Exercise 4.15. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:

1) Когда мы приехали на станцию, поезд уже ушел. 2) Я вышла из дома и вспомнила, что не выключила компьютер. 3) Когда мы вошли в класс, урок уже начался. 4) Она была очень рада. Она только что сдала экзамен. 5) Когда мы пришли на лекцию, лектор уже был в лекционном зале. 6) К двум с половиной годам у ребенка будут (прорезаны) все молочные зубы. 7) Мы выучим все правила осмотра пациента к третьему курсу. 8) Я только что выполнила свою первую лабораторную работу. 9) К понедельнику мы закончим нашу работу. 10) Приходи ко мне в 6 часов. К этому времени я сделаю домашнюю работу. 11) Мы уже выучили несколько тем по стоматологии. 12) А вы когда-либо участвовали в конференции? 13) Мы никогда еще не проходили практику в стоматологической поликлинике.

Exercise 4.16. Form Participle I and translate it into Russian:

Ex.: to cover – covering (покрывающий)

to involve; to surround; to consist; to know; to compare; to observe; to arise; to register; to examine; to unite; to extend; to occur; to disrupt; to acquire; to undergo.

Exercise 4.17. Find Participles I in the sentences below and compare the functions they perform by translating the sentences:

Ex.: They are developing a new method. (developing – часть сказуемого)

Developing the new method they got unpredictable results. (developing – обстоятельство)

The dental surgeon developing the new method of treating dental abnormalities is very famous. (developing – определение)

1) More hours are spent studying anatomy of the head and neck areas.

2) Dr Petrov was delivering a lecture in Physiology at 3 o’clock yesterday.

3) When the doctor was examining me he applied a stethoscope to my chest to listen to my heart.

4) The dentist examining me revealed caries in my diseased tooth.

5) Examining the patient the doctor listened to his heart.

6) The changing condition of the patient became worse yesterday.

7) Attending all classes in Endodontics the students mastered the methods of root canal therapy.

8) The recovering patient N. will be discharged in a week.

9) Controlling the disease of the gums you will prevent a tooth loss.

10) Doctors are looking for new ways to help patients.

11) Speaking to our dean I’m always nervous.

12) Entering the dentist’s room the patient fainted.

Exercise 4.18. Choose the correct form of the Participle (I or II). Translate it into Russian:

1) A balancing / balanced diet. 2) An interesting / interested book. 3) An injuring / injured arm. 4) A breaking / broken tooth. 5) A crying / cried baby. 6) The covering / covered mucosa. 7) A writing / written exercise. 8) Disappointing / disappointed results. 9) A disappointing / disappointed patient. 10) An asking / asked question.

Exercise 4.19. Complete the sentences using Participle I and the verbs below:

to concern; to swallow; to have; to remove; to rinse; to lead; to ensue; to involve; to clean; to contain; to dress; to complain; to work; to use; to get worse; to use.

1) The part of the jaw (содержащая) the teeth is the alveolar process.

2) The problem (касающаяся) dental hygiene is an urgent one.

3) (проглатывая) food babies with a cleft palate may have great difficulties.

4) This clinic is a (ведущий) dental clinic in our region.

5) (перевязывая) the wound the nurse let down some cotton swabs.

6) (прополаскивая) your mouth out with a solution you prevent some gum diseases.

7) (прочищая) your teeth with fluoride tooth paste you can protect your teeth from decay.

8) (используя) a disinfectant solution for rinsing out your mouth you may prevent common gum diseases.

9) The woman (жалующаяся) of severe pain in her tooth is in the dental polyclinic now.

10) (удаляя) a tooth a surgeon always uses anesthesia.

11) (затрагивая) the soft and hard palate cleft palate may extend into the nose, forming an oronasal passageway.

12) (являясь результатом) from the matrix formation hypoplasia or defective enamel structure may happen.

13) The plastic surgeon, the dentist, the speech therapist and psychotherapist (работающие) together can give the child with a severe congenital abnormality normal appearance and the possibility of normal functioning.

14) Children (имеющие) premature tooth eruption may have some difficulties with teeth in future.

15) The pain (усиливающаяся) when you eat cold food may mean that you need to be examined by a dentist.

Exercise 4.20. Form Participle II and translate it into Russian:

Ex.: to cover – covered (покрытый)

to surround; to compose; to open; to break; to study; to discuss; to register; to examine; to unite; to brush; to drink; to disrupt; to acquire; to treat.

Exercise 4.21. Find Participles II in the sentences below and compare the functions they perform by translating the sentences:

Ex.: A tooth is covered with dental enamel. (covered – часть сказуемого, Passive Voice)

We’ve already covered the tooth with lacquer. (covered – часть сказуемого, Pr.Perfect)

Covered by mucous membrane the root is in the alveolar bone. (covered – определение)

1) The junction of crown and root is called the neck and the end of the root is called the apex.

2) The performed X-ray examination confirmed the inflammation in the root canal.

3) The method used helped to control the disease of the gums.

4) The received findings helped the oral surgeon to perform the operation.

5) The doctor has recommended for children a diet containing daily consumption of bread, cereals, fruit and vegetables, milk and milk products, and meat.

6) The average weight of the examined children was 7,500 gr.

7) The oral cavity is separated from the nasal cavity by the hard palate.

8) Some patients who were administered this medicine felt dizziness (головокружение).

9) Every tooth is composed of enamel, dentine, cementum and pulp.

10) The root is the part hidden inside the jaw.

11) If malocclusion is detected, it will be classified by its type and severity.

12) Dentists who are specially trained to correct malocclusion are called orthodontists.

13) If a child's jaw is small, the teeth may grow in crowded or crooked.

14) Early detection of malocclusion may help cut down on the length of the treatment needed to correct the problem.

15) She has treated the patient with caries.

Exercise 4.22. Underline the correct Participle (I or II):

1) I’ve always been interesting / interested in dentistry, especially pediatric dentistry. 2) He said he was satisfied / satisfying with his students’ progress. 3) You look confusing / confused. Haven’t you understood what I’m talking about? 4) Her exam results were rather disappointing / disappointed. She has to retake the exam in September. 5) The students have to answer the following / followed questions. 6) The doctor came to the conclusion that patients who were treating / treated with the new drug recovered much quicker. 7) Some patients who were administering / administered this medicine felt dizziness (головокружение). 8) Fluoride (фторид) is adding / added to drinking water as a health measure.

Exercise 4.23. In the following sentences determine functions of participles (I or II). Translate the sentences into Russian:

1) I’ve always been interesting / interested in dentistry, especially pediatric dentistry. 2) He said he was satisfied / satisfying with his students’ progress. 3) You look confusing / confused. Haven’t you understood what I’m talking about? 4) Her exam results were rather disappointing / disappointed. She has to resit the exam in September. 5) The students have to answer the following / followed questions. 6) The doctor came to the conclusion that patients who were treating / treated with the new drug recovered much quicker. 7) Fluoride (фторид) is adding / added to drinking water as a health measure. 8) The lips are covering / covered with the mucous membrane. 9) Enamel is the outer layer covering / covered the crown and is the hardest substance in the body. 10) Cementum is the outer layer covering / covered the root and is similar in structure to bone. 11) The outermost layer of the pulp, next to the dentine, is lining / lined with the special cells. 12) Every tooth is inserting / inserted into the jaw by its root. 13) The alveolar process is covering / covered with a soft tissue called gum. 14) The results of the experiment were encouraging / encouraged. 15) Used instruments are cleaning / cleaned and sterilizing / sterilized. 16) The facial skeleton contains bones forming / formed the eye sockets, cheeks, nose and jaws.

Unit 5. DENTAL SPECIALITIES