Exercise 6.1. Learn the active vocabulary:
oral hygiene – гигиена ротовой полости
prevent – предотвращать, не допускать
dental problems – проблемы с зубами
bad breath – неприятный запах изо рта
cleaning – чистка
removal – удаление
dental plaque – зубной налет
tartar – камень
prevent cavities – предотвратить кариес
gingivitis – гингивит, воспаление десен
tooth decay – кариес зуба, разрушение, гниение
tooth loss – потеря зуба
affect – влиять, затрагивать
tooth scaling – удаление зубного камня, удаление зубных отложений
tooth polishing – полировка зуба
debridement – хирургическая обработка
fluoride – фторид
dental hygienist – стоматолог-гигиенист
build-up – нарастать
brushing – чистка щеткой
toothbrush – зубная щетка
dental floss – зубная нить
accumulation – скопление
sticky film – липкая пленка
release – выделять
acid – кислота
decaying – разложение, гниение
irritation – раздражение
bleed – кровоточить
contribute – способствовать
primary protector – основной защитник
resistant – стойкий, устойчивый
calcium –кальций
phosphate – фосфат
encourage – способствовать
remineralisation – реминерализация
mouthwash – полоскание рта
mouth rinse – ополаскиватель для рта
Exercise 6.2. Read text A and translate it into Russian:
Text A. Oral Hygiene
Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth and teeth clean to prevent dental problems and bad breath.
Professional teeth cleaning is the removal of dental plaque and tartar from teeth to prevent cavities, gingivitis, and gum disease. Severe gum disease causes at least one-third of tooth loss.
Tooth decay is the most common global disease affecting every family.
Generally, dentists recommend that teeth should be cleaned professionally at least twice per year. Professional cleaning includes tooth scaling, tooth polishing, and, if too much tartar has built up, debridement. This is usually followed by a fluoride treatment.
Between cleanings by a dental hygienist, good oral hygiene is essential for preventing tartar build-up which causes the problems mentioned above. This is done by carefully and frequently brushing with a toothbrush and the use of dental floss to prevent accumulation of plaque on the teeth.
Plaque is a yellow sticky film that forms on the teeth and gums. The bacteria in plaque release acid that attack tooth enamel. Daily brushing and flossing can prevent tartar forming.
The use of dental floss removes the plaque and the decaying food stuck between the teeth. This food decay and plaque cause irritation to the gums, allowing the gum tissue to bleed more easily.
Foods rich in vitamin В and С contribute to healthy gum tissue. Some foods may protect against cavities. Fluoride is a primary protector because it makes the surface of teeth more resistant to acids. Milk and cheese are also rich in calcium and phosphate, and may also encourage remineralisation.
There are top ten useful foods for teeth: green tea, milk and yogurt, cheese, fruits, vegetables and seeds, beef, chicken, turkey, and eggs are rich in vitamins, minerals and amino acids.
Smoking and chewing tobacco are linked with multiple dental diseases.
Mouthwash and mouth rinse improve oral hygiene. Dental chewing gums can also improve dental health.
Exercise 6.3. Find the equivalents to the following words and word combinations :
поддержание здоровья ротовой полости и зубов; предотвратить проблемы ротовой полости; предотвратить неприятный запах изо рта; профессиональная чистка зубов; удаление зубного налета; удаление зубного камня; предотвратить развитие кариеса; предотвратить воспаление десен (гингивит); предотвратить заболевание десен; серьезные заболевания десен; вызывать потерю зуба; проблема, затрагивающая каждую семью; применение фторида в лечении; нарастание зубного камня; использование зубной нити; предотвратить накопление зубного налета на зубах; желтая липкая пленка; бактерии выделяют кислоты; воздействовать на зубную эмаль; ежедневная чистка; ежедневной применение зубной нити; предотвратить формирование зубного камня; удалять налет; гниющая пища; вызывать раздражение десен; способствовать здоровью десен; быть устойчивым к кислотам; способствовать реминерализации; курение; жевание табака; быть связанным с болезнями ротовой полости; жевание жевательных резинок; улучшать здоровье полости рта.
Exercise 6.4. Match the words and word combinations with the equivalents:
1. water fluoridation | A. ямочка, углубление |
2. dental sealant | B. фиссура зуба, щель, борозда |
3. pit | C. подростки |
4. fissure | D. нелеченый зубной кариес |
5. adolescents | E. профилактическое стоматологическое обслуживание |
6. preventive dental service | F. пломбировочный материал, силант, герметик |
7. untreated tooth decay | G. фторирование воды |
Exercise 6.5. Complete the sentences with the following words: Caries, Pulpitis, Plaque, Enamel, Lesion, Pulp, Saliva
1) A condition when caries extends through the dentine to reach the pulp is called …. . 2) The hardest substance in the body is called …. . 3) A change in some part of the body caused by an injury or a disease is known as a … . 4) A sticky layer of harmful bacteria formed on the tooth surface is called …. . 5) The liquid in the mouth is known as …. .6) Soft tissue containing blood vessels and nerves in the center of the dentine is called …. . 7) A breakdown of tooth structure is known as …. .
Exercise 6.6. Translate the sentences into Russian:
1) Dental caries is a wide-spread disease in the highly developed countries.
2) Dental caries develops mainly because of poor oral hygiene.
3) The type of our diet is a significant cause of caries.
4) Normally, the enamel and the necrotic (омертвевший, некротический) dentine protect the sensitive dentine and pulp from thermal stimuli.
5) As a cavity approaches the pulp toothache becomes more severe.
6) Prophylaxis can be done by modifying diet, careful use of fluoride and removing plaque.
Exercise 6.7. Answer the questions:
1) What is oral hygiene? 2) What is meant by professional teeth cleaning? 3) What causes one-third of tooth loss? 4) What is tooth decay? 5) What do dentists generally recommend about professional teeth cleaning? 6) What does professional teeth cleaning include? 7) What is plaque? 8) What can prevent tartar formation? 9) What does the use of dental floss remove? 10) What food decay and plaque cause? 11) What can contribute to healthy gum tissue? 12) What is linked with multiple dental diseases? 13) What can improve oral hygiene and dental health?
Exercise 6.8. Learn the active vocabulary:
tooth brushing – чистка зубов щеткой
conventionally – традиционно
clean – чистить
buccal surface –щечная поверхность зуба
tip – кончик, гл. - наклонять
toothbrush – зубная щетка
sharp angle – острый угол
upward – выше, восходящий
scrubbing – счищающий
motion – движение
gently – мягко, бережно
back-and-forth motion – вперед-назад движение
circulatory motion – вращающее движение
pressure – давление, надавливание
downwards – вниз, нисходящий
masticatory surface – жевательная поверхность
occlusal surface – окклюзионная поверхность зубов
ensure – обеспечить, гарантировать
penetration – проникновение
bristles – щетина
pits – ямки
fissures – фиссуры
slow – медленный, небыстрый
rotatory motion – вращательное движение
alternate – чередовать
palatal surface – палатальная поверхность
lingual surface – язычная поверхность
handle – ручка
hold (held, held) – держать, удерживать
gingival margin – десневой край
Exercise 6.9. Read text B and translate it into Russian:
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