Глагол toneed(нуждаться, требоваться) в вопросительных, отрицательных, а также в утвердительных предложениях (часто с наречиями: hardly, scarcely–едва ли) выражает необходимость совершения действия и переводится: нужно, не нужно, едва ли).

Примеры:Newmotorsareneededforthiswork – для этой работы требуются новые двигатели;youneedhardlyremindmeofit – Вам едва ли надо напоминать мне об этом.

Глагол wouldв качестве модального имеет значение вероятности или необходимости действия и переводится на русский язык: может, мог бы, вероятно, должен.

Пример:Inthenearfuture, therewouldbeagreatdemandforcomputerspecialists – в ближайшем будущем, вероятно, будет большой спрос на специалистов – компьютерщиков.

Примечание:кроме того, would в качестве вспомогательного используется для образования сослагательного наклонения (см. п. 6), а также может служить для образования относительного будущего времени по правилу согласования времен и в этом случае указывает на будущее время:

Manalwaysthoughtthathewouldconquerspace–человек всегда верил, что он завоюет космическое пространство.

Would (=usedto) иногда используется для обозначения постоянно повторяющихся действий в прошлом:

Пример:Insummer, iftheweatherwasfine, wewouldall get up early and gofor a swim–летом, еслипогодабылахорошая, мы, какправило, рановставалиишликупаться.

Wouldупотребляется во всех лицах в отрицательных предложениях для выражения упорного нежелания, отказа выполнить действие, обозначенное инфинитивом последующего глагола.

Пример:Hewouldn’tlistentome, andIwantedtowarnhim! – он не слушал (не захотел, отказался слушать), а я хотела предупредить его!

Wouldупотребляется во 2-м лице для выражения просьбы.

Пример:Wouldyoumind to showmeyourcontactlesspaymentsystem? – покажитемне, пожалуйста, Вашубесконтактнуюсистемуоплаты?

Упр. 21. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения:

1. A data template (шаблонсинформацией)in the software needs to be constructed before the end of next month.2. About 50 years ago pilots would fly only in good weather.3. They would walk streets for hours.4. A voltmeter would read 8 volts.5. There was something wrong with computer, itwouldn`t switchon.6.  You needn`t have done it.7. The train ought to have left.8. You might have told me about it long ago. 9. This theorem may have been proved centuries ago.10. The requirement may have been met in the previous experiment.

Примечание:модальность в английском языке может быть выражена с помощью некоторых словосочетаний, например:tobeable(см. выше), itisnecessary (необходимо),

tobebound (должен, вынужден, обязательно, непременно).

Упр. 22. Прочтитеипереведитеследующиесловосочетанияипредложения:

1. The central systems must handle many functions. 2. The following factors must be considered.

3. You must not execute the model code in this manner. 4. Time available has to be used for processing lower priority tasks. 5. A real – time program does not have to differ from the planned one. 6. You should study the instruction. 7. The evolution of the computer hardware is to influence programming languages. 8. The Internet is to offer a rapidly growing collectionof information. 9. It is necessary to develop a new model. 10. Much work can be accomplished on such a terminal without keyboarding information. 11. The new device would become more powerful. 12. Space rockets are bound to assist in advancing our knowledge of the universe. 13. The mouse is bound to disappear in the next few years. 14. We also need not to be able to combine these two values.

Упр. 23. Прочтитеипереведитеследующиетексты:

а) Before you buy a laptop.

As a mobile office worker you want a laptop that you can take with you easily. You need to be able to connect to the Internet and company networks in a variety of methods. The next important criteria when you buy a laptop are size and weight. The best choices for mobile office workers are thin & light laptops. Laptops meant( предназначенные) to replace desktop systems may be too heavy to carry for long periods of time but can provide features valuable to mobile professionals. Mobile office workers must accept that their laptop will be a prime target for theft. Making the decision for a laptop that includes security options can save you money and grief. As with all technology, mobile office technology is constantly changing and improving. If your laptop can't be upgraded it can become a hindrance (помеха) rather than an effective tool. And sometime you could be left without an efficient means of connecting to your company network or the Internet.

b) Installing and upgrading software.

When new software is purchased, it must be installed and tested, often under several operating systems and on several types of hardware. Once the software is working correctly, users must be informed of its availability and location. Aspatches (корректировкаошибок) and security updates are released, they must be incorporated into the local environment. Local software and administrative scripts should be properly managed in a way that’s compatible with the native upgrade procedures used on systems at your site. As this software evolves, new releases should be tested before being deployed to the entire site.

• Условные придаточные предложения:

Обратите внимание: чтоформа wereиспользуется для всех лиц и чисел.

Союзы в условных придаточных предложениях: if – если,unless – если не,provided/providing (that),oncondition (that) – при условии (что). (кроме третьего типа).

Условные придаточные предложения могут быть без союзов, тогда они начинаются с глаголов: were, had, should, could, might (эти глаголы как бы вытесняют союз с первого места условного придаточного предложения). На русский язык переводятся «если бы …. то бы»

Пример:Werethesystemscompatible, therewouldn’tbeaproblem - если бы системы были совместимы, то не было бы проблемы.

Иногда встречаются смешанные предложения, в которых главное и придаточное предложения относятся к разным типам

Пример : If we were still using the old server, we could have lost all our data yesterday. (2 и 3).

Упр. 24. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод условных придаточных предложений:

a)Even if you are not talking on your cell phone, your phone is constantly sending and receiving information,so that the cell phone system knows which cell your phone is in. If someone tries to call you, the tower sends your phone a message over the control channel.The control channel also provides the pathway for SMS messages. If a friend sends you an SMS message, the message flows through the SMSC, then to the tower, and the tower sends the message to your phone as a little packet of data on the control channel. In the same way, if you send a message, your phone sends it to the tower on the control channel and it goes from the tower to the SMSC and from there to its destination.

b) 1. Don’t expect users to report problems to you unless the issues are severe. 2. If network operators aren’t already addressing these challenges, they should be. 3. If you've been in an airport, coffee shop, library or hotel recently, you might have been right in the middle of a wireless network. Unless you're looking for a place to use your laptop, you may not even notice when you're in a hotspot. 4. Provided that they all have wireless adapters, several devices can use one router to connect to the Internet. If the router fails or if too many people try to use high-bandwidth applications at the same time, however, users can experience interference or lose their connections.

c) If you already have several computers networked in your home, you can create a wireless network with a wireless access point. If you have several computers that are not networked, or if you want to replace your Ethernet network, you'll need a wireless router. If your home is very large, you can buy inexpensive range extenders or repeaters to increase your router's range. If you set your router to create an open hotspot, anyone who has a wireless card will be able to use your signal.

Упр. 25. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод условных придаточных предложений:

a) What would happen if there was a long outage? If there was a comms(= telecoms)outage we would switch to the back-up service. We would contact the PTT to carry out false finding. If we lost power, our own back-up power systems would start and we wouldn't lose power at all. If there were a problem with the cooling systems, our managers would see alarms about that before it affected the equipment. So your downtime would be a matter of minutes.

b) 1. Should we fail to replace the legacy hardware we would have problems with compatibility. 2. Were there a problem with one of the servers we would isolate it and change it straight away. 3. Had one telecoms service lost connectivity they would have used the other network POP. 4. Had the air conditioning gone wrong the temperature alarm would have gone off. 5. Should anything terrible occur at least you would have a copy of all your data in another place.6. Unless other conditions are defined specifically, we shall use the term «state» to represent an equilibriumstate.7. The system will fail to perform unless the requirements are satisfied.8. The experiments show agreement with theory provided the conditions are met.9. Given reliable data, it was possible to determine the reaction rate.

Упр . 26. Прочтитеипереведитеследующиймикротекст :

WiFiHotspots

If you want to take advantage of public WiFi hotspots or start a wireless network in your home,you'll need to make sure your computer has the right wireless gear. Most new laptops and many new desktop computers come with built-in wireless transmitters. If your laptop doesn't, you'll have to buy a wireless adapter that plugs into the PC card slot or USB port. 

Once you've installed your wireless adapter and the drivers that allow it to operate, your computer should be able to automatically discover existing networks. This means that if you turn your computer on in a WiFi hotspot, the computer will inform you that the network exists and ask whether you want to connect to it. If you have an older computer, you may need to use a software program to detect and connect to a wireless network.

Подлежащее

Подлежащееявляетсяглавнымчленомпредложенияи чаще всего обозначает предмет или лицо, реже - процесс, действие или состояние. В простом утвердительном предложении стоит слева от сказуемого.

• „It”в функции формального подлежащего.

Itможет выступать в предложении как личное местоимение (переводится-он, она, оно, ему, ей, её, и т.д.), как указательное местоимение (переводится -это).

Например: It is a book. It is on the shelf. Readit – Это/вот книга. Она на полке. Читайте её. Очень часто itрасполагается в начале предложения перед сказуемым, играя роль формального подлежащего. Такая функция it характерна для безличных предложений, обозначающих времена года, время суток, явления природы, душевное или физическое самочувствие человека, а также для безличных конструкций, за которыми обычно следуют инфинитивы или придаточные предложения. В этом случае itне переводится.

Примеры: Itiswinter. It is cold. It is 10 o`clock now– Зима . Холодно. Cейчас 10 часов.

Itisexpectedthatsoftwarewillbecheaper – ожидается, что программное обеспечение будет дешевле.

Упр. 27. Прочтитеипереведитеследующиепредложения, обращаявниманиенапереводit:

1.It is necessary, to test these devices. 2. It is known that the inductance is measured in henries.3. It is proposed to help computers “read” and use the Web in a more sophisticated way.4.It was necessary to see that all ofthe beam was utilized. 5. It’s a bit embarrassing charging my phone in a customer’s office.6.It’s not very convenient only being able to access all information when I’m in the office. 7. It is necessary to subtract one vector from another or to find their vector difference.8. It is helpful for a network administrator to know the pros and cons of different networktopologies when putting together a network.9. It was obvious that something important had happened.10. It is surprising that such a simple measure should give such constant information.11. It is difficult to explain how cosmic rays could have crossed such distance to the Earth.

Если предложение начинается с обстоятельства, то формальное подлежащее itрасполагаетсявсерединепредложения:

Пример : Using the concept of gesture recognition (распознаниежестов), it is possible to point

finger at the computer screen so that the cursor will move accordingly.

Обратите внимание, что it может стоять в середине предложения в функцииформального дополнения. На русский язык не переводится :

Пример : A television telephone makes it possible to see a person at the other end of the line.

2. Переводусилительнойконструкции : itis/was ……… that/which/who/when.

При переводе этого оборота часто используются слова именно, это.

Примеры: It was this device that (which) formеd the basis for the telephone industry – именно это устройство создало основу телефонной промышленности.

It was Popov who demonstrated the practical application of electromagnetic radiowaves – именно ( это ) Попов продемонстрировал практическое применениерадиоволн .

Не нужно путать усилительную конструкцию с безличной конструкцией с формальным подлежащим, типа:

It is possible that the problem will be solved – возможно , эта проблема будет решена.

Упр. 28. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод усилительной конструкции:

1. It is the computer which provides the key to the fully automation of the future. 2. It was this device that was ultimately (в конечном счете ) successful and that formed the basis of telephony industry for many years. 3. It was he who informed us about the results of their work. 4.It is perhaps for this reason that their results are not acceptable.5.It is this last category that is of interest to us.6.It is this question that we are interested in.7. It is exactly this technology that will do ( подойдет ) for our purpose.8.It is Borland(a software company) which makes programming environments, notably for C++ and Java.9. It is a character – based system that requires the entry of commands on a command line. 10. It is a viewpoint that I cannot adequately describe in a few words.     

2.1.Вариантом усилительной конструкции „itist…. that“ является конструкция „itwasnotuntil …. that (when, where)“. В этом случае перед выделяемым словом при переводе ставятся слова „только“, „только после“, „только тогда, когда“.

Упр . 29. Прочтитеипереведитеследующиепредложения :

1. It was not until the 17^th century that man began to understand pressure. 2. It was not until 1930 that third type of particles that make up atoms was discovered. 3. It was not until around 1610 when Galileo first observed Saturn through his telescope. 4. It was not until the late 1920^s and 1930 that the social dimensions of the device became aprominent theme in telephone advertisements.5. It wasn`t until the rise of personal electronic devices that the demand for wireless power materialized.

Варианты перевода слова «one».

3.1. «One» может выступать как числительное«один», может быть словом -заместителем предшествующего существительного – в этом случае «one» на русский язык не переводится или переводится тем существительным, которое оно повторяет.

Упр. 30. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод «one»:

1. One of the problems has been solved with the help of the electronics in space communications. 2. The attractions between gasmolecules are very slight ones. 3. Electronics is not a static field of study, but a dynamic one. 4. Like most others technological advances, the computer is one that can be used for good orill. 5. One of the transistors is known as a floating gate, and the other one is the control - gate.