1) What do normally guide the content and focus of the bottom tiers?  

  2) Is each successive lower tier dependent upon the upper tier which defines it?

  3) When do the top level documents tend to be general?

  4) What is more important now than ever as mature companies shift towards interdisciplinary communication?

  5) May classes include production documents, engineering documents‚ etc.?

Find the English equivalent s of the following Russian

Phrases in the text .

  1) Развитые компании;  

  2) давний способ; 

  3) увеличение значимости;   

  4) хороший пример;   

  5) техническая документация.

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Fill in the gaps with the words from the box.

Each word can be used only once.

   1) The top __________ normally guide the content and focus of the __________ tiers.

    2) Higher level __________ __________ cite lower level documents.

3) Sometimes the reverse also happens – lower __________ documents cite __________ level documents internally.

4) The necessity of structure in very large __________ necessitates a more defined documentation structure in large part due to necessary overall __________.

5) __________ may include production documents, engineering documents, Human Resources documents, __________ documents, etc.

Circle the Odd Word Out.

1) Good‚ higher‚ lower;

2) a, be, is;

3) find, happens, say;

4) redundancy, reference, require;  

5) maintenance, number‚ structure.

Translate the sentences into Russian

using the Present Indefinite Tense.

1) The highest level of production this period is about 70% of annual income.

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2) Does the planner always give you numerous projects?

3) This unusual experiment interests all the specialists greatly.

4) Chief manager doesn’t provide us enough information.

5) The engineer must act on his own account.

Text

Geology and Urban Cadastre

      Geology, environment, cadastre, urban sprawl, – these stimulating, often controversial, and occasionally inflammatory words have been in our working vocabulary for a number of years. Common usage of these words has increased with people's growing awareness of their physical environment as they occupy more and more land.

      As we advance our knowledge of the environment, and simultaneously inhabit available space at an alarming rate, urban cadastre becomes a necessity if we are to live in harmony with our surroundings.

      Cadastral problems are not caused by, or solved by, one profession alone. Specialists in many fields will have to tax their abilities and work in cooperation toward a common goal before we can develop a functional cadastral program. Those who usually make the decisions on urban cadastre – legislators, developers, architects, realtors, and planners – rarely have geologists among their numbers. But, why should we include geologists or consider geology?

      The reason is found in the key word land. Land is not limited in its connotations to acreage for home sites, a location for urban expansion, or any other single purpose. Land includes the surface of the earth and its natural resources. Natural resources are not necessarily contained only on the surface but in the substance of the land, and thus land includes the dimension of depth to its meaning. In a broader sense, land can be defined as a part of our physical environment.

      How many of us have considered what the physical environment is? If not animal or vegetable, it must be mineral substance. Again, we must be speaking solely of inorganic matter, the whole earth. Geology is the science of the earth: its surface, its atmosphere, its interior, its resources, and therefore should be considered fundamental to urban cadastre.

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      A major problem in planning for good urban cadastre involves the lack of adequate input of applied geologic principles. True, geologic information is available for cadastre, and some reference to the geologic factors is occasionally found in zoning ordinances. The difficulties arise, however, when there are no qualified people to interpret the available geologic information. That is, much of the geologic data available is not in a form to be easily understood by the non-geologist planner.

      There are two approaches that hold promise in solving this dilemma. The first would be to have geologists on planning boards, as construction project-code examiners, and as legislators. An alternative to the first solution would at least require the inspection, endorsement, and interpretation of urban cadastre proposals by qualified geologic consultants. A second method is to have geologists prepare pertinent geologic information in such a form that it can be interpreted by non-geologists. Realistically, a compromise of the two methods would be the more beneficial and functional solution.

Exercises