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ВАРИАНТ № 1
Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
The Traditional Economy
It’s hard to imagine our lives without coins, banknotes and credit cards. Yet for most of human history people lived without money. For thousands of years human societies had very simple economies. There were no shops, markets or traders. There were no employers, paid workers or salaries. Today, we call this kind of economy the traditional economy, and in some parts of Asia, South America and Africa this system still exists.
People who live in traditional economy don’t have money because they don’t need it. They live lives of subsistence. That means they hunt, gather or grow only enough food to live. There is almost no surplus in the traditional economy, and there is almost no property. Families may own simple accommodation, but land is shared by all the tribe. Economic decisions are taken according to the customs of the tribe. For example, every family may need to give some crops they grow to the tribal leader, but keep the rest for themselves. They don’t do this because it makes economic sense. They do it because the tribe has always done it. It’s simply a custom.
Custom, also, decides what jobs people do in the traditional economy. People generally do the jobs that their parents and grandparents did before them. Anyway, there aren’t many jobs to choose from in the traditional economy. Men are hunters, farmers or both. The woman’s place is at home looking after children, cooking and home-making. This division of labour between men and women is another characteristic of the traditional economy.
From: Macmillan Guide to Economics, с. 14-15.
2. Выберите правильный вариант ответа на вопросы по содержанию текста.
1. Where can we find the examples of the traditional economy?
a. in North America;
b. in Europe;
c. in Africa.
2. What does this kind of economy lack for?
a) accommodation;
b) surplus;
c) customs.
3. What is one of the features of the traditional economy mentioned in the text?
a) the division of labour;
b) a lot of traders;
c) some special kind of money.
3.Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием прочитанного текста.
4. In the traditional economy, people live without …. .
a) families.
b) tribal leaders.
c) money.
5. The customs of the tribe play an important role in making …
a) economic decisions.
b) political decisions.
c) religious decisions.
6. People who live in traditional economy as a rule have …
a) comfortable houses.
b) no housing at all.
c) simple housing.
7. In the traditional economy, the major role belongs to …
a) the property.
b) the customs.
c) the crops.
8. The most common job for men in the traditional economy is …
a) a builder.
b) a paid worker.
c) a hunter.
Подберите эквивалент к данному русскому слову.
9. заработная плата (служащего)
a) sailor;
b) surplus;
c) salary.
10. общество
a) social;
b) society;
c) societal.
11. имущество
a) proposal;
b) appropriate;
c) property.
12. делить, разделять
a) to share;
b) to change;
c) to exist.
13. обычай, традиция
a) common;
b) casual;
c) custom.
14. племя
a) team;
b) tribe;
c) trip.
15. прожиточный минимум
a) storage;
b) substitute;
c) subsistence.
Соотнесите слово с его определением.
| 16. employer | a. an excess of production or supply; |
| 17.job | b. a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities typically having a recognized leader; |
| 18.tribe | c. existing in or as part of a tradition; long-established; |
| 19. traditional | d. a task or piece of work, especially one that is paid; |
| 20. surplus | e. to take care of; |
| 21. to look after | f. a person or organization that employs people. |
Заполните пропуски прилагательными в нужной форме и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
32. England has the ….. population density of the four lands composing the UK.
a) high;
b) higher;
c) highest.
33. Services play a much ….. role in Britain’s economy nowadays.
a) important;
b) more important;
c) most important.
34. She is the ….. programmer in the department.
a) good;
b) goodest;
c) best.
ВАРИАНТ № 2
The Market Economy
The market economy is sometimes called the free market. A free market is not controlled in any way by a government. It is also free from the influence of custom or tradition. In a free market, the only reason why things are bought and sold is because there is a demand for them. Prices for goods and services are simply what people are prepared to pay. The market economy is not really controlled by anyone. It controls itself.
The street market has many characteristics of the free market. Customers arrive at the market with a shopping list of things they need. They also come with an idea of how much they are prepared to pay. Stall owners sell what customers demand, and try to get the highest price they can for it. Supply and demand control what is on the market and how much it sells for. In the wider economy, we are all customers, and the stall owners are like companies.
The role of the company in the free market is to supply what people want. However, companies need an incentive. The incentive is profit. There are two ways for companies to make profit. The first way is to raise their prices. The second way is to reduce their production costs. And this brings us two more features of the market economy: competition and technology.
Competition exists in a free market because, theoretically, anyone can be a producer. Competition is good for consumers because it helps to control prices and quality. Technology exists in a free market because producers need ways to reduce their costs.
From: Macmillan Guide to Economics, с. 16-17.
2. Выберите правильный вариант ответа на вопросы по содержанию текста.
1. What is the free market controlled by?
a) custom;
b) government;
c) demand.
2. How much do customers pay at the market?
a) the highest price;
b) only a certain sum of money;
c) the lowest price.
3. What is the main objective of any company?
a) to make profit;
b) to raise prices;
c) to reduce production costs.
3.Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием прочитанного текста.
4. Prices for goods and services are determined by ….
a) a demand.
b) a government.
c) a tradition.
5. The ‘free market’ is another name for …
a) the street market.
b) the labour market.
c) the market economy.
6. An idea of how much they are prepared to pay is …
a) of no importance for customers.
b) interesting for customers.
c) of great importance for customers.
7. To become profitable, companies should have …
a) demand.
b) an incentive.
c) supply.
8. In the market economy, the situation where anyone can become a producer brings about …
a) technology.
b) profit.
c) competition.
ВАРИАНТ № 3
The Planned Economy (I)
In many ways, the planned economy is the direct opposition of the market economy. In the market economy, the forces of supply and demand decide everything: what is produced, how much is produced, the methods of production and the price. In the planned economy, all of this is decided by the government.
Unfortunately, no economic system is perfect. If there was a perfect system, economists wouldn’t have anything to argue about! Market economics have their strengths, but they have their problems, too. Planned economies try to provide solutions to these problems. For example, the free market supplies the things that people want. However, what people want and what they need are not always the same: Fast food is always in demand, but it’s bad for us. In a planned economy, the government could decide to stop fast food restaurants operating in the market.
A second problem with free markets is that the producers always want the highest price. Often the poor can’t afford things. In a planned economy, the government sets prices. They make sure that everyone can afford basic commodities. This is one way that planned economies try to share things equally. Another is to control how much people get paid.
In a planned economy, workers’ wages depend on the service they provide to society. If people can live without your service, you get paid less. This is very different from the free market where someone’s salary mostly depends on the demand for his or her work. If people like what you do, you get paid more.
From: Macmillan Guide to Economics, с. 19-20.
2. Выберите правильный вариант ответа на вопросы по содержанию текста.
1. What kind of economy is entirely controlled by the government?
a) the market economy;
b) the traditional economy;
c) the planned economy.
2. Which word can characterize any economic system?
a) perfect;
b) imperfect;
c) deficient.
3. What influences most of all on the amount of your salary in a planned economy?
a) the service provided to society;
b) the demand for your work;
c) the prices set by the government.
3.Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием прочитанного текста.
4. In the planned economy, the forces of supply and demand ….
a) decide everything.
b) are controlled by the government.
c) set the price.
5. Market economies are characterized by …
a) nothing but advantages.
b) nothing but drawbacks.
c) both advantages and drawbacks.
6. Everything that people want is supplied by …
a) the market economy.
b) the planned economy.
c) any kind of economy.
7. In a planned economy, the producers …
a) can set prices.
b) can’t set prices.
c) are dependent of prices.
8. In a planned economy, you get paid more …
a) if people don’t like your service.
b) if people like your service.
c) if people can’t live without your service.
ВАРИАНТ № 4
The Planned Economy (II)
Before 1900, there were few examples of planned economies. During the 20th century, however, the planned economy became the standard for socialist governments like the USSR and China. These countries experienced amazing economic growth in a very short time. In a market economy, it takes a long time for big industries to grow from small companies. In a planned economy, however, huge industries can grow overnight. The government simply decides to spend money on factories and factories appear. Britain, for example, took centuries to develop her steel industry in a free market economy. China developed hers in a few decades.
But no economic system is perfect. The planned economy has many drawbacks. One of these drawbacks is problems with supply. It is difficult for governments of planned economies to know exactly how much to produce to meet demand. In a market economy, when the price of a commodity rises, this indicates a rise in demand. Companies then supply more to the market. This warning system doesn’t work in a planned economy because price is controlled by the government. The result is shortage.
When shortages happen, governments can do two things: ration goods or raise prices. In this situation, people then start to hoard things, and the problem gets even worse. As the population gets bigger, shortages like this become more common. For this reason, China – once the world’s biggest planned economy – is rapidly moving towards another system: the mixed economy.
From: Macmillan Guide to Economics, с. 20.
2. Выберите правильный вариант ответа на вопросы по содержанию текста.
1. When were there many examples of planned economies?
a) in the 18th century;
b) in the 19th century;
c) in the 20th century.
2. What do companies in a market economy do when the demand rises?
a) raise prices;
b) increase supply;
c) control prices.
3. What do people do when shortages occur?
a) amass money;
b) work more;
c) hoard things.
3.Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием прочитанного текста.
4. The planned economy is found in ….
a) capitalist countries.
b) democratic countries.
c) socialist countries.
5. In a planned economy, huge industries can grow overnight because …
a) the government doesn’t take part in the process.
b) the government allocates money in the process.
c) the government has problems with supply.
6. In a planned economy, suppliers can sell …
a) anything that is in demand.
b) anything they want.
c) anything people need.
7. In a market economy, greater demand for something …
a) makes it more expensive.
b) makes it cheaper.
c) means nothing.
8. Planned economies are difficult to run in countries …
a) with huge industries.
b) with small population.
c) with large population.
ВАРИАНТ № 5
1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
The Mixed Economy
Most economists would say that there are no examples in the world today of a completely free market or a completely controlled economy. Instead, every country operates a mixture of the two systems.
Economies mix government control and free market values in different ways. One way is to let privately owned businesses exist alongside state-run industries. The economy becomes divided between the state sector and the private sector. The state sector often includes industries that the government thinks are important and need protection from the risks of the free market. These could include public transport, hospitals, schools and the postal service. The state sector can also include large industries that are important for a country’s economic health, such as oil, steel or agriculture. These are sometimes called primary industries* because they provide basic materials to manufacturers.
These state sector industries use money that the government collects in taxes. Often, they do not need to compete with other companies because no other company is allowed to provide the same product or service. However, many countries have recently started a process called deregulation.
Deregulation means freeing up the economy to allow private businesses to compete with state-run industries. The state sector should then run more efficiently in order to compete in the free market and because it now has less government protection.
Primary industry* - а) добывающая промышленность; б) базовые отрасли (угледобывающая, лесная, сельское хозяйство и т.п.)
From: Macmillan Guide to Economics, с. 21-22.
2. Выберите правильный вариант ответа на вопросы по содержанию текста.
1. What do most economists think about economies in the world today?
a) There are a number of free markets.
b) A completely planned economy exists in some countries.
c) A mixed economy exists in some way in all countries.
2. Why do governments choose to run some industries?
a) to collect taxes;
b) to be protected from the risks of the free market;
c) to encourage a divided economy.
3. Why do governments deregulate some industries?
a) to make the industries more efficient;
b) to protect them;
c) because there is too much competition.
3.Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием прочитанного текста.
4. Today, most economists describe economies in the world as ….
a) fully controlled.
b) a fully free market.
c) a combination of the two systems .
5. In a mixed economy, one can find …
a) only privately owned businesses.
b) only state-run industries.
c) a combination of the above-mentioned types.
6. Protection is necessary for some industries that the government considers …
a) to be slow-growing.
b) to be important.
c) to be unprofitable.
7. Money collected in the form of taxes come from …
a) the private sector industries.
b) the state sector industries.
c) primary industries.
8. In the process of deregulation, the state sector industries …
a) are able to compete with privately owned businesses.
b) are allowed to provide the same product or service.
c) have no government protection.
Письменно переведите текст.
Several influences came together at the same time to revolutionize Britain's industry: money, labour, a greater demand for goods, new power, and better transport. By the end of the 18th century, some families had made huge private fortunes. Growing merchant banks helped put this money to use. By the early 18th century simple machines had already been invented for basic jobs. They could make large quantities of simple goods quickly and cheaply so that ‘mass production’ became possible for the first time. Each machine carried out one simple process, which introduced the idea of ‘division of labour’ among workers. This was to become an important part of the industrial revolution.
From: Маркушевская Л.П. Учебное пособие по страноведению: Великобритания. C. 79.
ВАРИАНТ № 1
Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
The Traditional Economy
It’s hard to imagine our lives without coins, banknotes and credit cards. Yet for most of human history people lived without money. For thousands of years human societies had very simple economies. There were no shops, markets or traders. There were no employers, paid workers or salaries. Today, we call this kind of economy the traditional economy, and in some parts of Asia, South America and Africa this system still exists.
People who live in traditional economy don’t have money because they don’t need it. They live lives of subsistence. That means they hunt, gather or grow only enough food to live. There is almost no surplus in the traditional economy, and there is almost no property. Families may own simple accommodation, but land is shared by all the tribe. Economic decisions are taken according to the customs of the tribe. For example, every family may need to give some crops they grow to the tribal leader, but keep the rest for themselves. They don’t do this because it makes economic sense. They do it because the tribe has always done it. It’s simply a custom.
Custom, also, decides what jobs people do in the traditional economy. People generally do the jobs that their parents and grandparents did before them. Anyway, there aren’t many jobs to choose from in the traditional economy. Men are hunters, farmers or both. The woman’s place is at home looking after children, cooking and home-making. This division of labour between men and women is another characteristic of the traditional economy.
From: Macmillan Guide to Economics, с. 14-15.
2. Выберите правильный вариант ответа на вопросы по содержанию текста.
1. Where can we find the examples of the traditional economy?
a. in North America;
b. in Europe;
c. in Africa.
2. What does this kind of economy lack for?
a) accommodation;
b) surplus;
c) customs.
3. What is one of the features of the traditional economy mentioned in the text?
a) the division of labour;
b) a lot of traders;
c) some special kind of money.
3.Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием прочитанного текста.
4. In the traditional economy, people live without …. .
a) families.
b) tribal leaders.
c) money.
5. The customs of the tribe play an important role in making …
a) economic decisions.
b) political decisions.
c) religious decisions.
6. People who live in traditional economy as a rule have …
a) comfortable houses.
b) no housing at all.
c) simple housing.
7. In the traditional economy, the major role belongs to …
a) the property.
b) the customs.
c) the crops.
8. The most common job for men in the traditional economy is …
a) a builder.
b) a paid worker.
c) a hunter.
Дата: 2019-02-02, просмотров: 1049.