| to impose a sentence / to impose a fine / to impose a judgement | вынести приговор / налагать штраф / вынести судебное решение |
| a criminal case | уголовное дело |
| a civil case / a civil claim | гражданское дело / гражданский иск |
| ordinance | (1) указ, статут, декрет, постановление, закон, ордонанс; (2) постановление муниципального органа (в США) |
Task 1. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it. Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other reference & source books on law.
THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF THE USA
Article III of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch as one of the three separate and distinct branches of the federal government. The other two are the legislative and executive branches.
The federal courts are often called the guardians of the Constitution because their rulings protect rights and liberties guaranteed by the Constitution. Through fair and impartial judgments, the federal courts interpret and apply the law to resolve disputes. The courts do not make the laws. That is the responsibility of the Congress. Nor do the courts have the power to enforce the laws. That is the role of the President and the many executive branch departments and agencies.
The Founding Fathers of the nation considered an independent federal judiciary essential to ensure fairness and equal justice for all citizens of the United States. The Constitution they drafted promotes judicial independence in two major ways. First, federal judges are appointed for life, and they can be removed from office only through impeachment and conviction by Congress of «Treason, Bribery, or other high rimes and Misdemeanors.» Second, the Constitution provides that the compensation of federal judges «shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office,« which means that neither the President nor the Congress can reduce the salary of a federal judge. These two protections help an independent judiciary to decide cases free from popular passions and political influence.
The US court system is complex: the judiciary is divided into the federal and state judiciary. Individuals fall under the jurisdiction of two different court systems, their state courts and federal courts. Each state runs its own court system, and no two are identical. There is also a system of federal courts which coexist with the state courts. People can sue in either system but the majority of cases go to the state courts.
The system of federal courts is like a pyramid. The lowest courts in the Federal Court system are the district courts where litigation begins. There are about ninety district courts in different parts of the USA and about two hundred district judges. Most criminal and civil cases are tried by district courts. The district court is the only Federal court where trials are held, juries are used, and witnesses are called.
The USA is divided into eleven judicial circuits and each of them has a Federal Court of Appeals which hears appeals from lower courts. To appeal means to take a case to a higher court. As a rule a Federal Court of Appeals sits with three judges on the bench.
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body of the United States. It is at the top of the pyramid of the US federal courts. Above the main entrance of the Supreme Court Building in Washington we can see the following words: «Equal Justice Under Law». The Supreme Court has the right to declare unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress or any decree issued by the President. The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice of the USA and eight Associate Justices. They are all appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. The Federal Courts of Appeals and the Supreme Court are appellate courts. The decision of the Supreme Court is final.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. What are the branches of the federal government?
2. How does Article III of the US Constitution establish the judicial branch of the federal government?
3. Why are the federal courts the guardians of the US Constitution?
4. What are the functions of the federal courts in the USA?
5. Do the federal courts have the power to enforce the laws?
6. Did the Founding Fathers of the American nation consider an independent federal judiciary essential to ensure fairness and equal justice for all citizens of the United States?
7. How does the US Constitution promote judicial independence?
8. Can the society remove a federal judge from office?
9. Who can reduce the salary of a federal judge during his continuance in office?
10. How many court systems coexist in the USA?
11. What are the lowest courts in the US Federal Court system? What are their functions?
12. What are the functions of the Federal Court of Appeals in the USA?
13. What does it mean «to appeal»?
14. What is the highest judicial body of the United States?
15. What words can we see above the main entrance of the Supreme Court Building in Washington?
16. What are the functions of the Supreme Court?
17. Are the Federal Courts of Appeals and the Supreme Court appellate courts?
18. Is the decision of the Supreme Court final?
Task 3. Complete the sentences using the words and word combinations from the box. If necessary, consult English-Russian dictionaries.
enforce laws
separate and distinct
to ensure fairness and equal justice
the guardians of the Constitution
a federal judge
legislative, executive and judicial
rights and liberties
to resolve disputes
judicial independence
hears appeals
for life
makes laws
appellate courts
district courts
the Supreme Court
unconstitutional
Equal Justice
final
(1) There are three ___ branches of the federal government: ___.
(2) The federal courts are ___ because their rulings protect ___ guaranteed by the Constitution.
(3) The federal courts interpret and apply the law ___.
(4) The Congress ___, the President and the executive branch departments and agencies ___.
(5) An independent federal judiciary is essential ___ for all citizens of the United States.
(6) The US Constitution promotes ___ in two major ways.
(7) Nobody can reduce the salary of ___ during his continuance in office.
(8) Federal judges are appointed ___.
(9) The lowest courts in the Federal Court system are the ___ where litigation begins.
(10) There are eleven judicial circuits in the USA and each of them has a Federal Court of Appeals which ___ from lower courts.
(11) ___ is the highest judicial body of the United States.
(12) Above the main entrance of the Supreme Court Building in Washington we can see the following words: «___ under law».
(13) The Supreme Court has the right to declare ___ any law of the Congress or any decree of the President.
(14) The Federal Courts of Appeals and the Supreme Court are ___.
(15) The decision of the Supreme Court is ___.
Task 4. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:
(1) Статья III Конституции Соединенных Штатов; судебная власть; законодательная власть; исполнительная власть; гарант Конституции; федеральный суд; защищать права и свободы; с помощью справедливых и беспристрастных решений; интерпретировать и применять законы; структуры и подразделения исполнительной власти; обеспечить справедливость и равное правосудие; обеспечить независимость судопроизводства; отцы-основатели американской нации; назначать пожизненно; снять с должности; уменьшить заработную плату; принять решение по делу; независимо от общественного мнения и политического давления.
(2) подпадать под юрисдикцию; сосуществовать; суды штатов; федеральные суды; подать иск; большинство дел; судебное разбирательство / тяжба; окружной суд; апелляционный суд; Верховный Суд; высший судебный орган; объявить неконституционным; указ президента; главный судья / председательствующий судья; рассматривать апелляции.
(3) Судебная система США имеет две параллельные системы судопроизводства: федеральную систему и судопроизводство в каждом штате. Каждый штат имеет свою собственную судебную систему, и при этом ни одна из них не похожа на другую. Граждане подпадают под юрисдикцию двух разных судебных систем: федеральных судов и судов того штата, где они проживают. Люди могут подать иск в суд любой из этих двух систем судопроизводства, но большинство дел рассматриваются в судах штатов.
Система федеральных судов подобна пирамиде. Низшая судебная инстанция в федеральной судебной системе — это районные суды, где и начинается судопроизводство. В разных частях США заседают около 90 районных судов и около 200 судей. Большинство уголовных и гражданских дел рассматриваются именно районными судами. Районный суд — это единственный федеральный суд, где дело слушается с участием суда присяжных, вызываются свидетели.
США делятся на 11 судебных округов, и в каждом из них есть федеральный апелляционный суд, который рассматривает апелляции из судов низшей инстанции. Подать апелляцию — это значит подать апелляционную жалобу в суд высшей инстанции.
Верховный Суд является высшим судебным органом США. У него есть право объявить неконституционным любой закон, принятый Конгрессом, и любой указ Президента. Верховный Суд США состоит из Председателя Суда и восьми членов. Они все назначаются Президентом, и их кандидатуры должны быть одобрены Сенатом. Решение Верховного Суда является окончательным.
|
These are things people actually said in court, word by word | |
| Q: What is your date of birth? A: July 15. Q: What year? A: Every year. Q: How old is your son? A: 35 or 38, I can't remember. Q: How long has he lived with you? A: 45 years. Q: Now doctor, isn't it true that when a person dies in his sleep, he doesn't know about it until the next morning? | Q: Did he kill you? Q: You were there until the time you left, is that true? Q: How many times have you committed suicide? Q: How was your first marriage terminated? A: By death. Q: And by whose death was it terminated? |
FROM A LITTLE BOOK CALLED «DISORDER IN THE COURT»
Task 5. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it. Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other reference & source books on law.
The US Constitution
The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme law of the United States. It is the foundation and source of the legal authority. It provides the framework for the organization of the United States Government. The document defines the three main branches of the government: The legislative branch with a bicameral Congress, an executive branch led by the President, and a judicial branch headed by the Supreme Court. Besides providing for the organization of these branches, the Constitution carefully outlines which powers each branch may exercise. It also reserves numerous rights for the individual states, thereby establishing the United States' federal system of government. It is the shortest and oldest written constitution of any major sovereign state.
The United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787, by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and later ratified by conventions in each U.S. state in the name of «The People»; it has since been amended twenty-seven times, the first ten amendments being known as the Bill of Rights. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union[3] was actually the first constitution of the United States of America. The U.S. Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation as the governing document for the United States after being ratified by nine states. The Constitution has a central place in United States law and political culture.
Historical influences
Several of the ideas in the Constitution were new, and a large number of ideas were drawn from the literature of Republicanism in the United States, from the experiences of the 13 states, and from the British experience with mixed government.
The most important influence from the European continent was from Montesquieu, who emphasized the need to have balanced forces pushing against each other to prevent tyranny. (This in itself reflects the influence of Polybius' 2nd century BC treatise on the checks and balances of the constitution of the Roman Republic). John Locke is known to have been a major influence, and the due process clause of the United States Constitution was partly based on common law stretching back to the Magna Carta of 1215.
Influences on the Bill of Rights
The United States Bill of Rights consists of the ten amendments added to the Constitution in 1791, as supporters of the constitution had promised critics during the debates of 1788. The English Bill of Rights (1689) was an inspiration for the American Bill of Rights. For example, both require jury trials, contain a right to keep and bear arms, and prohibit excessive bail as well as «cruel and unusual punishments». Many liberties protected by state constitutions were incorporated into the United States Bill of Rights.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. What does the US Constitution provide for?
2. What documents and ideas influenced the US Constitution?
3. What is US Bill of Rights? Why was the Bill adopted?
4. What do you know about J. Lock's and Montesquieu's theories?
Task 6. Find the equivalents in the text:
· фундамент и источник права
· возглавляемый Верховным Судом
· обеспечивать организацию этих ветвей
· какие полномочия каждая ветвь может осуществлять
· определить три главные ветви власти (законодательную, исполнительную, судебную)
· четко очертить (определить) властные полномочия каждой ветви
· двухпалатный конгресс
· сохранять права отдельных штатов
· система сдержек и противовесов конституции
· вдохновение
· требовать суда присяжных
· запрещать непомерный залог
· свободы, защищенные конституциями штатов
| Interesting facts about the us Constitution (1) There are several clerical errors in the original text of the Constitution. The most known of them is the spelling of the State of Pennsylvania in the list of the delegates, who had signed the Constitution, with one «n» — «Pensylvania». In addition to that, some words in the Constitutions are written according to the rules of British English, which differ from the American one; by then the American spelling standards haven't been established yet. (2) The text of the US Constitution doesn't specify who has the right to vote. As a result, in early days of the Union only white men who owned property could take part in the elections. The African Americans weren't considered as citizens, and women were also excluded from voting. Native Americans couldn't vote up until 1924. (3) Out of forty-two delegates who were present at the Convention, thirty-nine signed the Constitution. The delegates from Virginia and Massachusetts refused to sign the document partly because it didn't have the bill of rights. (4) When it was time to ratify the Constitution by the states, the absence of the bill of rights became the main stumbling block. (5) Benjamin Franklin was the oldest man to sign the Constitution. He was 81 at the moment of signing of the document. Although Benjamin Franklin's mind was still sharp, his body wouldn't obey him. He could hardly walk. He would be brought in the hall of the council in the palanquin held by four inmates from the Walnut Street Prison in Philadelphia. When done, he had tears rolling down his cheeks. Jonathan Dayton, 26, from New Jersey, was the youngest one. (6) The first national Thanksgiving Day was celebrated on November 26, 1789. It took place upon the decision of Congress and President George Washington. The desire to «thank» for the new Constitution became the reason behind the holiday. (7) Initially, the founders of the document faced the question of how to address the President. The Senate offered the title «His Highness, the President of the United States, and Protector of their Liberties». But eventually, the House of Representatives and the Senate agreed on the «President of the United States». (8) The word «democracy» never shows in the text of the Constitution. |
| (9) The Constitutional Council proposed to limit the country's regular army to 5,000 troops. Sarcastically, George Washington responded that he would certainly agree, provided that the same section of the document would also stipulate that the invader armies can't attack with more than 3,000 soldiers. (10) In 1876, an offer was introduced to amend the Constitution and abolish the Senate. In 1893, they came up with an amendment to renaming the USA into the United States of Earth. |
Task 7. (a) Study the following words and word combinations:
| judicial | судебный, судейский |
| judicially | в судебном порядке |
| judiciary | (1) судебный, судейский; (2) суд, судебная власть; (3) судоустройство |
| judicature | (1) отправление правосудия; юрисдикция; (2) судоустройство; система судебных органов; суд; (3) лица судебной профессии |
| justice | (1) справедливость; (2) правосудие, юстиция; (3) судья |
| to administer justice | отправлять правосудие |
| process | (1) приказ суда; особ. приказ о вызове в суд; (2) процедура, порядок, производство дел; судопроизводство; процессуальные нормы; процесс; (3) копия производства по делу (направляемая в вышестоящую инстанцию) |
| process of the court | (1) судебный приказ; (2) судопроизводство; (3) протокол судебного производства (направляемый в вышестоящую судебную инстанцию) |
| forged process | (1) фальсифицированный судебный процесс; (2) фальсифицированный протокол судебного процесса |
| a summons | повестка в суд |
| to serve a witness with a summons / to summon a witness | вызывать свидетеля повесткой в суд |
| subpoena | повестка в суд (под страхом наказания или штрафа в случае неявки) |
| deputy | (1) депутат; представитель; (2) заместитель, помощник |
(b) Match the English expressions with their Russian equivalents in the table:
| (1) judicial system / judiciary system | (a) судебный орган |
| (2) judicial abuse | (b) судебный округ |
| (3) judicial administration | (c) судебная система |
| (4) judicial body | (d) секретарь; сотрудник канцелярии суда; судебный клерк |
| (5) judicial award | (e) применение (норм права, закона) в судебном порядке |
| (6) judicial branch | (f) судебное право |
| (7) judicial circuit | (g) судебное злоупотребление |
| (8) judicial clerk | (h) судопроизводство; судебный процесс |
| (9) judicial law | (i) судебная власть |
| (10) judicial proceeding (s) | (j) судебное решение |
| (11) judicial sitting | (k) приказы суда |
| (12) judicial writs | (l) обвиняемый в судебном порядке |
| (13) judicially charged | (m) юридический комитет (с палате представителей и в сенате США) |
| (14) judicially appointed expert | (n) судебное заседание |
| (15) judiciary committee | (o) эксперт по назначению суда |
(c) Match the English expressions with their Russian equivalents in the table:
| (1) justice in court | (a) отправлять правосудие |
| (2) justice of the peace | (b) судья в судебном заседании |
| (3) to administer justice | (c) несправедливость |
| (4) breach of justice | (d) предавать суду; отдавать в руки правосудия |
| (5) to bring to justice | (e) уголовная юстиция; правосудие по уголовным делам |
| (6) chief justice | (f) мировой судья |
| (7) criminal justice | (g) укрываться от правосудия |
| (8) to flee from justice | (h) председательствующий судья |
| (9) deputy attorney | (i) помощник судьи |
| (10) deputy foreman | (j) представитель с ограниченными полномочиями |
| (11) deputy judge | (k) заместитель старшины присяжных |
| (12) special deputy | (l) помощник адвоката |
(d) Match the English expressions with their Russian equivalents in the table:
| (1) to process a case | (a) возбуждать обвинение |
| (2) to process a charge | (b) протоколы обвинения |
| (3) to process documents | (c) судебный приказ; судопроизводство |
| (4) process of prosecution | (d) исполнительный приказ суда |
| (5) legal process | (e) начать дело; преследовать в судебном порядке |
| (6) final process | (f) оформлять документы |
| (7) to serve a process | (g) судебный приказ, не имеющий юридической силы |
| (8) to violate due process rights | (h) вручать судебный приказ |
| (9) void process | (i) вызывать свидетеля повесткой в суд |
| (10) to serve a witness with a summons | (j) нарушать права на соблюдение должной процедуры |
(e) Complete the sentences using the word combinations from the second column:
| (1) To take judicial proceedings against smb means | (a) to separate from a husband or wife, granted by a judge, usually with arrangements favourable to the wronged person concerning money or children. |
| (2) A judicial separation is the right | (b) a legal but unjust sentence of death. |
| (3) A judicial murder is | (c) a system of law courts in a country. |
| (4) A judiciary system is | (d) to bring a law case against him. |
| (5) Judicature is | (e) the full title of the English Courts of Justice. |
| (6) The Supreme Court of Judicature is | (f) a critical impartial person. |
| (7) A man with a judicial mind is | (g) an ambiguous sentence or article in the law. |
| (8) A judiciary joker is | (h) administration of justice, on the one hand, and the body of judges, on the other hand. |
| (9) Process is | (i) the sheriff's officer who delivers writs. |
| (10) A summons is | (j) summons or writ ordering a person to appear in a law court. |
| (11) A process-server is | (k) to undergo a period of imprisonment. |
| (12) To serve a sentence means | (l) an order to appear before a judge or magistrate. |
(f) Complete the sentences using the words and word combinations from the box. If necessary, consult English-Russian dictionaries.
| summons judicial administer (2) justified | to serve a summons justice served Justice |
(1) The _______ was served by a bailiff.
(2) Each ______ district is served by a chief magistrate and a number of magistrates.
(3) He has already _______ three years of his sentence.
(4) ________ is to deliver a summons to the person named in it.
(5) The criminal was finally brought to ________.
(6) The Department of ______ is the executive department, headed by the Attorney General, supervising internal security, immigration, naturalization, etc.
(7) The Prime Minister ______ the action of the Government.
(8) To ______ the law means to apply the law.
(9) Don't ______ punishment to this man. He is innocent.
Task 8. Look through the laws and by-laws below and think it over why they haven't been cancelled yet:
… In Texas, USA, it is illegal to swear near a corpse.
… In the town of New Ark, New Jersey, USA, it is illegal to buy ice-cream after 6 p.m. without written permission from your doctor.
… There is a law in Michigan, USA, which says that the husband is the owner of his wife's hair.
… In Kentucky, USA, it is illegal to carry ice-cream in the back pocket of your trousers.
… In some towns of Colorado, USA, it is illegal for a man to kiss a sleeping woman. In some towns of Nevada, USA, it is illegal for men with moustache to kiss women.
… In the town of Providence, Rhode Island, it is illegal for shop owners to sell tooth-paste and tooth brushes to the same buyer on Sundays.
… According to the laws of several states in the USA women can divorce their husbands if they prove that the men snore too loudly at night.
… In the town of Zion, Illinois, it is illegal to give cigars to pets.
… In Saint Louis, Missouri, a fireman has no right to save a woman if she is wearing a night-gown.
… In Baltimore, Maryland, it is illegal to bring a lion to the cinema.
…In Pennsylvania there is a law which says that a man has no right to buy alcoholic drinks without written permission of his wife.
Notes:
it is illegal — это незаконно
to swear — (1) (зд.) ругаться, богохульствовать; (2) клясться
a corpse — труп
written permission — письменное разрешение
Task 9. Replace the underlined words and word combinations with the words from the box. If necessary, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other reference & source books on law.
| resolved (4) discharged (2) discharge (3) offence/offense | imposed traffic violations offended charged with |
(1) He decided that nothing should hold him back.
(2) He separated the problem into its elements.
(3) The accused man was found not guilty and was allowed to leave.
(4) He decided to succeed.
(5) The House of Commons converted itself into a committee.
(6) He is faithful in the performance of his duties.
(7) The members of the jury were set free from their duties.
(8) How long will the unloading of the cargo take?
(9) Will $100 be enough for the performance of your liabilities?
(10) He was charged with a serious crime against the law.
(11) He committed an offence against good manners, traditions and the law.
(12) If a person is convicted of certain traffic offenses, the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles will assess points against the person's driver's license. This is in addition to any sentence passed by the judge.
Task 10. Match the legal terms on the left with their definitions on the right:
| (1) A misdemeanor is | (a) who brings an action at law. |
| (2) A by-law/bye-law is | (b) who has committed certain actions which, if committed by adults, would not be considered criminal offenses — such as truancy or habitually running away from home. |
| (3) A felony is | (c) a legal offence less serious than a felony. It is any charge which carries a penalty of no more than one year in jail or a fine of up to $2,500, or both. |
| (4) A felon is a person | (d) under 18. |
| (5) A defendant is a person | (e) who offends by breaking the law. |
| (6) A plaintiff is a person | (f) a law or regulation made by a local, rather than a central, authority. |
| (7) An offender is a person | (g) found guilty for the first time and not usually treated severely. |
| (8) First offenders are criminals | (h) who has often been found guilty. |
| (9) An old offender is a person | (i) against whom a legal action is brought. |
| (10) A juvenile is any person | (j) who has committed an act which would be a crime if committed by an adult. |
| (11) A delinquent is a juvenile | (k) guilty of a felony. |
| (12) A «child in need of services» (CHINS) is a juvenile | (l) the improper care or violent handling of juveniles. |
| (13) Child abuse and neglect involves | (m) a major serious crime, e.g. murder, armed robbery, arson. It is any charge which may be punishable by more than one year in jail. |
Task 11. Look through the laws and by-laws below and comment on the stupidest one:
…… In Sarasota it is illegal to sing in a public place if you are wearing a swimming costume.
… In Indiana it is illegal to swim in ponds, lakes and rivers in winter.
… There is a law in Iowa which says that kisses may last not more than five minutes.
… In Oklahoma, USA, the judge may sentence you to prison if you tease a dog.
… In Alaska it is illegal to throw a living deer out of a flying plane.
… In Connecticut it is illegal to cross the street on your hands.
… In Florida there is a law which forbids unmarried women to jump with a parachute on Sundays otherwise the police may arrest them, fine them or the judge may send them to prison.
… In Texas, USA, before 1932 an escape from prison was not considered a crime if the prisoner escaped without using fire arms.
… If you leave an elephant on the parking lot in Florida you must pay for the parking as if it were a car.
… In Indiana it is illegal to go to the cinema or to the theatre or use public transport if you ate garlic less than four hours before that.
Note:
parking lot — стоянка, место для парковки
Task 12. Match the English expressions with their Russian equivalents in the tables:
(a)
| (1) trial court of general jurisdiction | (a) осуществлять юрисдикцию |
| (2) to exercise jurisdiction | (b) апелляционная юрисдикция (право вышестоящего суда пересмотреть приговор или решение нижестоящего суда) |
| (3) to extend the jurisdiction over smth | (c) параллельная (совпадающая) юрисдикция |
| (4) original jurisdiction | (d) исправительное учреждение тюремного типа |
| (5) appellate jurisdiction | (e) обвинительный акт большого следственного жюри |
| (6) civil claim | (f) процедура сертификации (обращение нижестоящего суда в вышестоящий за справкой по сложному юридическому вопросу в связи с рассматриваемым делом) |
| (7) civil case | (g) бракоразводный процесс |
| (8) concurrent jurisdiction | (h) дела об усыновлении / удочерении |
| (9) penitentiary | (i) юрисдикция суда первой инстанции / рассмотрение дел по первой инстанции |
| (10) indictment | (j) суд первой инстанции общей юрисдикции |
| (11) indictment of grand jury | (k) завещание |
| (12) certification | (l) имущественные споры |
| (13) divorce proceedings | (m) обвинительный акт, предъявление обвинения |
| (14) will | (n) гражданское дело |
| (15) property disputes | (o) распространить юрисдикцию на что-либо |
| (16) adoption proceedings | (p) гражданский иск |
(b)
| (1) to convene a grand jury | (a) срок полномочий суда данного состава |
| (2) term of appeal | (b) срок пребывания в должности, срок полномочий |
| (3) term of imprisonment | (c) срок полномочий состава большого жюри |
| (4) term of office | (d) предстать перед судом |
| (5) term of punishment | (e) созвать большое следственное жюри |
| (6) term of the court | (f) обвинительный акт; проект обвинительного акта |
| (7) term of the grand jury | (g) должностное преступление правительственных чиновников |
| (8) term of the jury | (h) срок наказания (по закону) |
| (9) to stand trial | (i) апелляционный суд (в ряде штатов США промежуточная инстанция между судами первой инстанции и верховным судом штата) |
| (10) bill of indictment | (j) просьба об апелляции; апелляционная жалоба |
| (11) special jury | (k) срок правомочий состава присяжных |
| (12) malfeasance of governmental officials | (l) срок подачи апелляции |
| (13) Court of Appeals / Appellate Court | (m) специальный состав присяжных, специальное жюри (из числа лиц, имеющих образование и положение в обществе, для разбора особых категорий сложных дел) |
| (14) appeal from a decision of the court | (n) срок тюремного заключения |
| (15) petition for appeal | (o) апелляционная жалоба на решение суда |
(c)
| (1) writ of mandamus | (a) заключение в тюрьму; лишение свободы; взятие под стражу; водворение в тюремную камеру или карцер |
| (2) writ of prohibition | (b) административный орган; правительственное учреждение |
| (3) writ of habeas corpus | (c) лат. судебный приказ должностному лицу о выполнении требования истца |
| (4) incarceration / imprisonment | (d) потерпевшая ущерб сторона; сторона, чьи интересы нарушены |
| (5) administrative agency | (e) приказ о запрещении производства по делу, запретительный судебный приказ (издается вышестоящим судом в целях исключения юрисдикции нижестоящей инстанции) |
| (6) aggrieved party | (f) состав суда первой инстанции |
| (7) panel of jurors | (g) лат. судебный приказ о защите неприкосновенности личности от произвольного ареста или судебный приказ о доставлении в суд лица, содержащегося под стражей, для выяснения правомерности содержания его под стражей |
| (8) panel of trial judges | (h) лишение звания адвоката / лишение права адвокатской деятельности |
| (9) disbarment of an attorney | (i) список присяжных |
| (10) the Supreme Court of Virginia | (j) председатель Верховного Суда |
| (11) The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court | (k) разрешение споров |
| (12) dispute resolution | (l) финансовая система / налоговая система |
| (13) fiscal system | (m) отдел кадров |
| (14) personnel department | (n) Верховный Суд Виржинии |
(d)
| (1) to file a lawsuit / an action | (a) представить обвинительный акт, подшить обвинительный акт к делу |
| (2) to file a case | (b) заявить об обвинении, выдвинуть обвинение |
| (3) to file a charge | (c) подать апелляционную жалобу |
| (4) to file an appeal | (d) подать иск |
| (5) to file an indictment | (e) подшить дело, подать иск |
Task 13. Match the legal terms on the left with their definitions on the right:
| (1) Equity suits are | (a) a period during which a Court holds session. |
| (2) Term of the court is | (b) prison for persons guilty of serious crimes, esp. one in which reform of the prisoners is the main aim. |
| (3) Penitentiary is | (c) a written order issued in the name of a ruler or smb in authority to an official to do or not to do smth. |
| (4) A writ is | (d) a party to a lawsuit feeling that it has been treated unjustly. |
| (5) Incarceration means | (e) claims seeking a judgment for something other than money. |
| (6) An aggrieved party is | (f) law dealing with private rights of citizens, not with crime. |
| (7) Civil law is | (g) the Supreme Court of Virginia may order the holder of an office to perform his duty. |
| (8) A writ of habeas corpus is | (h) the Supreme Court of Virginia may order an action stopped in a lower court. |
| (9) Cases of habeas corpus are cases when | (i) imprisonment. |
| (10) Cases of mandamus are cases when | (j) the Supreme Court of Virginia may order one holding custody to produce the detained person before the Court for the purpose of determining whether such custody is proper. |
| (11) Cases of prohibition are cases when | (k) an order requiring a person to be brought before a judge or into court, esp. to investigate the right of the law to keep him in prison. |
 COLORADO FUNNY LAWS
Car dealers may not show cars on a Sunday.
No liquor may be sold on Sundays or election days.
To own a dog over three months of age, one must obtain a license.
Establishments which sell alcohol must have enough lighting to read text inside them.
Catapults may not be fired at buildings.
It is legal to challenge a police officer, but only until he or she asks you to stop.
It is permissible to wear a holstered six-gun within city limits, except on Sunday, Election Day, or holidays.
It is illegal to bring your horse or pack mule above the ground floor of any building.
It is unlawful to lend your vacuum cleaner to your next-door neighbor.
You may not drive a black car on Sundays.
Residents may not own chickens, but may own up to three turkeys.
It is illegal to let a dandelion grow within the city limits.
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Unit 3
THE JURY
Task 1. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it. Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other reference & source books on law.
JURY
Jury is a body of people who are chosen to decide the truth of factual evidence in an action or legal proceeding and, on instruction of the court, to apply the law to the facts. Such a body is called a petit jury or trial jury. Traditionally, a trial jury consists of 12 people, often with one or two alternates.
From the History of Jury
The exact origin of the jury system is not known; various writers have attributed it to different European peoples who at an early period developed different methods of trial. It seems probable that the jury in England was derived directly from the Norman institution of recognition by sworn inquest, whereby 12 knights were chosen to serve as recognitors.
As early as the 12th century, it had become customary for suitors in certain cases affecting the title to real estate to apply to the King's Court for the summoning of recognitors to ascertain, either from their own knowledge or on inquiry from others, the truth of the matter at issue; the verdict of the court, if unanimous, was accepted as conclusive. It was natural that other questions of fact arising in the King's Court should be disposed of in a similar manner, and the gradual transformation of the recognitors into the jury followed as a matter of course. Originally, the jury members were not only judges of fact, but were also witnesses who were selected because of their knowledge of the customs and the people of the locality, and possibly of the suitors themselves. In the early 15th century, however, the judges of the courts of common law restricted the jury to the performance of its function as a judge of fact based on the evidence submitted in an action. This is the single function of the jury in modern practice.
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