LAW MAKING PROCESS IN THE UK

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1. Every British Parliament passes about a hundred laws directly by making acts of Parliament. As it can be a long process, Parliament sometimes passes a very general law leaving a minister to fill in the details. In this way it indirectly passes about 2000 additional rules and regulations.

2. No new law can be passed unless it has completed a number of stages in the house of Commons and the House of Lords. While a law is still going through Parliament it is called a Bill. There are two main types of bills – Public bills which deal with matters of public importance and Private bills which deal with local matters and individuals.

3. Public and Private bills are passed through Parliament in much the same way. New legislation in Britain usually starts in the House of Lords. In each house a bill is considered in three readings. The first reading is purely formal, to introduce a bill. The second reading is usually the occasion for debate. After the second reading the bill is examined in detail by one of the standing committees.

4. The bill is then returned to one of the houses for the report stage, when it can be amended. If passed after its first reading, it goes to the other house. Amendments made to a bill by the Lords must be considered by the Commons. If the House of Commons does not agree, the bill is altered and sent back to the Lords. In the event of persistent disagreement between the two houses, the Commons prevail.

5. Finally, the bill goes to the monarch for the royal assent. After receiving the Royal assent the bill becomes an Act of Parliament. Nowadays the Royal assent is purely formal.

VII. Прочитайте 5 абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос:

When does the bill become an Act of Parliament?

ВАРИАНТ 4.

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

a) ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

The reporter spoke about the work of the Clemency Commission.

Докладчик говорил о работе комиссии по помилованию.

Поля

Spoke – Past Indefinite Active от нестандартного глагола

to speak.

1. Roman Law is one of the greatest legal systems that has ever existed.

2. The district court will be hearing a case on extortion next week.

б) ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

Cases are usually classified as civil, criminal and administrative ones.

Дела обычно классифицируют (или классифицируются) на гражданские, уголовные и административные.

Поля

Are classified – Present Indefinite Passive от стандартного

глагола to classify.

1. The Bill of Rights is often violated in the judicial and law enforcement practice.

2. For parliamentary elections the United Kingdom is divided into 650 constituencies of roughly equal population.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли причастие определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

1. While discussing this problem, we used some important documents dealing with the Charter of the UNO.

1. Обсуждая эту проблему, мы использовали несколько важных документов, трактующих Устав ООН. (или Когда мы обсуждали эту проблему, мы использовали несколько важных документов, трактующих Устав ООН).

Поля

(While)discussing – Participle I, обстоятельство .

Dealing with – Participle I, определение .

Поля

2. When questioned the suspect denied the fact that he had committed a crime.

2. Когда допрашивали подозреваемого, он отрицал тот факт, что он совершил преступление. (или При допросе подозреваемый отрицал тот факт, что совершил преступление.)

Поля

(When) questioned – Participle II, обстоятельство .

( Had ) committed - Participle II , составная часть

видовременной формы Past Perfect Active от глагола

to commit.

1. Leading international non-governmental organizations involved in the fight for human rights are participating in this conference.

2. Unless properly prepared the investigatory experiment must not be conducted.

3. Amendments and alterations to the Criminal Executive Legislation adopted by June of 1992 had considerably changed penitentiary policy for the better.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

1. The laws of Russia shall protect the life and rights of Russian citizens.

1. Законы России должны защищать жизнь и права российских граждан.

Поля

1. The General Assembly shall meet in regular annual sessions and in special sessions as occasion may require.

2. The prison should be governed by strictly determined rules respected by the administration.

3. An expert may be invited to participate in the conduct of an investigatory experiment.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите и подчеркните в них Gerund. Предложения переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции герундия.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

1.Fighting crime is a very difficult task. 2. After discussing this chapter of the Fundamental Law of the USA at the seminar we learned some interesting facts about the legal force of the Constitution of the USA and procedure for its amending .

1. Борьба с преступностью – очень трудная задача. (или Бороться с преступностью – очень трудная задача.) 2. После обсуждения этой главы Основного закона США на семинаре ( или После того как мы обсудили эту главу Основного закона США на семинаре), мы узнали несколько интересных фактов о юридической силе Конституции США и о порядке ее изменения.

Поля

1. When the bill is introduced it receives its formal ''first reading'', after which it is printed and circulated to members of Parliament.

2. After serving their terms of imprisonment the inmates in our country are citizens with full rights.

3. Criminology is the field of crime studying in its various aspects.

V. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

1. The teacher was speaking of special means, methods and forms the detectives are to use in their work.

1. Учитель говорил о специальных средствах, методах и формах, которые детективы должны использовать в своей работе.

Поля

1. The role public plays in fighting crime is very important.

2. The institution authorities should do all they can to reform juveniles.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту :

1. the County Court – суд присяжных

2. the Crown Court – уголовный суд присяжных.

3. ex officiis – по должности

THE ENGLISH JUDICIAL SYSTEM

1. At the present time the English judicial system is basically pyramidal in organization.

2. At the top of the pyramid is the appellate tribunal, the House of Lords. Beneath it is the Court of Appeal, the intermediate appellate court, which hears both criminal and civil cases.

3. Beneath these appellate courts are two separate systems of trial courts, one for criminal cases, the other for civil cases.

4. On the civil side are the High Court, a court of general jurisdiction, and the County Courts, which have only limited jurisdiction. On the criminal side are the Crown Court, a court of general jurisdiction, and the Magistrates' Courts having only limited jurisdiction.

5. The High Court justices and County judges are all barristers. The justices of the High Court and the County judges are ''ex officiis'' judges of the Crown Court.

VII. Прочитайте 2 абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос:

What court hears both criminal and civil appeals?

ВАРИАНТ 5.

a) ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

The reporter spoke about the work of the Clemency Commission.

Докладчик говорил о работе комиссии по помилованию.

Поля

Spoke – Past Indefinite Active от нестандартного глагола

to speak.

1. The Parliament Act 1911 has restricted the life of the House of Commons.

2. A group of police officers is investigating this criminal case now.

б) ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

Cases are usually classified as civil, criminal and administrative ones.

Дела обычно классифицируют (или классифицируются) на гражданские, уголовные и административные.

Поля

Are classified – Present Indefinite Passive от стандартного

глагола to classify .

1. The police service in Great Britain is involved in international cooperation against crime.

2. Family proceedings are normally heard by not more than three lay justices, including both men and woman.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

1. While discussing this problem, we used some important documents dealing with the Charter of the UNO.

Поля

(While)discussing – Participle I, обстоятельство .

Dealing with – Participle I, определение .

Поля

2. When questioned the suspect denied the fact that he had committed a crime.

Поля

(When) questioned – Participle II, обстоятельство .

( Had ) committed - Participle II , составная часть

видовременной формы Past Perfect Active от глагола

to commit.

1. The leading countries of the world had adopted the Declaration of Invalids' Rights by 1992.

2. If applied to juvenile offenders this type of treatment gives good results.

3. While sentencing a person to a term of imprisonment the court determines in what institution the convicted criminal must serve his sentence.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

1. The laws of Russia shall protect the life and rights of Russian citizens.

1. Законы России должны защищать жизнь и права российских граждан.

Поля

1. The General Assembly may establish such subsidiary organs as it seems necessary for performance of its functions.

2. In cases provided for by legislation citizens shall be given legal assistance free of charge.

3. In jury trials the judge is to decide question of law, to sum up the evidence for the jury and to instruct it on the relevant law, to discharge the accused or to pass sentence.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

1.Fighting crime is a very difficult task. 2. After discussing this chapter of the Fundamental Law of the USA at the seminar we learned some interesting facts about the legal force of the Constitution of the USA and procedure for its amending.

Поля

1. One of the purposes of the UNO is achieving international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, humanitarian nature.

2. Before hearing a case in court there is a preliminary investigation of a crime.

3. An arrest is taking a person into custody.

V. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

1. The teacher was speaking of special means, methods and forms the detectives are to use in their work.

Поля

1. We note imprisonment is a means for educating and not for humiliating human dignity.

2. Methods and operational techniques Criminalistics employs are also used in crime prevention.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 4 абзацы текста.

LIFE IMPRISONMENT

1. The term ''life imprisonment'' has different meanings in various countries. States impose life sentences for different ranges of offences and the USA that release life sentenced prisoners do it in a variety of ways. Only in exceptional case a life sentence means that a person must spend the rest of his life in prison.

2. Life imprisonment is of particular importance as it is often the most severe penal sanction in countries where the death penalty is not applied. The sentences of life imprisonment can also be used as a form of indefinite preventive detention for the protection of society from ''dangerous'' or incorrigible offenders.

3. Life imprisonment and long-term incarceration produce problems for those serving such sentences: social isolation, total dependence, loneliness, loss of responsibility. They should be recognized as a distinct group of long-term prisoners and should be treated accordingly.

4. Assessment programs that evaluate prisoners suitability for release are essential for the effective management of indeterminate sentences. Life sentenced prisoners generally do not know when they will be released, how they will be released or whether they will be released at all.

VII. Прочитайте 3 абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос:

What problems do life imprisonment and long term incarceration produce for prisoners?

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № III .

ВАРИАНТ 1.

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

1. The court does not permit the release on bail of persons who have been already tried for a premeditated crime.

1. Суд не разрешает освобождение под залог лиц, которых ранее уже осуждали за умышленное преступление.

Поля

Does not permit – Present Indefinite Active от глагола to permit.

Have been tried – Present Perfect Passive от глагола to try.

Поля

2. These articles of the Constitution are often referred to.

2. На эти статьи конституции часто ссылаются.

Поля

Are referred to – Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to refer to.

1. A large number of citizens is ordered to attend the court for jury service after being chosen by lot from the list of electors.

2. Vast sums are being spent on building of new prisons but prisons are still overcrowded making rehabilitation of inmates difficult.

3. The legal reform in Russia had been conducted with more success than many other reforms.

4. The article ''Problems of adjustment to society life upon release'' published by Pr. Darell is much spoken about.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните слова it, that, one. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения этих слов.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

1. The main duty of the Ministry of the Internal Affairs is that of maintaining public order. 2. It was Bertillon who devised a special method of describing an individual’s external features which he called a “verbal portrait”. 3. It is necessary to search crime scene very carefully. 4. One must know one’s rights and duties.

1. Главная обязанность Министерства внутренних дел – это поддержание общественного порядка. (или Главная обязанность Министерства внутренних дел – это обязанность поддержания общественного порядка.) 2. Именно Бертильон изобрел специальный метод описания признаков внешности человека, который он назвал словесным портретом. 3. Необходимо осматривать место преступления очень тщательно. 4. Нужно знать свои права и обязанности.

Поля

1. It is life imprisonment that is of particular importance as it is often the most severe penal sanction in countries where death penalty is not applied.

2. It was the Parliament Act of 1911 that restricted powers of the House of Lords.

3. It is important to realize life advantages in a free society.

4. Not all bodies of state power in Great Britain are elected ones.

5. One should know that concealment of the criminal and the instruments of the crime or objects acquired criminally are punished by law.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

1. Dr. Howe, an American penologist, was the first to use the term parole in its modern sense. 2. Many measures to fight crime are taken by our state. 3. To make the probation effective it is necessary to provide adequate supervision. 4. All prisoners to be released through the parole procedure should be well prepared.

1. Доктор Хоу , американский пенолог, первым употребил термин «условно-досрочное освобождение» в его современном смысле. 2. Нашим государством принимается много мер по борьбе с преступностью. 3.Чтобы сделать условное осуждение эффективным, необходимо обеспечить соответствующий надзор. 4. Все заключенные, кото - рые должны быть (или будут) освобождены условно-досрочно, должны быть хорошо подготовлены.

Поля

1. The last state to pass the parole law was Mississippi in 1944.

2. John Howard, a great prison reformer, was the first to see awful sanitary conditions and abuses in prisons throughout Europe.

3. To pass a sentence a crime must be investigated and examined by the court in accordance with the criminal procedure established by law.

4. Twelve people are chosen to serve as a jury, but the number of them can be rejected up to seven.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них независимый причастный оборот и подчеркните его. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода независимого причастного оборота на русский язык.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

1. The International Court of Justice consists of 15 judges elected by the Security Council and the General Assembly, eachorgan voting independently. 2. The hearing of the case being over, the judge closed the trial.

1.Международный суд состоит из 15 судей, избираемых Советом Безопасности и Генераль- ной Ассамблеей, и (причем) каждый орган голосует самостоятельно. 2. После того как слушание дела было закончено, судья закрыл судебное заседание.

Поля

1. Justices of the Peace having no formal qualification, political parties choose and support them for their good reputation.

2. In the court trials against juvenile delinquents an advocate and a public prosecutor must take part without fail, the latter's function being to assist the court to pass a just sentence.

V. Перепишите следующие сложные предложения, найдите в них придаточные предложения условия и подчеркните их. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода условных предложений на русский язык.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

1. Special requirements may be added to sentences if the court finds it necessary. 2. If I were a lawyer, I should explain this law to you. 3. If the international Military Tribunal hadn’t been established, many war criminals wouldn’t have been punished.

1. Если суд сочтет необходимым, к приговорам могут быть добавлены особые требования. 2. Если бы я был юристом, я объяснил бы вам этот закон. 3. Если бы не был учрежден Международ- ный военный трибунал, многие военные преступ- ники не были бы наказаны.

Поля

1. If an accused is guilty he will be sentenced by a court .

2. If criminality did not exist in our times, there would be no need of finding the ways and means for overcoming this phenomenon.

3. If these parents had ensured proper upbringing of their son, he would not have become an offender.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Найдите и подчеркните в них инфинитивные обороты. Помните, что объектные и субъектные инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

Поля

1. Our state wants our children to grow educated and it provides favorable conditions for it. 2. Millions of Russian people are recorded to have taken part in elections.

1. Наше государство хочет, чтобы наши дети выросли образованными, и оно обеспечивает благоприятные условия для этого. 2. Зарегистрировано, что миллионы россиян приня - ли участие в выборах.

Поля

1. The prison Act (1865) is known to have introduced a new approach to imprisonment.

2. The investigator made a witness present incontrovertible proof.

VII. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 4 абзацы текста.

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