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Egyptian Architecture.
During the Old Kingdom, the period when Egypt was ruled by the Kings of the 3rd to 6th Dynasties, artists and craftsmen were drawn to the court to work under the patronage of the king and his great nobles. Techniques of working in stone, wood, and metal made tremendous progress, demonstrated by surviving large scale monuments, such as the pyramids, of the 4th Dynasty and the sun temples built by the 5th Dynasty kings. The pyramids of the 4th Dynasty are the most spectacular of all funerary works and the only remained wonder of the world. These monuments celebrated the divinity of the kings of Egypt, linking the people with the great gods of earth and sky.
This was a time when trade and the economy flourished. Craftsmen worked in the finest materials which were often brought great distances, and were able to experiment with recalcitrant stones as well as new techniques of metalworking. This enabled them by the 6th Dynasty to produce large metal figures. The earliest that survive are the copper statues of Pepi I and his son, found at Hierakonpolis. Made c. 2330 BC they are badly corroded but still impressive in their stiffly formal poses. Thier eyes are inlaid, and the crown and the kilt of the king, now missing, were probably originally made of gilded plaster.
During the prosperous period known as the Middle Kingdom fortresses were built to defend the southern and eastern borders, and new areas of land were brought under cultivation. Craftsmen achieved new levels of excellence. Very little architecture remains – many royal monuments were robbed from their stone in later periods – but what has survived shows great simplicity and refinement. The example is the pyramid of Sesostris I at Lisht.
The establishment of the 18th Dynasty marked the beginning of the New Kingdom and a new blossoming of the arts and crafts of ancient Egypt. Craftsmen benefited from wider contact with other civilizations, such as those of Crete and Mesopotamia, and were also able to work with imported raw materials.
The kings gave encouragement to artists and the craftsmen by ordering great temples and palaces to be built throughout Egypt. The temple walls were covered with reliefs celebrating the achievements of the kings and the powers of the gods. The courtyards and inner sanctuaries were enriched with statuary. The most notable monuments are the Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatsheput at Deir-el-Bahari (c. 1480 BC), which had a series of pillared colonnades on three sides of three superimposed terraces linked by gigantic ramps and magnificent Great Temple at Karnak to Amon as the universal god of Egypt.
Ancient Egyptian architecture was revived under the Ptolemies, the successors of Alexander the Great, who built numerous temples of thraditional style of which the finest examples that survive are the Temple of Horus at Etfu and the temples on the islands of Philae (c. 323-30 BC).
Exercise 5. Make and write the plan of the text in questions, translate it into Russian
Exercise 6. Do the test
1. Craftsmen worked in the finest materials.
a) Craftsmen used precious stones for their creations.
b) Craftsmen used concrete in their work.
c) It was forbidden for craftsmen to use the finest materials in their work.
2. The copper statues of Pepi I and his son are still impressive.
a) These statues were made of stone.
b) The copper statues of Pepi I and his son have not survived.
c) These statues have the power of affecting and gaining attention and feeling.
3. Fortresses were built to defend the southern and eastern borders of ancient Egypt.
a) Fortresses were built in the west of ancient Egypt.
b) Fortresses were erected to protect the southern and eastern boundaries of ancient Egypt.
c) During the Middle Kingdom many fortresses were built.
4. The beginning of the New Kingdom is associated with the blossoming of the arts and crafts of ancient Egypt.
a) This was a period of stagnation in the history of arts.
b) In this period craftsmen and artists were ordered great temples and places to be built throughout Egypt.
c) During the New Kingdom the arts and crafts flourished.
5. The Ptolomies built numerous temples of traditional style.
a) Numerous palaces were built by the Ptolomies.
b) Many traditional temples were constructed under the Ptolomies.
c) Ancient Egyptian architecture was revived under the kings of the 4th Dynasty.
6. During the Old Kingdom artists and craftsmen…
a) were forbidden to work in metal
b) worked under the patronage of king
c) built pyramids and temples
7. Craftsmen were able to experiment with…
a) stone and new techniques of metalworking
b) concrete and clay
c) ivory and granite
8. The surviving examples, found at Hierakonpolis are…
a) the sun temples of the 5th Dynasty
b) the copper statues of Pepi I and his son
c) the Temple of Mut and the Temple of Amum
9. Very little architecture of the Middle Kingdom remains because…
a) many royal monuments were robbed
b) of earthquakes
c) of wars
10. Craftsmen benefited from wider contact with other civilizations such as those of…
a) India and China
b) Crete and Mesopotamia
c) Assyria
11. The most notable monuments of the New Kingdom are…
a) the Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatsheput at Deir-el-Bahari and the Great Temple of Amon at Karnak
b) Zoser’s necropolis at Sakkara and Great Pyramid at El-Gizeh
c) The Temple of Horus at Etfu and the temples on the island of Philae.
12. Ancient Egyptian architecture was revived under the Ptolemies, the successors of
a) Tuthmosis III
b) Alexander the Great
c) Queen Hatsheput
12. During the Old Kingdom Egypt … by the kings of the 3rd to 6th Dynasties.
a) was ruling b) have ruled
c) was ruled d) will rule
13. Techniques of working in stone, wood, and metal … tremendous progress.
a) made b) have made
c) makes d) was making
3. These monuments … the divinity of the Egyptian kings.
a) celebrate b) will celebrate
c) have been celebrating d) celebrated
14. The earliest that … are the copper statues of Pepi I and his son at Hierakonpolis.
a) were surviving b) survives
c) survive d) will survive
15. Fortresses … to defend the southern and eastern borders.
a) built b) were built
c) build d) builds
16. Very little architecture … - many royal monuments were robbed in later periods.
a) had remained b) remain
c) has been remained d) remains
17. Craftsmen of ancient Egypt… from wider contact with other civilizations.
a) benefit b) benefited
c) benefits d) will benefit
Контрольная работа №2
Вариант 6
Дата: 2019-02-02, просмотров: 401.