THE INDIVIDUAL IN THE ORGANIZATION

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v SPEAKING

Task 1. Discuss these questions with a partner.

Ø How do you understand the term “rule”?

Ø What have you heard about the typology of social control mechanisms developed by Amitai Etzioni?

Ø How can you see the role of individual in our society?

v STUDY SKILLS

Task 2. Work with a partner to see how much do you know about the billionaire lifestyle. Do the quiz. Check your answers on page 50.

WHO WANTS TO BE A BILLIONAIRE?

How many dollar millionaires are there in the world?

a 720,000 c 72 million

b 7.2 million d 720 million

How many dollar billionaires are there?

a 45 c 4,500

b 450 d 45,000

What's the world's most expensive neighbourhood to live in?

a Zuhchberg, Zurich

b Eaton Square, London

cFifth Avenue, New York

d Motoazabu, Tokyo

Where can you find the highest concentration of multimillionaires per square metre?

a Monte Carlo c Nassau

b Santa Barbara d Geneva

5. With $25,000 to spend, what couldn't you afford?

a your own Boeing 747 jumbo jet for an hour

b one night in the world's most expensive hotel room – the Bridge Suite at the Atlantis Resort in the Bahamas

c a Harvard MBA

d 50 hours of helicopter flying lessons

6. With $2 million to spend, what would still be financially out of your reach?

a the world's most expensive watch by Chopard encrusted with over 200 carats of multicoloured diamonds

b the world's most expensive dress, embroidered with 2,000 diamonds, by Maria

Grachvogel

c a round of golf with the world's greatest golfer, Tiger Woods

d the Fender Stratocaster Sunburst guitar that Jimi Hendrix famously set fire to on stage

7. Who sold the world's most expensive yacht Katana (valued at $68 million) to buy something a little bigger?

a CEO of Oracle, Larry Ellison

b Michael Jackson

c the Royal Family of Qatar

d Media mogul, Rupert Murdoch

Who doesn't own an island?

a entrepreneur Richard Branson

b actor Nicholas Cage

c ex-prime minister Margaret Thatcher

d the Barclays Bank brothers

Who didn't own a Rolls-Royce?

a Vladimir Lenin

b Ayatollah Khomeini

c John Lennon

d Ronald Reagan

Which classic car was voted the most desirable dream machine ever?

a E-Type Jaguar

b Aston Martin DB5

c Ferrari Dino

d Porsche 911

11. A case of Chateau Le Pin cost £400 in 1983. When ready to drink in 1999, how much was it worth?

a nothing

b £400

c £12,000

d £36, 000

12. The most expensive painting ever sold at auction was bought by Japanese businessman Ryoei Saito for $82.5 million. Who was the painter?

a Picasso

b Cezanne

c Van Gogh

d Rubens

v READING

Task 3. Read the text about systematic approach to the organization theory proposed by Amitai Etzioni. Write down three interesting things you remember. Compare your notes with other students.

WHY DO WE OBEY THE RULES?

Obviously, not all of our relationships with organizations are the same. The relationship between the sales clerk and the company president is quite different from the relationship between the priest and the parishioner, and both are different from the relationship between the warden and the prisoner.

Amitai Etzioni classified our relationship to different sorts of organizations in terms of the kind of power they have over us. Imagine, for example, an organization whose goal is the regular collection of garbage. Picking up garbage is a strenuous activity involving large numbers of people. The organization must persuade someone who ordinarily would not touch other people's garbage to work toward this common goal. According to Etzioni, there are three ways of doing it.

The organization can compel the acceptance of its goal by punishing any failure to perform. Compulsion is the motivating force in such organizations as prisons, forced labor camps, and military training camps. They have what Etzioni described as coercive power. The garbage collectors in this case are inmates.

The organization can buy acceptance of its goal by paying its members for picking up other people's garbage. Instead of the negative reward of punishment, there is the positive reward of cash. Motivation is achieved through remunerative power, and the organization is a business or a government department. The garbage collectors are now employees.

Individuals can accept the goal of the organization as a personal goal. They might find garbage collecting a worthwhile activity because they believe in the value of sanitation or because they personally prefer clean sidewalks and fresh air. In this case motivation comes from identification with the organizational goal, and the rewards are psychological and emotional. This organization has normative power, and the garbage collectors are voluntary participants. Garbage collecting may not attract many volunteers, but amateur rock music groups, Softball teams, and community service organizations do.

Etzioni found that an organization typically relies on one type of power to motivate its members. Workers in an automobile plant, for example, are paid for their work (remunerative power). They may identify with the company's goals, but the company does not depend on this identification (normative power) to get them to come to work in the morning. Prisons, on the other hand, rely on coercive power. Some inmates may identify with the goals of the prison and others may be paid for their labors, but the prison does not depend on its normative or remunerative power to motivate them. While many organizations exercise all three types of power, each relies primarily on only one.

To make certain that the rules are obeyed, bureaucratic organizations centralize decision making and decentralize execution. The superior decides that something should be done, and the subordinate does it. If every action of the subordinate had to wait for the direct order of the superior, however, there would have to be one supervisor for every four or five workers. If each worker had to be told individually to tighten a particular bolt every time an automobile came down the assembly line, for example, the costs in time and effort would be high and productivity would be low. Bureaucracies are efficient partly because they delegate responsibility and save the costs of close supervision. Rules and regulations take the place of supervisors' orders, and control is exercised from a distance. Once a rule is learned – "secure muffler to chassis by tightening all bolts" – one person can supervise the work of a hundred. Control by rules and regulations is most suitable for repetitive, simple work that does not provide much opportunity for creativity or the exercise of authority. Much factory work, for example, falls into this category. The lower levels of the bureaucracy are most likely to have this type of control over behaviour.

A more highly trained and educated work force needs even less direct supervision. Routine decision making can be delegated because the guidelines for making the decision have been set from above. The traffic police officer decides which driver to arrest according to the rule that everyonewho exceeds the speed limit by 10 MPH is speeding. The decision to give a particular driver a ticket may be delegated, but the police officer's behaviour is still predictable. He or she can be depended upon not to give tickets to drivers who stay within the speed limit. Decentralized decision making actually increases organizational control in this way. Moreover, bureaucratic rules make personal supervision unnecessary. Whether a supervisor is there or not, the police officer will continue to make arrests for speeding. The result is greater efficiency, greater control, and lower costs for the organization.

V VOCABULARY

Task 4. Chose the best headline A-H for each paragraph 1-8 (All the headlines will be used).

A	Tangible reward	Paragraph 1
B	Voluntary activity	Paragraph 2
C	Comparative Analysis	Paragraph 3
D	Particular case	Paragraph 4
E	One among three	Paragraph 5
F	Hierarchy	Paragraph 6
G	Classification	Paragraph 7
H	Compulsory measures	Paragraph 8

Task 5. Match the column A with column B.

A		В
a warden	A	в’язень
strenuous	B	змушувати
to compel	C	прибутковий
an inmate	D	глушник
worthwhile	E	вказівка
remunerative	F	начальник
a muffler	G	результативний
a guideline	H	енергійний
efficient	I	миль на годину
MPH	J	корисний

Task 6. Fill in the correct words from the previous exercise into the gaps below (not all words are needed).

1. It means the ability of some organizations (including prisons and military training camps) to _______________ their members to cooperate in achieving goals by punishing any failure to perform.

2. Businesses have _______________ power over their employees.

3. Prisons have coercive power over their __________________..

4. With few ______________ to follow, bureaucratic authority enforced the rules.

5. He was known as _______________ supporter of the Communist party.

6. Bureaucracies have several advantages, one of them is that they are highly _______________.

Task 7. Match the two halves parts of the sentences.

1. Modern societies depend on large, complex organizations	A. from traditional forms of organization.
2. The growth of bureaucracy was part of the triumph of a purposive,	B. the hierarchy of authority.
3. He identified five characteristics that distinguish bureaucracy	C. to achieve many common goals.
4. Bureaucracy's inherent contradictions also	D. is never complete.
5. Conflict between staff and line positions alter	E. individual behaviour and self-identity.
6. Even in what Goffman has called total institutions, bureaucratic control	F. rational mentality in modern life.
7. Membership in an organization shapes	G. over voluntary participants.
8. Community service organizations have normative power	H. reduce its effectiveness.

Task 8. Are the following statements about the text true (T) or false (F)?

1.	Etzioni classified different kinds of organizations according to the power they have over the individuals who belong to them.	T / F
2.	When organization has normative power the garbage collectors are inmates.	T / F
3.	The voluntary participants always receive the positive reward of cash.	T / F
4.	The organization usually relies primarily on one type of power.	T / F
5.	In many factories work does not provide much opportunity for creativity or the exercise of authority.	T / F

Task 9 Now look again at the text and find words in the paragraphs 1-8, which mean the same as:

a) evidently (1) _______________________

b) a supervisor (1) _______________________

c) a waste (2) _______________________

d) a misfortune (3) _______________________

e) a worker (4) _______________________

f) a pavement (5) _______________________

g) an aim (6) _______________________

h) to contract (7) _______________________

i) a humdrum (8) _______________________

Task 10. Complete these sentences with the words from the box.

efficiency control decision personalities organization

1. Individuals assert themselves against the _______________ through "making out," removal activities, and ritual insubordination.

2. Control is exercised by rules and regulations, which make direct supervision unnecessary and improve _______________.

3. High-level decisions, however, can be frustrated by subordinates, and _______________ is always a problem for bureaucracies.

4. To make sure the rules are obeyed, bureaucracies centralize _______________ making and decentralize execution.

5. Corporations choose people whose ___________ already fit the organizations.

Task 11. Rearrange the letters to form a word used in the unit, then match the word to its definition.

	Hutiaroyt		а administrators, in an organization. Their job is to manage the actual production of the organization's output.
	uyerbarcuca		ba shared belief about what is morally right and desirable.
	oecircno		c a relationship between leaders and followers in which the leaders' power is accepted as legitimate.
	elin		d the interactive process by which individuals acquire some of the values, attitudes, skills, and knowledge of the society to which they belong to.
	oerpw		e an organization designed to accomplish the large-scale tasks of complex societies by systematically coordinating the work of many individuals.
	azasiloiotinc		f the ability to get what one wants even in the face of opposition
	eulav		g Weber's term for the power that comes from superior physical force
	ofcitnlc		hthe antagonism of social groups with opposing interests or values.

Task 12. Use the words from the right side to make the expressions with the words from the left side. Then translate them into Ukrainian.

strenuous	Camps
common	Supervision
coercive	Activity
labour	collectors
garbage	Power
direct	Control
organizational	goal

v GRAMMAR

In this unit we make review of Passive Voice, for more information see Reference 3

Task 13. Fill in each gap with a suitable verb from the box, using the correct Passive Voice tense.

use design discourage spur guide

1. The experiment_______________ a less frequently _______________ method of research.

2. Human behaviour _________ by socially structured relationships and by culture.

3. In the past times such a type of organization ________ to accomplish large-scale tasks.

4. At the moment corruption and abuse of individual rights ________ by bureaucrats in Lebanon.

5. Efforts to reform the corporate bureaucracy _______ just ________ by competition from Japanese manufacturers.

Task 14. Put these nouns into two groups: A for individuals and B for groups of people.

company president warden parishioner inmate prisoner volunteer priest sales clerk garbage collector

A: company president B: sales clerk

Task 15. Study the table then change active sentence into passive one. Omit the agent where possible.

ACTIVE SUBJECT

The segmented organizational hierarchies discourage the innovation.

The innovation is discouraged with the segmented organizational hierarchies.

PASSIVE SUBJECT

AGENT

ACTION

1. Presently the less developed countries see this process as problematic.

_________________________________________________________

2. Many scientists recognized the advantage of this technique over others.

____________________________________________________________

3. By 2035 they will have completed the creation of integrated organizations with cultural and structural conditions.

_____________________________________________________________

4. Now corporations are choosing people whose personalities already fit the organizations' needs.

_____________________________________________________________

5. She will send her paper to the Organizing Committee tomorrow.

_____________________________________________________________

6. Cantor has never followed bureaucratic principles.

_____________________________________________________________

Task 16. Choose the right preposition by or with. Identify the Passive Voice Tense.

1. Their superiors must have known that the policy was being frustrated by/with the Soviet bureaucracy.

2. That is one of the conclusions reached by\with Erving Goffman in Asylums.

3. The strategic policy is represented in the model with\by four rules of primary-group loyalties.

4. The advantage of this technique over others was recognized with\by many sociologists.

5. In some countries modern standards of behaviour is characterized by\with particularistic standards.

6. The functional rationality is replaced with\by substantial rationality with\by bureaucracies.

Task 17. Complete the asterisked gaps in the chart below with words from the paragraphs indicated. Then fill in the other gaps.

PARAGRAPH	NOUN	ADJECTIVE	VERB
§ 1		*	differ
§ 2	*	active
§ 3	description		*
§ 4		*	remunerate
§ 5	*	collective
§ 6	identification		*
§ 7	*		execute
particularity	*
§ 8		decided	*
*		behave

Task 18. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first, using the word in bold. Use between two and five words.

1. Are we doing enough about professional and personal ethics? done

Is _______________ about professional and personal ethics?

2. Kohn created the study about bureaucrats. by

The study about bureaucrats _______________ Kohn.

3. I'm sure somebody will sort everything out soon. sorted

I'm sure everything _______________ soon.

4. Bureaucrats didn't respond to changing or extraordinary situations. by

Changing or extraordinary situations _______________ bureaucrats.

5. We can arrange a meeting for next week. arranged

A meeting _______________ for next week.

Task 19. Delete the extra word in these sentences. Then translate them into Ukrainian.

1. The answers are has given instantly upon demand.

2. Bureaucrats are those individuals who are often trapped with in closely supervised, routine jobs.

3. In this chapter detailed consideration is given by to functional rationality.

4. In deriving these statements no allowance was had made for control over larger social forces.

5. Mention may be made of with three types of power.

Task 20. Find at least five examples of Passive Voice in the text you have read.

v TRANSLATION

Task 21. Translate the following paragraph into Ukrainian, pay attention to the Passive Voice.

Task 22. Choose the best option to translate the sentences.

1. An important contribution was made to the study of this phenomenon.

A. Значну увагу було надано вивченню цього явища.

В. Відкриття цього явища зробило значний внесок в науку.

С.У вивчення цього явища було зроблено важливий внесок.

2. In the following notice is chiefly taken of the former point.

A. Надалі увагу буде приділено, головним чином, першому питанню.

В. Наступне зауваження, головним чином, стосується попереднього питання.

С. В подальшому увагу слід приділити формуванню точки зору.

3. Bureaucracies concentrate great power, which can be used for either benevolent or destructive purposes.

A. Бюрократія сконцентрувала головну силу як на благодійній, так і на руйнівній цілі.

В. Бюрократи мають велику силу, яка може бути використана як з благодійною, так і руйнівною метою.

C. Бюрократи мають велику силу, яка використовується філантропами з деструктивною метою.

4. Значно менше було написано про небезпеки і проблеми бюрократичної "залізної клітки".

A. Considerably less was written about the dangers and problems of the bureaucratic "iron cage".

B. Considerably mess was written about the dangers and solutions of the bureaucratic "iron cage".

C. A little bit was written on the dangers and issues of the bureaucratic "iron box".

5. Важливе завдання постане перед соціологічним творчим потенціалом в майбутньому.

A. An important task will been posed for the sociological imagination in future.

B. An important challenge will have been posed by the sociological potential in future.

C. An important challenge will be posed for the sociological imagination in future.

6. На дослідження Кона часто посилаються у спеціальній літературі.

A. Kon study is often cited in specialized literature.

B.Kohn's study is often referred to in special literature.

C. Kohn's research is often referred by in special literature.

v WRITING

Task 23. Think about the types of power, which are used in Ukraine by different organizations. Write five sentences. Then find out about your partner.

Task 24. Read the paragraph about the economic theory and analyze it.