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Нажимая кнопку "Продолжить", я принимаю политику конфиденциальности

“КИЇВСЬКИЙ ПОЛІТЕХНІЧНИЙ ІНСТИТУТ”

 

СІМКОВА І. О., МАЛЬЦЕВА І. В., МОРМУЛЬ О. О.

 

 

АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА ДЛЯ НАУКОВЦІВ

Навчальний посібник для студентів ОКР "магістр" гуманітарних спеціальностей

(адміністративний менеджмент і соціологія)

 

 

Рекомендовано Методичною радою НТУУ «КПІ»

 

Київ - 2014

 

 

УДК 811.111 (075.8)

ББК 81.2АНГ-924

С 14

Рекомендовано Методичною радою Національного технічного університету України "Київський політехнічний інститут"

(протокол № ___від __ ___________ 2014 року)

 

Рецензенти: О. М. Акмалдінова, кандидат філол. наук, проф., Національний авіаційний університет;

Н.М. Духаніна,кандидат пед. наук, доцент, Національний технічний університет України "КПІ";

О.А. Коваль,кандидат філософ. наук,доцент, Національний технічний університет України "КПІ";

Я.С. Грищенко,кандидат філол. наук, Національний технічний університет України "КПІ";

 

Відповідальний редактор : канд..пед. наук, професор, Національний технічний університет України "КПІ";

Саєнко Н.С.

 

Загальна редакція – Сімкова І. О.

Колектив авторів – Сімкова І. О., Мальцева І. В, Мормуль О. О.

Англійська мова для науковців [Електронний ресурс]: Навчальний посібник для студентів ОКР "магістр" гуманітарних спеціальностей (8.18010018 "Адміністративний менеджмент", 8.03010101 "Соціологія"): /

І.О. Сімкова, І.В. Мальцева, О.О. Мормуль. – К.: НТУУ "КПІ", 2014. – 276 с.

 

 

Посібник призначено для навчання англійської мови для науковців, орієнтовано на студентів гуманітарних спеціальностей рівня володіння англійською мовою С1 за Загальноєвропейськими Рекомендаціям з мовної освіти і може бути використано для навчання студентів гуманітарних спеціальностей (адміністративний менеджмент і соціологія) у вищих навчальних закладах і на старших курсах факультетів соціології.

Посібник включає практичні завдання для аудиторної роботи та навчальні матеріали для самостійної роботи студентів, актуальні статті та тексти, глосарій і граматичний довідник, завдання для розвитку стратегій, необхідних студентам для ефективної участі у ситуаціях академічного та професійного спілкування.

 

CONTENTS

PAGE

МЕТА НАВЧАННЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ СТУДЕНТІВ ГУМАНІТАРНИХ СПЕЦІАЛЬНОСТЕЙ
UNIT 1	THE PROMISE OF SOCIOLOGY
UNIT 2	THE USES OF SOCIOLOGY
UNIT 3	THE INDIVIDUAL IN THE ORGANIZATION
UNIT 4	SOCIAL INEQUALITY. ECONOMIC EXPLANATION
UNIT 5	TIME, WORK AND LEISURE
UNIT 6	SOCIAL CHANGE AND SOCIAL CONFLICT
UNIT 7	EDUCATION
UNIT 8	CAPITALISM AND SOCIALISM
UNIT 9	SOCIETY AND HEALTH
UNIT 10	THE HIDDEN CURRICULUM
UNIT 11	FAMILY
UNIT 12	THE SEXES: MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY
UNIT 13	SOCIAL CONTROL
	KEY LANGUAGE
	GRAMMAR REFERENCE
	KEYS
	СПИСОК ВИКОРИСТАНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ

 

 

МЕТА НАВЧАННЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ СТУДЕНТІВ ГУМАНІТАРНИХ СПЕЦІАЛЬНОСТЕЙ

Основна мета навчання англійської мови студентів гуманітарних спеціальностей на V курсі полягає в тому, щоб допомогти студентам удосконалити навички і вміння іншомовної комунікативної компетентності для адекватної поведінки в реальних ситуаціях академічного та професійного життя.

Згідно з вимогами робочої навчальної програми кредитного модуля «Іноземна мова для науковців 1» цей навчальний посібник укладено відповідно до професійних потреб студентів, щоб надати їм можливість розвинути іншомовну комунікативну компетентність і стратегії, які необхідні їм для ефективної участі в процесі навчання, майбутній професійній діяльності та в тих ситуаціях професійного спілкування, в яких вони можуть опинитися.

Опрацювавши вищезгаданий начальний посібник, студенти ОКР «магістр» гуманітарних спеціальностей зможуть розширити знання термінології, характерної для основних сфер соціології, розвинути навички і вміння читання професійних текстів, академічного письма, професійно орієнтованого діалогічного та монологічного мовлення, аудіювання, а також навички і вміння роботи з граматичним матеріалом та лексикою за фахом.

Згідно з навчальною програмою «Іноземна мова професійного спрямування (поглиблено) для магістрів» по закінченню V курсу студенти гуманітарних спеціальностей мають РВМ С1 (стандартні вимоги на здобуття ступеня магістра), що передбачає володіння на відповідному рівні чотирма видами мовленнєвої діяльності. Наприклад, для читання це означає, що студенти можуть:

ü розуміти широкий спектр досить складних та об’ємних текстів і розпізнавати їх імпліцитне значення;

ü розуміти головні ідеї та знаходити необхідну інформацію в неадаптованій літературі за фахом;

ü здійснювати ознайомче читання неадаптованих текстів для отримання інформації;

ü здійснювати вивчаюче читання з метою поповнення термінологічного тезаурусу.

Для писемного мовлення це означає, що студенти можуть:

ü писати анотації до неадаптованих тексів за фахом;

ü складати тексти презентацій, використовуючи автентичні наукові матеріали за фахом;

ü заповнювати бланки для академічних та професійних цілей з високим ступенем граматичної коректності.

У процесі діалогічного мовлення студенти повинні вміти ефективно і гнучко користуватись іноземною мовою у суспільному житті, навчанні та з професійними цілями; виконувати широку низку мовленнєвих функцій тощо.

Саме тому, матеріали цього посібника включають автентичні тексти аналітичного й описового характеру з американської та британської фахової літератури, а також завдання спрямовані на розвиток різних видів мовленнєвої діяльності. Таким чином, навчальне видання не тільки дає змогу студентам підвищити рівень володіння англійською мовою, але робить внесок у їхній професійний розвиток, допомагаючи студентам працювати з автентичними професійними джерелами в бібліотеці, більш ефективно й академічно грамотно підходити до написання анотацій та інших науково-дослідних текстів.

 

UNIT 1

THE PROMISE OF SOCIOLOGY

v SPEAKING

Task 1. Discuss these questions with a partner.

Ø How do you understand the statement “the promise of sociology”?

Ø How do you think who are "dissatisfied animals"?

Ø How can you explain the Socrates' statement that "the unexam­ined life is not worth living"?

 

v STUDY SKILLS

Task 2. Do this questionnaire to find out your learning style. Give each statement a mark out of 5 (5 = Yes, a lot / easily, etc. 1 = No / Not at all, etc.). Then turn to page 18 to read the analysis of your answers and tips to improve your learning.

WHAT’S YOUR LEARNING STYLE?

 

1. Can you remember the picture on the cover of this book?

2. Do you find it easy to understand charts and diagrams?

3. To remember the spelling of a word, do you write it down several times?

4. Can you find mistakes in your own writing?

5. Are you good at using maps?

6. Have you got a good memory for people's faces?

7. When you get a new piece of equipment (e.g. a DVD player), do you read the instruction book carefully?

8. When you were a child, did you enjoy reading books in your free time?

 

 

9. Do you enjoy discussions about the subjects you are studying?

10. Do you enjoy listening to lectures and talks?

11. To remember the spelling of a word, do you say the letters aloud?

12. Is it difficult for you to study in a noisy place?

13. Do you enjoy listening to books on CD?

14. When you think of a phone number, do you hear the numbers in your head?

15. When people tell you their names, do you remember them easily?

16. When you were a child, did you like listening to stories?

 

 

17. Do you learn best by doing things rather than reading about them?

18. Do you like doing experiments (e.g. in a laboratory)?

19. Do you enjoy role-plays?

20. Is it difficult for you to study when there are many things happening around you?

21. Do you move your hands a lot when you're talking?

22. When you get a new piece of equipment (e.g. a DVD player), do you ignore the instruction book?

23. In your free time, do you like doing things with your hands (e.g. painting)?

24. When you were a child, did you do a lot of physical activity in your free time?

v LISTENING

Task 3. Charles Robinson lectures at major business conferences throughout the world on how to use email effectively. Listen to him talk about the advantages of email and complete the sentences.

EMAIL:

1. Is ____________ and ____________than snail mail.

2. Is less ____________than a phone call.

3. Is less ____________ to use than a fax.

4. Means that differences in ____________ and __________ are less an obstacle to infromation.

5. Leads to more ____________ structures.

v READING

Task 4. Read the text about the main concepts of sociology. Write down two interesting things you remember. Compare your notes with other students.

SOCIOLOGY REINTERPRETED

Human beings are the only animals able to re­flect upon their behaviour. While other creatures are imprisoned in the immediate present, men and women alone have the capacity to think about the past, to judge their own conduct, and to plan for the future. This capacity for reflec­tion has made human beings into what philoso­phers have called "dissatisfied animals". When they find their own behaviour wanting, people think about self-improvement. When they are dissatisfied with the world as it is, they try to change it.

Human beings not only can think back and plan ahead but are uniquely able to change themselves and the world in which they live. Nature controls nearly all the behaviour of other animals, but people have generally been able to dominate nature and overcome many of its con­straints. Besides being able to change their own behaviour and transform their natural environ­ment, human beings are also capable of chang­ing their human environment – that is, the society in which they live. Without the sting of reflection and the urge to make new social arrangements, men and women would still be living in caves.

The urge toward self-knowledge is at least as old as Socrates' statement that "the unexam­ined life is not worth living." Sociology has a much shorter history than philosophical reflec­tion, but it is part of the same human quest for self-understanding and self-improvement. Modern sociologists are aware of the human capacity to transform the world, but they also recognize the constraints, both natural and hu­man, that stand in the way of deliberate social change. Twentieth-century men and women know that there are limits to the earth's natural resources, and they are constantly reminded of the restraints on human action imposed by other human beings. The imprisonment of So­viet dissidents is only one example of how easily powerful groups can thwart even small efforts at social reform. Sociologists are interested not only in the willful controls placed on human behaviour, but also in the im­personal limits imposed by culture and social structure.

Although human actors usually have a choice of actions to take, the decision is always between structured alternatives, and not a choice of any conceivable alternative. Our so­cial bonds literally bind us in a culture, or to the web of customs and beliefs in which we have been raised. Other bonds enmesh us in a social structure of groups and organizations extending from our closest friends and family to distant institutions that affect us in ways we barely no­tice. When we choose to act, we are knowingly or unknowingly guided by the patterns of behaviour already laid down for us.

The promise of sociology lies in its contin­uation of the age-old effort to understand the human species. Comte’s motto – “to know in order to predict and to predict in order to control” – is still the task of the sociological enterprise. If the message of sociology is that human beings are to a great extent products of their social environment, the promise of sociology is that we can change that environment and thus free ourselves to creat a better world.

V VOCABULARY

 

Task 5. Chose the best headline A-Е for each paragraph 1-5 (All the headlines will be used).

A	Will to live	Paragraph 1
B	Social norms	Paragraph 2
C	Main tasks	Paragraph 3
D	Gift of reflec­tion	Paragraph 4
E	The scope of interests	Paragraph 5

 

Task 6. Match the column A with column B.

	A		B
	immediate	A	долати обмеження
	Wanting	B	Зважений
	to overcome con­straints	C	Потреба
	an arrangement	D	накладати обмеження
	an urge	E	Негідний
	a sting	F	Можливий
	Deliberate	G	сильне бажання
	to impose	H	утримувати, заплутатися
	Conceivable	I	безпосередній
	to enmesh	J	Правило

Task 7. Fill in the correct words from the previous exercise into the gaps below (not all words are needed).

1. Two con­clusions follow from this sociological argu­ment: human behaviour will change when social conditions change, and social condi­tions can be changed through ____________ action.

2. Sociologists also try to find the reason of ____________ problem.

3. Since human behaviour is affected by social structures, much of it is best explained not in terms of individual personality but as products of social ____________.

4. Ego­istic suicides are likely to occur when peo­ple become ____________ in the bonds that tie them to others.

5. The ____________to live be guided by socially struc­tured relationships and by culture, the be­liefs and ideas that characterize a society's way of life.

Task 8. Fill in the correct word from the box into the gaps below.

imagination affects emergent reality social networks interactions struggle behaviour latent functions assumptions

1. Sociology is the study of society – of the patterned ____________ among organized groups of people.

2. The sociological ____________ enables us to see the personal troubles of individuals as the results of impersonal social forces.

3. A social structure is an____________: the relationship among its members, not the nature of individual members, makes the structure what it is.

4. Specifi­cally, he showed that the rate of suicide is affected by the strength or looseness of the ____________ to which people belong.

5. Much social behaviour has unintended consequences, or ____________, as well as intended conse­quences, or manifest functions.

6. The ____________ of conflict theory are based largely on Karl Marx's theory of class con­flict.

7. Social or ____________ is a term used to categorize people in society according to social economic and educational status.

8. Symbolic interactionism emphasizes how the meaning those individuals give to social events and ____________ the way they behave.

9. Marx declared that all history is the history of class ____________.

10. Weber aimed at interpretive understanding of social ____________.

Task 9. Are the following statements about the text true (T) or false (F)?

1.	People try to improve themselves in case of undue behaviour.	T / F
2.	We can face nowadays progress due to strong will of people to change the world.	T / F
3.	Culture and social structures impose limits on sociologists.	T / F
4.	Bonds usually enmesh people inside their families.	T / F
5.	The main task of sociology is to understand human behaviour.	T / F

Task 10. Now look again at the text and find words in the paragraphs 1-5, which mean the same as:

a) ability (1)

b) govern (2)

c) circumambiency (2)

d) mapping (3)

e) disturb (3)

f) mankind (4)

g) hardly (4)

h) attempt (5)

i) slogan (5)

Task 11. Rearrange the letters to form a word used in the text, then match the word to its definition.

	ogosicoyl		a one source of control over other people
	cpnetsoc		bdirecting behaviour toward one an­other
	urutcel		c shared expectations of how people should behave
	fecunenli		d a set of shared ideas, or the customs, beliefs, and knowledge that characterize a so­ciety's way of life
	ritaonicent		e the scientific study of the patterns of social interaction
	wlsa		f in a social science research study, the group of people being studied
	ornsm		g ideas that enable us to organize and in­terpret our experiences
	apiouponlt		hnorms that are enforced by the formal sanc­tions of the state

 

Task 12. Choose the best option to complete the sentences.

1. In paragraph 1 the "dissatisfied animals" are ____________

a) people who committed a suicide.

b) people who can change the world.

c) people who work hard for their future.

2. In paragraph 2 the phrase «nature controls nearly all the behaviour of other animals»suggests that people ____________

a) are not animals.

b) are dissatisfied animals.

c) can control nature.

3. In paragraph 3 the Socrates' statement "the unexam­ined life is not worth living" means that ____________

a) our life must be explored.

b) our life must be bright.

c) our life is the greatest value.

4. In paragraph 4 the expression "so­cial bonds" means ____________

a) social rules.

b) constraints – both natural and hu­man.

c) work and life inhibition.

5. In the final paragraph the statement "the promise of sociol­ogy" suggests that ____________

a. human beings can change the environment for the better.

b. human be­ings are to a large extent products of their social environment.

c. human be­ings in­fluence each other.

 

Task 13. Use the words from the right side to make the expressions with the words from the left side. Then translate them into Ukrainian.

human	Groups
social	Controls
philosophical	Arrangements
powerful	Alternative
willful	Beings
conceivable	Environment
social	reflec­tion

In this unit we make review of Tenses, for more information see Reference 1

GRAMMAR

Task 14. Fill in each gap with a suitable verb from the box, using the correct tense.

emphasize lack emerge change show

 

1. The sociological perspective ____________ us that people behave the way they do largely because of the social situations in which they find themselves.

2. Human behaviour ____________ when social conditions ____________

3. A few generalisations about this type of applications ____________ already___________.

4. Functional and structural analysis м the relationships of one part of society to other ones and to the social system as a whole.

5. Definite proof of that effect ____________ presently ____________ .

Task 15.Replace each word/phrase in bold with a suitable expression from the box.

 

look on pile up rule on be aware of look up

 

1. Social science accumulates the consequences of a social phenomenon.

________________________________________________________________

2. The leadership has decided to be disinterested spectators in this vital struggle.

________________________________________________________________

3. Do you know three major theoretical perspec­tives in sociology?

________________________________________________________________

4. Conflict theorists studythe processes aris­ing from the struggle of social actors to at­tain whatever they consider desirable.

_______________________________________________________________

5. In the modern era we can see a society divided between capitalists.

_______________________________________________________________

Task 16. Study the table, then underline the correct prepositions in the sentences below.

in time	вчасно (до речі);
on time	1) вчасно; 2) в назначений час;
out of time	несвоєчасно;
before time	1) передчасно; 2) завчасно;
at no time	ніколи;
in no time	1) моментально; 2) надзвичайно швидко;
for the time being	до певного часу;
at the same time	1) в той же самий час; 2) одночасно.

 

1. Arrange so that you get in\at time on scientific conference.
2. What may be done at\out any time, is done at\inno time.
3. The decision was made out of\for time.
4. They responded to the request in\before no time.
5. We take the value constant for\before the time being.
6. They rise the problem before\at time.

Task 17. There is an extra word in each of the sentences below. Check your knowledge of Present Tenses.

1. Some sociologists has believe that cultural ideas and social structures in­fluence each other.

2. These days social life is ulti­mately being depending on what people think and believe.

3. Erving Goffman has not been analyzed yet how people com­municate in that group.

4. Now social class plays a greater not lesser role in American life.

5. Ethnomethodology is studies of how people invent and convey shared meanings in everyday routines.

6. Anomic suicides are likely to occur during last periods of anomie.

7. There interpretation of Hegel's dialectic method is being clear.

8. A different approach to the problem is made due to Emile Durkheim.

Task 18. Complete the asterisked gaps in the chart below with words from the paragraphs indicated. Then fill in the other gaps.

PARAGRAPH	NOUN	ADJECTIVE	VERB
§ 1	*		behave
dissatisfaction	*
§ 2		Urgent	*
*		arrange
§ 3	nature	*
	Transformed	*
*		act
§ 4	conceivability	*
	Enmeshed	*
§ 5	*		continue
sociology	*

 

Task 19. Write down a suitable question for the following answers. Pay attention to the correct tense.

A How many ?

There are three major theoretical perspec­tives in sociology.

BWhen ?

We have discovered functional or dysfunctional social phenomena recently.

C Who ?

Now we are controlling the means of economic production.

D What.?

We have just finished phase one and are ready to start phase two.

Task 20. Rearrange these words to form sentences, and translate them into Ukrainian.

1. Philosopher / of / is / Auguste / founder / Comte/ The / sociology / the / eighteenth / century / and / French

2. is / term / unity / on / the / social / of / people / Durkheim's / different / with / for / backgrounds / solidarity / mutual / based / and / Organic / beliefs/ dependence

3. kinds / The / work / have / at / experiences / their / of / people / attitudes/
change / and / behavior / also

4. factors / that / identified / Kanter / personality / has / opportunity / power / relative / as / structural / affect / and / numbers / individual

5. sense / The / powerlessness / size / and / of / unprecedented / have/ contributed / to / depersonal­ization / societies / and / a / number / of / in / modern / bu­reaucracies

Task 21. Find at least five examples of Present, Past and Future Tense in the text you have read.

 

v TRANSLATION

Task 22. Translate the following paragraph into Ukrainian, pay attention to the correct tense/form.

Task 23. Choose the best option to translate the sentences.

1. The promise of sociol­ogy is that human beings can change that environment for the better.

A. Перспектива соціологічних досліджень полягає в тому, що люди можуть змінювати навколишній світ на краще.

В. Соціологія обіцяє людям змінити цей світ на краще.

С. Соціологія допомагає живим істотам змінювати світ розумно.

2. Truth is the summit of being; justice is the application of it to others.

A.Правда – це зібрання, справедливість – це визнання її іншими.

В. Істина – це вершина буття, справедливість – це визнання її по відношенню до інших.

С. Правда – це самотнє буття, справедливість – це його визнання.

3. There is a new point of view on the problem.

A. Існує нова точка зору для вирішення цієї проблеми.

В. Це нова точка зору з цієї проблеми.

C. З цього питання існує нова точка зору.

4. Суспільне життя не залежить від характеру людей.

А. The characteristics of individuals has a reality beyond the social life.

В. The social life has a reality beyond the characteristics of individuals.

С. The individuals has no characteristics for the social life.

5. Переконання та ідеї людей характеризують шлях життя суспільства.

A. The be­liefs and ideas of people characterize a society's way of life.

B.A society's way of life is characterize by beliefs and ideas.

C. The be­liefs and ideas of people regulate the way of society life.

6. За теорією Валлерштайна промислово розвинені країни експлуатують менш розвинені країни і утримують їх від модернізації.

A. According to Wallerstein the developed countries explore less developed countries and keep them from modernizing.

B. Wallerstein's theory states that industrialized nations exploit less developed countries and keep them from modernizing.

C. Wallerstein's theory states that industrialized nations explore less developed countries and push them to modernize.

v WRITING

Task 24. Think about the promise of sociology. What methods, approaches and ideas can you mention? Write five sentences. Then find out about your partner.

Task 25. Read several paragraphs about the sociology as a subject at high schools and analyze them.

 

 

 

1. Underline the topic sentence. Is it the first or second sentence?

___________________________

2. Is the first sentence indented?

___________________________

3. How many supporting sentences are there? Which are they?

___________________________

4. Circle the concluding sentence or clause.

Task 26. Write a small summary of the text Sociology reinterpreted (page 7) for about 10 sentences.

Begin with:

Have you used any expressions from the text in your summary? written 10 sentences? checked your spelling? checked punctuation and grammar?

CHECK YOUR WORK

ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRE

High scores in section A

You are probably a visual learner. Visual learners like to see information. A lot of learning in universities and colleges is visual learning because it involves reading.

Tips: Look again regularly at what you have learned. Write things down several times (e.g. summaries of important information from textbooks and lectures) and using your own words. Copy information from your lectures and textbooks onto the computer, then read the print-outs. Use different colours to organise and highlight information.

High scores in section B

You are probably an auditory learner. Auditory learners like to hear information. They understand best when they are listening or discussing.

Tips: If possible, record your lectures and listen to them later. Record things (e.g. your notes and textbook information) and listen to them later. Get information from radio programmes or sound files on the Internet. Say things aloud. Sing things to music you know. Study with other students and talk about what you're learning.

High scores in section C

You are probably a physicallearner. Physical learners remember best by moving around and touching things.

Tips: Put information on cards that you can move around or put on the walls of your home or room. When you study, walk around with your textbook or notes in your hand and read the information aloud. In lectures sit near the front of the room and take notes. Choose subjects where you can do practical work or research, e.g. interviews. Spend time 'in the field' (e.g. visiting a museum or working in an office).

All students

Have a look at the tips in the other sections – perhaps there is something there that can also help you.

UNIT 2

THE USES OF SOCIOLOGY

v SPEAKING

Task 1. Discuss these questions with a partner.

Ø Have you ever thought about the ethics of sociological researches?

Ø Are they important for our country? Why?

Ø What method would you use to study this so­cial group?

v STUDY SKILLS

In English-speaking cultures, being polite is very important; this particularly applies to communication in science. For example, such phrases as “I’m afraid”, “Well actually”, and “Unfortunately” are used to introduce something negative or make complaints. Not using such phrases can be seen as being too direct.

LET’S PLAY THE NO-NO GAME

PREPARE

Task 2. Write down eight false (but believable) statements about yourself, your job, your family, your interests, your company or your country. When you are ready, swap lists with a partner.

PLAY:Imagine the two of you are chatting at a conference or corporate event. Take it in turns to make wrong assumptions about each other using the lists as a starting point but adding remarks of your own if you can.

e.g. I hear you're based in Rotterdam.

I understand you're a keen golfer.

I believe your company's about to be involved in a merger.

I read somewhere that Madagscar will be joining the EU soon.

· Your objective is to get the other person to say 'no'. Their objective is the same. Use the expressions from the box below to help you avoid saying “no”.

· Whoever says “no” first loses.

 

Useful expressions • Not very. • Not really. • Not especially. • Not exactly. • Not yet. • Not any more. • Not at the moment. • Not as far as I know. • Actually, ... • As a matter of fact, ...

v READING

Task 3. Read the text about the ethics of research. Write down two interesting things you remember. Compare your notes with other students.

THE ETHICS OF RESEARCH

There are many ethical issues in sociological research. Perhaps the most controversial con­cerns the scientist's right to research and the subjects' rights to dignity, self-determination, and privacy. For Edward Shils, a leading sociologist, all social science must be disciplined by meticulous attention to the problem of privacy. He would rule out any "observations of private behaviour, however technically feasible, without the explicit and fully informed permission of the person to be observed."

Few would deny that social scientists can go too far in intruding on privacy. Can sociologists avoid encroaching on the rights of individuals and organizations? Following Shils, at least in principle, if all the conditions of informed con­sent – full information, a fair explanation and description of the methods, goals, benefits, and possible risks to subjects – have been fulfilled, then researchers may feel confident that the well-being of their subjects has been given sat­isfactory consideration.

But there are other questions not covered by the recommendations just listed. When re­search is sponsored by government agencies, for example, what are the investigators' respon­sibilities concerning how it is used? Must re­searchers worry about how special interests use or distort their findings? Or, if sociologists un­cover illegal practices when they study an orga­nization, do they have a social duty to report the matter? Sociologists must also be wary of cooptation when they work for the government as well as private organizations; it is difficult to resist assuming, over time, the viewpoint of their employers and grantors, or to deny per­mission for their research to be used to provide a scientific "gloss" for whatever policies an or­ganization wishes to implement. Too often so­ciologists as well as other researchers have been manipulated into endorsing the policy of an or­ganization that employs them.

Researchers must assume the responsibility for deciding when they have crossed beyond the bounds of ethics. To illustrate the issues sociologists must confront, let us consider the question of deception. In his observation of ho­mosexual activities in a public restroom, re­searcher Laud Humphries kept the identity of the participants secret but did not make clear to them at the time that they were subjects in a sociological study. Obviously, had he done so, it is doubtful that any assurances of anonymity could have persuaded them to cooperate. The real ethical issue in that research is not so much whether the researcher was justified in not dis­closing his purpose but whether this deliberate deception was itself morally proper.

In order to gain entry into the scene, Hum­phries posed as a "watchqueen" – a voyeur and lookout. Further, the researcher infringed upon their right to privacy. Most of the subjects did not want their sexual activities known and probably would have refused to participate in a research study. One commentator on such research ploys has observed that had the researcher been unable to keep secret the identities of his sub­jects, their careers could have been ruined, their families disrupted, and their mental health impaired. Quite apart from giving sociology a bad name, the use of deception in field work poisons the atmosphere of all social science re­search.

V VOCABULARY

 

Task 4. Chose the best headline A-Е for each paragraph 1-5 (All the headlines will be used).

A	The list of issues	Paragraph 1
B	The proper way for making research	Paragraph 2
C	Ask for permission	Paragraph 3
D	What happened when researcher encroaches on the privacy?	Paragraph 4
E	Feeling of confidence	Paragraph 5

Task 5. Match the column A with column B.

	A		В
	Controversial	A	ретельний
	a dignity	B	викривляти, спотворювати
	Meticulous	C	втручатися
	to encroach	D	споглядатий
	to distort	E	дискусійний
	a deception	F	хитрість
	to implement	G	навмисний
	Deliberate	H	брехня
	a watch-queen	I	гідність, почуття гідності
	aploy	J	впроваджувати

Task 6. Fill in the correct words (not all words are needed) from the previous exercise into the gaps below.

1. Sociologists ____________ this method to study the cultural values.

2. Sometimes sociological knowl­edge is based on generalizations made from the facts of observation, even with the help of____________.

3. Eugene Webb and his associates criticized ____________ research strategies.

4. They pro­posed the procedure, which ____________ the re­liability and validity of data.

5. Unfortunately, his ____________ ruined career and impaired mental health of the research subject.

Task 7. Put the points in the order in which they appear in the article.

A. Have your own opinion

B. Do not infringe the privacy

C. Make right decision

D. The feasible permission should be made

E. Work with organisations

F. Study the case

Task 8 Are the following statements about the text true (Т) or false (F)?

1.	We can observe private behaviour only after permission.	T / F
2.	Sociologists are always encroaching on the rights of individuals.	T / F
3.	Re­searchers worry when somebody distorts their findings.	T / F
4.	There are cases when researches cross beyond the bounds of ethics.	T / F
5.	Very often the subjects of experiment refuse to participate in the research study.	T / F

Task 9. Now look again at the text and find words in the paragraphs 1-5, which mean the same as:

a) possible (1) _______________________

b) a leave (1) _______________________

c) solitariness (2) _______________________

d) agreement (2) _______________________

e) information (3) _______________________

f) lustre (3) _______________________

g) to confirm (3) _______________________

h) guarantee (4) _______________________

i) to destroy (6) _______________________

Task 10. Complete these summary sentences with a word from the box.

findings validity proofs unobtrusive reliability

1. In an influential book first published in 1966, authors pro­posed additional procedures to improve the re­liability and _______________ of data.

2. It helps _______________ to be confidently generalized to populations beyond those immediately studied.

3. In particu­lar they recommended using such _______________ measures as public records and government doc­uments.

4. The researcher, however, cannot be sure of the authenticity and _______________ of memoirs, au­tobiographies, and even official documents.

5. Additional _______________ and tests, either for or against a hypothesis, make the conclusions surer and firmer.

Task 11 Rearrange the letters to form a word used in the unit, then match the word to its definition.

	Yresvu		a a personal identity that is shaped in relation to the expectations of others
	Xse		bthe behaviour expected of a person in a particular social position
	Lfes		c the technique of repeating a re­search study with different researchers and differ­ent subjects in order to minimize errors
	Espalm		d the biological fact of maleness or femaleness
	Orel		e in a social science research study, the group of people being studied
	Trelpciniao		f a poll of a sample of people whose re­sponses are likely to be representative of the population being studied
	Lonpuaotpi		g in a survey, to estimate the opinions and values of larger populations based on known data about a sample
	peltaoaxetr		hin a research study, a portion of a popula­tion under study

 

Task 12. Use the words from the right side to make the expressions with the words from the left side. Then translate them into Ukrainian.

technically	explanation
full	restroom
fair	feasible
sat­isfactory	interests
special	deception
public	consideration
deliberate	information

v GRAMMAR

In this unit we make review of Relative clauses, for more information see Reference 2

Task 13. Fill in each gap with a suitable relative pronoun from the list, pay attention to the type of relative clause.

whose when which who that

1. The scientific method consists of observing significant facts and finding the general laws _______________ gov­ern those facts.

2. Surveys are widely used _______________ sociologist wants to gather data on certain behaviours, opinions, or attitudes in a large population.

3. Robert K. Merton was the first _______________ referred to their work.

4. We know author William B. Sanders _______________ articles were first published in 1900.

5. In survey research individuals are asked questions through self-administered questionnaires _______________ are given to them.

Task 14. Replace each word/phrase in bold with a suitable expression from the box.

 

take in hang out for build upon think for put forward

 

 

1. Interviews and case histories offer research­ers methods of studying particular subjects more closely.

________________________________________________________________

2. In many cases, the experiences of individuals suppose insights into the behaviour of a group.

________________________________________________________________

3. Common sense approaches to problems are often inadequate because researches base on limited knowledge or on tradition.

________________________________________________________________

4. Sociological researchhas certain inherent problems.

________________________________________________________________

5. The study of human behaviour requires that scientists be especially vigilant in their concern for the rights and privacy of their subjects.

Task 15. Study the table then underline the correct relative pronoun in the sentences below.

WHO	for people
WHICH	for things
THAT	for people or things
WHOSE	for possession
WHEN	for a time
WHERE	for a place
WHY	for a reason

 

1. This question will be taken up in Chapter 6 why / where / when the laws of social behaviour will be discussed.

2. The only thing which / that / whose matters is purity of the discovering facts of social life.

3. Several treatments of this problem had been presented when / why / where we tested the cause-effect relationship between two variables.

4. The practical value of much social re­search lies in finding, which / that / whose is a widely known, and held beliefs about society.

5. No researcher can answer the question why / whose / that widely held beliefs about social behaviour are untrue, while some widely rejected beliefs are in fact true.

6. Sociologists when / who / whose apply this method study the cultural values of society.

Task 16. There is an extra word in each of the sentences below. Identify the type of relative clauses: defining or non-defining relative clause.

1. Field studies, which are include participant obser­vation, entail the researcher's getting into the natural setting of subjects.

2. The person who he used this method of research was my previous professor.

3. Charles Darwin, whose that statute stands outside the library, was born in Shrewsbury.

4. I got this information from that observation which you is sent me.

5. My favorite book is "The Use and Abuse ofSocial Science", which what my teacher used to cite to me.

6. There were people there, who they had come from Spain, Finland, Germany, lots of countries.

7. Today I meet person who when helps me with my sociological research.

8. In their search for social truth, researchers are often caught in the place where that Robert K. Merton has described as a quadruple bind.

Task 17. Complete the asterisked gaps in the chart below with words from the paragraphs indicated. Then fill the other gaps

PARAGRAPH	NOUN	ADJECTIVE	VERB
§ 1	*	determined
	*	privatize
§ 2	*	explanatory
fulfillment		*
§ 3	*		recommend
uncovering		*
§4		*	realize
§ 5	*	commentating
ruination		*

Task 18. Join the sentences. Use relative clauses and relative pronouns.

1. Science is a system of rational inquiry. The statement is supported by scientists.

______________________________________________________________

2. Robert K. Merton is famous scientist. He wrote "Notes on Problem-Finding in Sociology".

________________________________________________________________

3. These data sources should not be used in place of cur­rent procedures. Webb and his associates insist on.

________________________________________________________________

4. The social science investigators em­ployed procedures. They are very important.

________________________________________________________________

Task 19. Rearrange these proce­dures of scientific research in the right order, and translate them into Ukrainian.

	forming a hypothesis
	publishing the findings
	collecting the necessary data
	reviewing the literature
	interpreting the data
	selecting a topic
	choosing a research method

 

Task 20. Find at least five examples of relative clauses in the text you have read.

 

v TRANSLATION

Task 21. Translate the following paragraph into Ukrainian, pay attention to the correct tense.

Task 22. Choose the best option to translate the sentences.

1. The motives of the individuals who commit suicide determine the incidence of suicide in a society, but not its rate.

A. Мотиви осіб, які здійснюють самогубство, визначають частоту самогубств у суспільстві, а не його рівень.

В. Мотиви індивідів, які здійснюють самогубство, визначать частоту самогубств у суспільстві, а не його швидкість.

С. Мотивація людей, які здійснюють самогубство, визначена частотою самогубств у суспільстві, а не їх видом.

2. The few facts he mentioned were interesting and important.

A.Декілька фактів, які він вигадав, були цікави

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