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Non-state Educational Institution
Chelyabinsk Institute of Economics and Law
After M.V. Ladoshin
Faculty of Management, Finance and Law
THE THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE. THE MODERN TRENDS OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT
TERM PAPER
Performed by: Kichutkina N. N.
МЭ -305
Checked by: Salyakhova G. Kh.
Chelyabinsk
2007
Introduction
The traditional and most advanced form of the international economic relations is the foreign trade. On a share of trade it is necessary about 80 % of all volume of the international economic relations.
Theories of the international trade beginning from the English classical political economy, have passed a number of stages together with the development of the world economic science.
The chosen theme is actual as theories of the international trade benefit since they help to explain what competitive production it is possible to make in a particular country or region, where the company can organize effective manufacture of given products and whether the state will interfere with barter between the countries.
The basic purpose of this term paper is studying both theories revealing the principles of optimum participation of national economies in the international barter, and objective laws of development of the world trade, including Russia’s foreign trade.
The primary goals of this term paper are:
1. To consider what international specialization is the most effective and beneficial for the separate countries and regions.
2. To define the basic directions of commodity streams between the countries and factors of competitiveness of separate countries in the world market;
3. To analyse the role of Russia in the world trade.
Area of research of the international economic relations is theoretical problems of organizing foreing trade in Russia and abroad. Object of research is the external world.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the term paper are the of founders of the economic science, modern domestic and foreign scientists. However this theme is widely discussed in the periodic economic editions, such as « the Russian External Economic Bulletin », "Expert".
The practical importance of the term paper is s that its results can be used in the educational process while studying economic disciplines.
The term paper consists of the introduction, three chapters, the conclusion and the list of the literature. In the introduction the urgency of the chosen theme is proved, the purpose, problems, area and object of the research is defined, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical values of work are considered.
In chapterI « Theories of the international trade » classical and modern theories of the world trade are considered; in chapter II the concept of the world trade, and also the law of development of the international trade and the basic directions of the foreign trade streams between the countries; in chapter III the role of Russia in the international trade has been analysed. In the conclusion of the term paper the basic results of the carried out researches are stated, conclusions and practical recommendations are made.
Active participation of the countries in the foreign trade allows them to use resources available in the country more effectively, to join the world achievements of science and technology.
Chapter I. Theories of the international trade
Classical theories of the international trade
Theory of Hecksher - Olin
The new model has been created by the Swedish economists Ales Hecksher and Bertel Olin.
Theory has received the name of the theory of proportional factors.
The countries aspire to export that goods in which production they have superfluous factors of manufacture. And to import the goods in which scarce factors for the country are used.
They considered, that it is possible to induce the countries to development of manufacture and export of that production where superfluous and cheap factors of manufacture are used.
Leontiev’s Paradox
Vasily Leontiev an American economist. He investigated structure of export and import of the USA.
He has found out, that in export трудовое потребление goods prevailed, and in import prevailed capital-intensive. The theory has received the name «Leontiev’s paradox ».
V. Leontiev has assumed, that greater productivity of the American work is connected with higher qualification of the American workers.
So, V. Leontiev has found out, that the branches being successful exporters, possess higher labour input. And other branches colliding with a competition of the import goods, not so are successful.
Development of export
The Russian export in January – June, 2006 against January – June, 2005 has increased for 31,3 %. Thus total export has made 143 billion dollars. 84,1 % of a gain of export is received due to growth of contract prices.
Physical volumes of export have increased by 5,0 %. The average export prices have increased for 25,1 %.
The relation of commodity export to gross national product of Russia under the mid-annual exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation has made 41,5 %.
The export quota (a share of export in manufacture) has increased on oil, mineral oil, coal and has decreased on natural gas, a paper newspaper, automobile and to lorries.
The basic trading partners of Russia in export were Netherlands – 11,6 % (in 2005 -10,4 %), Germany – 8,6 (8,8), Italy – 8,8 (8), China – 5,1 (5,3), Turkey – 4,6 (4,4), Poland-3,5 (3,4), the USA – 2,9 % (2,8 %).
The structure of the basic export positions in comparison with the last year practically has not changed and includes the major energy carriers (oil, gas, mineral oil), base metals, jewels, a round wood.
In a fuel and energy complex cost the volume of export of fuel and energy resources has increased for 44,1 %.
The world prices for oil URALS in June, 2006 have made 469,3 dollars for one ton.
In a metallurgical complex cost the volume of export of production in the accounting period has increased for 3,3 %.
In a wood and pulp-and-paper complex in January - June, 2006 the standard item of wood and pulp-and-paper production has increased for 11,8 %.
In a chemical and petrochemical complex cost the volume of export of the basic goods in 2006 has increased for 15,4 %.
In a machine-building complex it has been put on a foreign market of machines, the equipment on 6889,2 million dollars.
Development of import
The Russian import January - June, 2006 has made 56,7 billion dollars and has increased for 33,2 % .The basic trading partners of Russia in import were Germany – 13,4 % (2005 – 13,4 %), Ukraine – 6,6 % (8,3), China – 7,9 % (6,2), Japan – 5,7 % (5,5), the USA – 4,6 (4,9), Italy – 4,1 % (4,3), South Korea – 5,7 % (3,2), France – 3,9 % (3,7), the Great Britain -2,7 % (2,9 %).
Growth of import was provided due to increase in physical volumes of import. In the accounting period the physical volume of import has grown on 28,3 %. The increase in import volumes promoted expansion of internal demand.
The increase in import volumes promoted expansion of internal demand. The real salary of one worker in June, 2006 has raised on 15,2 %, and a turn of retail trade on 13,7 %. In 2006 monetary incomes of the population have made 1417,8 billion roubles.
Real effective strengthening of rouble to foreign currencies in 2006 on 8,4 % promoted import. In the accounting period import of machines, the equipment and vehicles has increased for 48,6 % and has made 26196,4 million dollars.
So, the analysis of growth of the world trade of Russia has shown, that in export activity the volume of export has increased due to contract prices.
In import activity, on the contrary, in the accounting period of 85,1 % - due to physical volumes, and 14,9 % - due to a rise in prices. Really the economy of Russia has shown good rates of economic growth.
Conclusion
Development and complication of the international trade has found reflection in evolution of the theories explaining driving forces of this process. Traditional foreign trade theories are insufficient for an explanation of a modern international exchange of the goods, but they are base in theoretical researches of the western scientists and explain occurrence and an orientation of the world trade by the goods.
In modern conditions it is possible to analyse distinctions in the international specialization only on the basis of set of all key models of the international division of labour.
International trade influences economy of each country. All that is made in the country goes on export, and in volume of consumption the increasing role is played with import.
Theories revealing principles of optimum participation of national economies in the international barter and law of the world trade development, including the world trade of Russia are investigated.
The term paper can be used in educational process at studying economic disciplines.
List of literature
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2. Nosova S.S. Economic the theory. – М., 2004
3. Macroeconomic: the Theory and the Russian practice: the Textbook/ A.G.Graznovoi, N.N.Dumnoi. – М., 2004
4. The international economic relations: the Textbook for students of the high schools / V.A.Dergachev. - M., 2005.
5. The international economic relations: the textbook / A.I.Evdokimov – M.: publishing house the Prospectus, 2006.
6. The international economic relations: the textbook for high schools / V.E.Rybalkina, J.A.ShCherbanin, L.V.Baldin - М, 2004
7. The international economic relations: the Textbook / B.M.Smitienko. – M., 2005
8. The international economic relations: the textbook / I.P.Faminskogo – M., 2004
9. Economic: the Textbook / A.S.Bulatova. – M., 2002
10. Economic: introduction in foreign trade activities: the Manual for high schools / M.V. Elova, E.K.Muraveva, A.K.Shurkalina, N.S.Tsypinoi. – M., 2002
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12. Borodin K.G. theory of the international trade and a commercial policy // the Russian External Economic Bulletin. - 2006. - №1
13. Ivanov A.S. International trade in the goods in 2005 in conditions of increase of the prices for power resources // The Russian External Economic Bulletin. – 2006. - № 8
14. Clinov V. Modern tendency of mechanical engineering development // Questions of economy – 2006. - № 9
15. Kobrina I.A. Foreign trade of Russia in first half of 2006 // the Russian External Economic Bulletin. – 2006. - № 9
16. Obolensky V. Foreign trade of Russia // Economic and the International relations. – 2006. - № 1
17. Ponedelcko G. Export of the capital – the external economic phenomenon of Spain // Economic and the International relations. – 2006. - № 2
18. Shepelev S.V. Modern tendency in export of the individual capital from Russia // the Russian External Economic Bulletin. – 2006. - № 5
19. Russia and WTO // the Expert. – 2006. - № 43
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