The UNESCO has 193 member states and 6 associate members. The UNESCO headquarters are in Paris, France. Three bodies are responsible for policy-making, governance, and day-to-day administration at the UNESCO: The General Conference, The Executive Board and The Secretariat.

The Executive Board’s 58 members are elected by the General Conference for four-year terms. The Executive Board prepares the sessions of the General Conference and ensures that its instructions are carried out. It also discharges other specific mandates assigned to it by the General Conference.

The Secretariat consists of the Director-General and his staff and is responsible for the day-to-day running of the organisation.

The UNESCO implements its activities through the 5 programme areas: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and information.

The UNESCO is providing international leadership in creating learning societies with educational opportunities for all; it supports research in comparative education and provides expertise and fosters partnerships to strengthen national educational leadership and the capacity of countries to offer quality education for all. This includes: the International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) which is a centre for training and research to strengthen the capacity of countries to plan and manage their education systems, and Environmental Conservation organisation.

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic community of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Europe. It was established in 1993 by the Maastricht Treaty, adding new areas of policy to the existing European Community. With almost 500 million citizens, the EU combined generates an estimated 30% share of the world’s nominal gross domestic product. The EU has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws which apply in all member states, guaranteeing the freedom of movement of people, goods, services and capital. It maintains a common trade policy, agricultural and fisheries policies, and a regional development policy.

EU operation is a hybrid of intergovernmentalism and supranationalism. In certain areas it depends upon agreement between the member states. However, it also has supranational bodies, able to make decisions without the agreement of members. Important institutions and bodies of the EU include the European Commission, the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the European Court of Justice and the European Central Bank. EU citizens elect the Parliament every five years. The EU is based on a series of treaties which have built up the current structure by successive additions and amendments. The treaties define the broad policy goals of the organisation and establish institutions with the necessary legal powers to implement those goals, including the ability to enact legislation which can directly affect all member states and their inhabitants (the principle of ‘direct effect‘). National courts enforce the EU treaties and the laws enacted under them, as one of the conditions of membership. In case of a conflict when a law stemming from EU legislation conflicts with another national law, the EU law is considered to take precedence (the principle of ‘supremacy‘).

6. NATO. ASEAN.       [асиэн\

амер. |ˈneɪt̬oʊ| американское произношение слова nato брит. |ˈneɪtəʊ| британское произношение слова nato- НАТО,

The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) (also called the North Atlantic Alliance Североатлантический союз ) is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949. Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, the organisation constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. During most of the duration of the Cold War, NATO maintained a pattern with no actual military engagement as an organization. They also signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

In 1978, NATO countries officially defined two complementary aims of the Alliance, to maintain security and pursue détente. В 1978 страны-члены НАТО официально определили две дополнительных цели Союза, чтобы поддержать безопасность и преследовать разрядку. This was supposed to mean matching defenses at the level rendered necessary by the Warsaw Pact’s offensive capabilities without a further arms race.

The September 11 attacks caused NATO to invoke Article 5 of the NATO Charter for the first time in its history. The Article says that an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all. NATO determined that the attacks were indeed under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty. The official actions taken by NATO in response to the attacks included: naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general.

           Established in 1967, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) aims to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region and to promote regional peace and stability through the rule of law and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter. At the 13th ASEAN Summit in November 2007, the leaders signed the ASEAN Charter which provides a legal and institutional framework to support the realization of ASEAN’s objectives, including regional integration.

ASEAN comprises ten countries: Burma, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.

ASEAN has ten Dialogue Partners: Australia, Canada, China, EU, India, Japan, New Zealand, ROK, Russia and the United States. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) also has dialogue status. Australia became ASEAN’s first Dialogue Partner in 1974.

ASEAN holds annual Head of State/Government-level Summits towards the end of each year. The East Asia Summit (EAS) is also held at this time. ASEAN holds regular ministerial and senior officials’ meetings across a number of portfolios throughout the year. The main meetings involving the foreign ministers of ASEAN and its dialogue partners are the Post Ministerial Conferences (PMC), normally held in July, followed by the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). The focal point of the year for economic ministers is the ASEAN Economic Ministers’ Meetings (AEM), normally held in August. The AEM is attended by Economic Ministers of ASEAN and a number of dialogue partners.

The Chair of ASEAN is rotated among the ASEAN countries on an annual basis, and acts as host of the Summit and key ministerial meetings. Thailand is the current Chair of ASEAN.

The ASEAN Secretariat, based in Jakarta, Indonesia, coordinates, initiates and implements ASEAN activities. The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General of ASEAN, who is appointed for a five-year term and accorded ministerial status. Dr Surin Pitsuwan, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand, assumed the post of Secretary-General of ASEAN on 7 January 2008.

7. The OSCE. The OAS. [ əˈsiː ] OSCE – The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

The OSCE is an ad hoc organization under the United Nations Charter, and is concerned with early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation. Its 56 participating States are from Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia and North America and covers most of the northern hemisphere. It was created as an East-West forum.

Political direction to the Organization is given by heads of state or government during summits. Summits are not regular or scheduled but held as needed. The high-level decision-making body of the Organization is the Ministerial Council, which meets at the end of every year. At ambassadorial level the Permanent Council convenes weekly in Vienna and serves as the regular negotiating and decision-making body.

The actions taken by the OSCE in border monitoring, range from conflict prevention to post-conflict management. With its expertise in conflict prevention, crisis management and early warning, the OSCE contributes to world-wide efforts in combating terrorism. The OSCE works to prevent conflicts from arising and to facilitate lasting comprehensive political settlements for existing conflicts. It also helps with the process of rehabilitation in post-conflict areas. OSCE police operations are an integral part of the Organization’s efforts in conflict prevention and post-conflict rehabilitation.

Activities in the economic and environmental dimension include the monitoring of developments related to economic and environmental security in OSCE participating States, with the aim of preventing them from any threat of conflict.