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According to “Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary” the first definition for the word “engineer” is “a skilled person, who designs, builds or maintains engines, machines, bridges, railways, etc”. The importance of having skills in particular fields is proved by the fact that many of early branches of engineering were based mostly on empirical1 information.
Speaking about the engineering profession we can’t help noticing that it is one of the most ancient occupations in history. The first toolmakers2 who made arrows from rock were the forerunners3 of modern mechanical engineers. The craftsmen4 who discovered metals in the earth were the ancestors5 of mining and metallurgical engineers. And technicians who construct marvelous buildings of the ancient world were the civil engineers of their time.
But at present engineers usually make practical application of theoretical sciences. Nevertheless some principles, used by engineers in their work can be applied for solving everyday problems. For example, the methodical way which helps engineers to solve the problems can be useful in everyday life. This way includes five steps: 1) defining the problem; 2) designing a solution; 3) testing the solution; 4) evaluating the solution (if the solution isn’t right, the process is repeated; when a good solution is found, pass to the next step); 5) communicate the solution. Using this method, you can prepare for the test. And the five steps will be as follows: 1) the problem is to pass the test; 2) possible solution can be to study three hours every day; 3) testing the solution is to study for three hours every day and to take the test; 4) evaluation of the solution: if you’ve passed the test with a good mark, then the solution is good; if your mark is bad, then think of a better solution; 5) communicate the good solution, that is – tell your friends about your test- passing technique.
Summing up the information given above we can say that engineers work in many fields and the range of their activities is very wide. But to be a good specialist is not the same as to be a skilled person. You should have some features in your character which will form the basis for your future profession. You should enjoy creating and investigating things, solving problems, organizing activities. Also it would be good if you were interested in improving the environment. All those personal qualities together with good education will help you to get a deserved, interesting and well-paid job in engineering.
Notes :
1 empirical (adj) – эмпирический, т. е. основанный
на практическом опыте
2 toolmakers (n) – изготовители инструментов
3 forerunners of(to)… (n) – предшественники
4 craftsmen (n) [ˈkrα:ftsmən] – ремесленники, мастера, умельцы
специалисты
5 ancestors (n) [ˈænsstəz] – прародители, предки
2.3. Choose the right translation of the following words and word combinations from the text
1) skilled person a) умный работник,
b) квалифицированный человек,
с) талантливый человек,
d) незаменимый работник;
2) construct a building a) проектировать мост,
b) создавать проект,
с) разрабатывать план,
d) возводить сооружение;
3) practical application a) практическое применение,
b) особое применение,
с) практическая задача,
d) конкретный случай;
4) соmmunicate the a) найти решение проблемы,
solution b) рассказать о решении проблемы,
с) придумывать решение проблемы,
d) узнать о решении проблемы;
5) investigate a) изучать, b) создавать,
с) проектировать, d) знать.
2.4. Make up word combinations of the verbs and words given below; add the article where necessary. Translate them into Russian
communicate apply design evaluate define create improve
method building rule problem
construction data force conditions
discovery word opportunity information
2.5. Start the sentences expressing ideas from the text
1) …who designs, builds, maintains engines, machines, etc.
2) …were based mostly on empirical information.
3) …were ancestors of mining and mechanical engineers.
4) …can be applied for solving different problems.
5) …can prepare for test.
6) … then create a better solution.
7) …which will form a basis for your future profession.
8) …in improving the environment.
2.6. Choose any problem from the list below. Create a solution, using the way of five steps (methodical way)
1) You don’t know English, but in a year you must take the exam.
2) Your classes start at 8.30 and you are always late.
3) You must prepare for the lesson and you don’t know the home task.
4) You must translate the text for the next lesson, but you don’t have a dictionary or the text itself.
5) You’ve promised to call your friend and you forgot the phone
number.
2.7. Choose the necessary form of the Participle
1) (Communicating, communicated) the solution of the problem, he was smiling.
2) Who is that man (operating, operated) the machine?
3) The (preventing, prevented) accident was discussed at the meeting.
4) We looked at the construction (creating, created) by the famous architect.
5) Everything (designing, designed) was quite marvelous.
6) (Investigating, investigated) the object, he found some defects.
7) We are gong to show the (improving, improved) version of the project.
8) You should learn all the words (including, included) those in the text.
9) The equipment (manufacturing, manufactured) by the plant is very necessary for our research.
10) The woman (helping, helped) us is a civil engineer.
2.8. Now you study at NSTU and in some years you’ll be a qualified specialist. You’ve chosen one out of eleven faculties. What do you know about your faculty?
Fill in the following table.
| What I know about my faculty | What I want to know about my faculty |
| 1... 2... 3... | 1... 2... 3... |
2.8.1. Find (consulting the Internet, manuals or other sources) the answers for the following questions. (If you’ve already answered them in the table, then check your answers.) You can also find the facts you were interested in
1) What is the name of the faculty?
2) What is the date of foundation of the faculty?
3) What are the most interesting and important facts in its history?
4) Who is the dean of the faculty?
5) What is the number of the students studying at the faculty?
6) How many departments does the faculty have? Name them.
7) What are the entrance exams?
8) What specialities can one choose entering the faculty? Which one have you chosen (are going to chose)?
9) What is the structure of the course? What sciences and how long do you need to study for getting the degrees of Bachelor, Engineer, Master of Science?
10) How many years of foreign language study does the curriculum imply?
11) Does the faculty support the best students? In what way?
12) What postgraduate program is offered at the faculty?
2.8.2. Using all the found information about the faculty, prepare a presentation of your faculty and speciality. You can do it in groups, in pairs or individually
2.9. Choose one of the following themes and write a composition (120-150 words)
1) Engineering investigates, creates, and improves.
2) My present study and my future profession.
3) The right person to the right job.
4) Famous people graduated from NSTU.
Unit 3. The 21st Century Engineer
3.1. Read and study the new words on the topic
| astute (adj) | [əˈstju:t] | проницательный |
| breakthrough (n) | [ˈbreıkθru:] | прорыв |
| current (adj) | [ˈkʌrənt ] | современный, текущий |
| cognitive( adj) | [ˈkɒgnitıv ] | познавательный |
| device (n) | [dɪˈvaıs] | устройство |
| define (v) = determine (v) | [dɪˈfaın ] [dɪˈtɜːmɪn] | определять |
| embrace (v) | [ımˈbreıs] | объять, охватить |
| emerge (v) | [ıˈmɜːdʒ ] | возникать |
| enable (v) | [ɪˈneıbl ] | давать возможность, приспосабливать |
| enterprise (adj) | [ˈentəpraız ] | здесь предприимчивый |
| force (n) | [ˈfɔːs ] | сила |
| handle (v) | [ˈhændl ] | 1) делать что-либо руками 2) управлять, регулировать |
| innovate (v) | [ˈınəveıt ] | вводить новшество |
3.2. Read these international words and guess their meaning
| architecture | [ˈɑːkɪtekt∫ə] | manipulate | [məˈnıpju:leıt] |
| equivalent | [ɪˈkwɪvələnt] | innovation | [ˌınəˈveɪ∫n] |
| protein | [ˈprəʊti:n] | chaos | [keıɒs] |
| molecular | [ˈməʊ lıkjulə] | silicon | [ˈsılıkən] |
| molecule | [ˈmɒlɪkju:l] | system | [ˈsıstəm] |
| millisecond | [ˈmɪlıˌsekənd] |
3.3. Match the adjectives in A with the definitions in B
A B
сapable good at learning
flexible can think of new and interesting ideas
complex introducing new things, ideas, ways of doing
intelligent made up of many different parts
innovative having the ability necessary for smth.
imaginative can bend easily without breaking
cognitive letting to acquire knowledge
3.4. Complete the table. Use a dictionary if necessary
| Adjective | Noun |
| capable | |
| flexible | |
| complex | |
| intelligent | |
| innovative | |
| imaginative | imagination |
| cognitive |
3.5. Add suffix er/or to the following verbs to make nouns (with the meaning of performer of the action).Translate them
e.g. : perform-performer
enable- handle-
construct- invent
innovate- translate-
make- write-
manufacture-
3.6. Discuss in pairs and give a definition for the word innovation.
3.7. Modern engineers have to deal with a lot of technological innovations. Make a list of the innovations you know
– nanotechnology
–
–
–
3.8. Work in groups. Discuss the qualities a 21st century engineer should possess to use new technologies
3.9. Compare your description with that given by J. Bordogna. Agree or disagree
“21st century engineers will need to be astute makers, trusted innovators, enterprise enablers, technology stewards, and knowledge handlers.”
(Joseph Bordogna, U.S.National Science Foundation)
3.10. Read the summary of his article and fill in the gaps with the words:
defines, technical and scientific skills, hundreds of processors, consists of, be able to reduce, human-made devices, store the equivalent of, trying to mix
What does a 21st century engineer need to know? Let’s consider some of the new capabilities that are shaping the future of engineering – terascale, nanoscale, complexity, cognition and holism. Science and technology are transforming forces, that’s why these emerging fields will expand our capabilities as engineers and innovators.
In the past our system architectures could handle….... . Now we are working with systems of 10000 processors. On current systems the simulation of a millisecond of protein folding requires 2 months. With new terascale systems1 we may ……this time.
Nanostructures2 combine the smallest of……. and the large molecules of living systems. This technology lets manipulate a molecule at a time. It could lead to amazing breakthrough, e.g. U.S. Library of Congress in a device we could wear.
If we look at science and engineering, complexity can be met in many disciplines and in the most unexpected places. Researchers are……. polymers and silicon, because plastics are chaotic chains3 while silicon……… orderly crystals. The resulting electronic device would have marvelous flexibility and be less expensive.
The dictionary……. cognition as “the mental process or facility by which knowledge is acquired”. It is the knowledge, methods, tools that lead us to cognitive revolution which can reduce the influence of the information revolution.
According to the dictionary holism is “the concept that entity4 is greater than the sum of its parts». Modern engineer should be able to see connections of seemingly different components and integrate them.
Taken together this means that the 21st century engineer will need more than… . He will need to embrace complex systems and the issues they present.
Notes :
1 системы, работающие в масштабе 1012
2 системы, работающие в масштабе 10–9
3 хаотичные цепи
4 Здесь: целое
3.11. Find in the text the opposites of the following words and word combinations
orderly
simple systems
sum of its part
at present
similar components
3.12. Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the text
1) Nanotechnology is one of the promising fields that will change the future.
2) The new device will have wonderful elasticity.
3) Silicon is comprised of orderly crystals.
4) Cognitive revolution can minimize the impact of the information revolution.
5) Some of the new capabilities are determining the future of engineering.
3.13. Give the translation of the following phrases, using the text
· современные системы
· белковая свертка
· устройство, созданное человеком
· удивительный прорыв
· упорядоченные кристаллы
· прекрасная гибкость
· кажущиеся несовместимыми компоненты
3.14. Match a verb and a noun to make phrases
1) to acquire a) the future
2) to expand b) capabilities
3) to shape c) a variety of processors
4) to handle d) knowledge
5) to require e) much time
3.15. Use these word combinations in the sentences of your own
3.16. Make up a description of the ideal 21st century engineer
· personal qualities he should possess
· knowledge he should acquire
Дата: 2019-03-05, просмотров: 122.