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Cohabitation is an arrangement where two people who are not married live together. They often involve a romantic or sexually intimate relationship on a long-term or permanent basis.
Homosexuality, also in a narrower sense - homosexuality - the preference of representatives of their own sex as an object of love relationships, erotic attraction and / or sexual partnerHalf a century ago, the word “gay” in English meant simply “cheerful, carefree”, but now it is no longer used in this sense. In the 17th century England, the word “gay” meant a frivolous rake, and then meant a prostitute. In the 1920–1930s, the first recorded uses of the word “gay” appeared in England and the USA, which can be understood as a hint of homosexuality.Sociologist Eduard Sagarin, in his book “The Homosexual in America: A Subjective Approach,” states that “already in the 1930s, it was the most frequently used name among homosexuals themselves”
Gay - homosexual men who are attracted to people of the same sex.
Lesbians are homosexual women who are attracted to people of their own sex.
A civil union is a legalized form of partnership, much like a marriage. In some states, civil partnerships can enter into both same-sex and heterosexual couples. The first law on the possibility of entering into civil unions was adopted in 1989 in Denmark. The purpose of this decision was to ensure the legal recognition of same-sex couples and the provision of rights, advantages and obligations to them, in many respects similar to the marriage.
Loneliness is about everyone. It overtakes someone in the circle of a loving family, someone else as a child, when mother stayed at work, and someone, when no one came to help. We are all afraid of a lonely old age, we are afraid not to find a partner with whom we can meet her. Each of us comes into this world alone, alone and leaves, we will never reach maximum proximity with anyone. The famous American psychiatrist Irvin Yalom divided the fear of loneliness into three types: interpersonal, intrapersonal and existential.
28. Theoretical perspectives on families and relationships (Functionalism, feminist approaches, etc.).
When considering the role of family in society, functionalists uphold the notion that families are an important social institution and that they play a key role in stabilizing society. They also note that family members take on status roles in a marriage or family. The family—and its members—perform certain functions that facilitate the prosperity and development of society. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, a “good father,” for example, was one who worked hard to provided financial security for his children. Today, a “good father” is one who takes the time outside of work to promote his children’s emotional well-being, social skills, and intellectual growth—in some ways, a much more daunting task. Feminism has revolutionized the family field. In the four decades since feminist scholars introduced a gendered understanding of family life, the field has absorbed feminist influences. Feminist concepts and investigative strategies have produced new descriptions of family experience, conceptualized family forms and family processes in new ways, and identified new topics for investigation.
29. The family in Kazakhstan and other post-communist states in Central Asia at the present stage.
After gaining independence in 1991, Kazakhstan could not immediately get rid of Soviet education. All this was fixed not only in politics or economics, but also in families. The traditions and values of families in our time are gradually changing. This is due to the fact that every year new families are created.
In Kazakhstan, since 2013, September is the day of the Family. In general, the number of marriages in the country is growing, moreover, experts say that young people began to approach the issue of creating a family more consciously.
30. The sociology of the body, science, technology and human beings.
In addition to M. Foucault, G. Simmel, J. Baudrillard, N. Elias, M. Moss, W. Sumner, I. Goffman, P. Bourdieu, R. Murphy, and others contributed to the development of sociology of the body. G. Simmel sociology of space was based on the human physicality. In the classic work The Excursion on the Sociology of the Senses (1923), Georg Simmel describes not only sight and hearing, but also the phenomenon of sensual intimacy. Social space is first of all the space of bodies, in which there are territorial proximity and remoteness of people in relation to each other, the ability of people to perceive the bodily presence of others and themselves through the senses.
the body is a means of communication through which people transmit a large amount of information about themselves to others in order to stimulate their behavior in one direction or another. With the help of his body, a person presents himself to the world both directly and with the help of images of the whole body or its part. To meet this need, portrait painting has evolved, and then a huge industry of photo, film, video services and goods.
Sociology of technology is a relatively new area research with a poorly defined subject field and instrumental means, with not identified features of its genesis itself, as well as the object of its research.
Sociology can be defined as the study of human beings as social animals, it is a scientific study of social phenomenon, human interaction and culture, and it attempts to explain the social worlds of individuals and groups and how they interact.
SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE - a special sociological discipline that studies the social aspects of activities aimed at obtaining new scientific knowledge and identifying ways of its practical use, as well as science in its relations with society. The sociology of science as a sociological discipline took shape in the post-war period in the United States and several Western European countries. The emergence of national sociology of science contributed to the emergence of science as a comprehensive study of science. Studies were conducted in Moscow, Leningrad, Rostov-on-Don, Novosibirsk, Kiev, Minsk.
31. The sociology of health and illness and the socialisation of nature.
The sociology of health and illness, alternatively the sociology of health and wellness (or simply health sociology), examines the interaction between society and health. The objective of this topic is to see how social life affects morbidity and mortality rate, and vice versa. This aspect of sociology differs from medical sociology in that this branch of sociology discusses health and illness in relation to social institutions such as family, employment, and school.
The sociology of health and illness covers sociological pathology (causes of disease and illness), reasons for seeking particular types of medical aid, and patient compliance or noncompliance with medical regimes.
Health, or lack of health, was once merely attributed to biological or natural conditions. Sociologists have demonstrated that the spread of diseases is heavily influenced by the socioeconomic status of individuals, ethnic traditions or beliefs, and other cultural factors. Where medical research might gather statistics on a disease, a sociological perspective on an illness would provide insight on what external factors caused the demographics who contracted the disease to become ill.
This topic requires a global approach of analysis because the influence of societal factors varies throughout the world. This will be demonstrated through discussion of the major diseases of each continent. These diseases are sociologically examined and compared based on the traditional medicine, economics, religion, and culture that is specific to each region. HIV/AIDS serves as a common basis of comparison among regions. Sociological factors can help to explain why these discrepancies exist.
"Socialization of nature" is of interest. It very thoroughly shows the illegality of purely technical approaches to the environmental problem, reveals the social essence of environmental management problems; at the same time, the deterioration of the natural environment is associated with the uncontrolled action of a private owner.
32. The rise of the biomedical model of health and its (three) main assumptions.
Biomedicine, also called theoretical medicine, is a section of medicine that, from a theoretical perspective, studies the human body, its structure and function in normal and pathological conditions, pathological conditions, methods for their diagnosis, correction and treatment
33. Eugenics as the attempt to genetically 'improve' the human race through 'good breeding'.In Sparta, children recognized as inferior were thrown into the abyss by various criteria.
Some of the most brutal eugenic laws existed in North Carolina. For example, sterilization was done automatically by all people whose IQ was below 70. Sterilization among the poor was also encouraged - even $ 200 was paid for this operation.
Eugenics was widely popular in the first decades of the 20th century, but later became associated with Nazi Germany, which caused her reputation to suffer significantly. In the post-war period, eugenics began to be viewed in academic circles as the theoretical basis for the crimes of Nazism, such as the practice of racial hygiene, Nazi experiments on people and the destruction of "undesirable" social groups. And only individual scholars, such as Hans Gunter, continued to draw public attention to the exacerbation of social problems diagnosed by eugenics during its heyday.
34. The Social Basis of Health and social epidemiology.
Social epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology that focuses particularly on the effects of social-structural factors on states of health. Social epidemiology assumes that the distribution of advantages and disadvantages in a society reflects the distribution of health and disease. It proposes to identify societal characteristics that affect the pattern of disease and health distribution in a society and to understand its mechanisms. The central and initial question of social epidemiology to be answered is what effect do social factors have on individual and population health. However, the new focus on this theme using current epidemiological methods is a relatively recent phenomenon. There are several significant concepts in the field of social epidemiology: 1) the bio-psychosocial paradigm, 2) the population perspective, 3) use of new statistical approaches such as multilevel analysis, and 4) significance of theory.
The relationship between social class and health has been a major research field since the beginning of public health history. Many studies have identified the disparities in health among social classes and developed several theories, such as social selection theory and socio-biological translation theory. However, despite the long history of this research field, the effect of social class on health is not yet fully understood.
Income distribution and health is a relatively new field within social epidemiology. Three possible mechanisms for the consequences of income distribution on health are 1) disinvestment of human capital, 2) disinvestment of social capital, and 3) psychological process. Refining theories of income distribution is a major challenge in research on income distribution.
35. The Sociology of Disability and disability studies.
Disability is a disadvantage or restriction of activity caused by a contemporary social organization which takes little account of people who have physical impairments and thus excludes them from participation in the mainstream of social activities.
Disability studies is an academic discipline that examines the meaning, nature, and consequences ofdisability. Initially the field focused on the division between "impairment" and "disability", where impairment was an impairment of an individual's mind or body, while disability was considered a social construct.
Disability Studies refers generally to the examination of disability as a social, cultural, and political phenomenon. In contrast to clinical, medical, or therapeutic perspectives on disability, Disability Studies focuses on how disability is defined and represented in society. It rejects the perception of disability as a functional impairment that limits a person’s activities. From this perspective, disability is not a characteristic that exists in the person or a problem of the person that must be “fixed” or “cured.” Instead, disability is a construct that finds its meaning within a social and cultural context.
Disability Studies includes a diverse group of people. People who are blind or deaf, or who use wheelchairs, have chronic pain, or learn at a slower pace than other people, and so on have vastly different experiences and perspectives. Yet they share in common society’s definition of them as disabled, with consequences for how they are viewed and treated by the majority which is presumed to be nondisabled.
36. The individual and social models of disability.
The social model of disability sees the issue of "disability" as a socially created problem and a matter of the full integration of individuals into society.
In this model, disability is not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions, many of which are created by the social environment. Hence, the management of the problem requires social action and is the collective responsibility of society at large to make the environmental modifications necessary for the full participation of people with disabilities in all areas of social life.The issue is both cultural and ideological, requiring individual, community, and large-scale social change. From this perspective, equal access for someone with an impairment/disability is a human rights issue of major concern. The medical model (or ‘individual model’ as it is sometimes referred to) focuses on the individual’s medical condition and locates disability within the person. This model assumes that with medical treatment or intervention the individual can be helped to overcome their limitations. People with disabilities have generally rejected this model. They say it has led to their low selfesteem, undeveloped life skills, poor education and consequent high unemployment levels. Above all, they have recognised that the Medical Model requires the breaking of natural relationships with their families, communities and society as a whole.
Дата: 2019-02-19, просмотров: 241.