The earliest societies: hunters and gatherers.

For all but a tiny part of our existence on this planet, human beings have lived in hunting and gathering societies. Hunters and gatherers gain their livelihood from hunting, fishing and gathering edible plants, growing in the wild.

The developing world.

A developing country (or a low and middle income country , less developed country, less economically developed country , or underdeveloped country) is a country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index relative to other countries. a poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced economically and socially.
16. Newly industrialising countries.

NICs are countries whose economies have not yet reached a developed country's status but have, in a macroeconomic sense, outpaced their developing counterparts. Such countries are still considered developing nations and only differ from other developing nations in the rate at which an NIC's growth is much higher over a shorter allotted time period compared to other developing nations

newlyindustrialized countries included Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan. Examples in the late 2000s included South Africa, Mexico, Brazil, China, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Turkey.
17. Social change and cultural factors.

Social change is an alteration in the social order of a society. Social change may include changes in nature, social institutions, social behaviours, or social relations.
Cultural factors influence social changes. Societies and cultures are closely related to each other and we can say the cultural change involve social change. To influence social change, cultural factors like ideologies, values, attitudes and ideas of greatmen plays an important role in the whole process.
18. The physical environment, economic and political influences.
The physical environment has an effect on the development of human sense organization. This is clearest in more extreme environmental conditions, where people must organize their ways of life in relation to weather conditions.
Economic influence. Of EI the most far reaching is the impact of capitalism. Capitalism differs in a fundamental way from pre-existing production systems because it involves the constant expansion of production and the ever increasing of wealth
Political influence. The struggle between nations to expand their power develop their wealth and triumph militarily over their competitions has been an energizing source of change over the past two or three centuries. For example. At the beginning of the 20th century, Germany wanted to dominate the world.
19. Information technology and the possibilities for contact among people around the globe.

The 21st century is the century of new technologies. Information technology allows people from different parts of the world to communicate with each other. Information technologies influence politics, economics, education, medicine. Modern man can not do without the Internet. The Internet is a worldwide network. Absolutely everyone is sitting on social networks. Unfortunately, there are downsides. Since hackers can get absolutely all the information about a person.
20. The ‘electronic economy’ and economic globalisation.
Electronic economy refers to an economy that is based on digital computing technologies, although we increasingly perceive this as conducting business through markets based on the internet and the World Wide Web.

Economic globalization refers to the mobility of people, capital, technology, goods and services internationally. It is also about how integrated countries are in the global economy. It refers to how interdependent different countries and regions have become across the world.

While becoming more integrated into the global economy tends to bring increased wealth to a nation, globalization is commonly linked to greater inequality.

Sociology as the study of human social life, groups and societies.

Sociology is the scientific study of human social life, groups and societies. It is a dazzling and compelling enterprise, as its subject matter is our own behaviour as social beings. The scope of sociological study is extremely wide, ranging from the analysis of passing encounters between individuals on the street to the investigation of global social processes such as the rise of Islamic fundamentalism. Sociology can be identified as the systematic study of human societies, giving special emphasis to modern, industrialized systems. Sociology is a subject with important practical implications. Sociology provides the means of increasing our cultural sensitivities. We can investigate the consequences of the adoption of particular policy programmers. Sociology provides self-enlightenment

2. Auguste Comte and his knowledge of society.
Auguste Comte (1798-1857) developed a three-stage model of the development of society (religious, metaphysical and positive stages) and believed that modern society is on the verge of a transition to the third stage. To implement such a transition, society needs new knowledge about itself — not critically philosophical, but positively scientific. He called this science "sociology"
Society-the organic unity of all mankind or any part of it, United by the idea of "universal consent". It is an organic system generated by the need to maintain a General order and consisting of a plurality of subsystems. Between society and the individual is the family, which is a "true unity" in contrast to the society itself, which acts as an "external", coercive force.In the Context of sociology (social physics) establishes the laws of social development.

3. Emile Durkheim about social facts and social life.
The structure of sociology, according to Durkheim, includes social morphology, social physiology and General sociology. Social morphology, like human anatomy, deals with the structure of society, its social organs . Social physiology studies social life activity, all spheres, etc. the result is a number of sectoral sociology: sociology of religion, sociology of the family, etc. General sociology establishes the General social laws of the functioning of society
4. Karl Marx and the materialist conception of history.
Marx’s viewpoint was founded on what he called the materialist conception of history According to this view. Conflicts between classes – the rich versus poor provide the motivation for historical development. In Marx’s words “All human history thus far is the history of class struggles”
5. M. Weber and his sociological study.Max Weber is a German sociologist, the founder of "understanding" sociology and the theory of social action, applying its principles to economic history, to the study of political power, religion, and law. The main idea of ​​the sociology of Weber is to justify the possibility of the most rational behavior, manifested in all spheres of human relationships. This idea of ​​Weber found its further development in various sociological schools of the West, which passed in the 70s into the "Weberian Renaissance".The methodological principles of Weber’s sociology are closely related to other theoretical systems, for example, Comte and Durkheim positivism, Marxism. Weber's sociology is “understanding” because it studies the behavior of an individual. The action of a person acquires the character of a social action if there are two moments in it: the subjective motivation of the person and the orientation to the other. . Thus, the core of Weber's "understanding" sociology is the idea of ​​rationality.
Wiber sought to understand social change He rejected the materials conception of history and saw class conflict the less significant than did Marx.
6. Michel Foucault and his subject matter.His works concern a subject matter similar to that analyzed by Web in his studies of bureaucracy the development of prisons, hospitals, schools and other large scale organizations. According to Huberman, capitalist societies, in which change is ever present, tend to destroy the moral order on which the in fact depend
7. Jurgen Habermas about capitalist societies.
is a German philosopher and sociologist in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism. He is perhaps best known for his theories on communicative rationality and the public sphere. In 2014, Prospect readers chose Habermas as one of their favourites among the "world's leading thinkers".
Habermas has been a major contributor to the analysis of advanced-capitalistic societies. Habermas observed four general features that characterize advanced capitalism:
1.Concentration of industrial activity in a few large firms 2.Constant reliance on the state to stabilize the economic system 3.A formally democratic government that legitimizes the activities of the state and dissipates opposition to the system 4.The use of nominal wage increases to pacify the most restless segments of the work forc
According to Habermas capitalist societies in which change is ever present tend to destroy the moral order on which they in fact dependent.

8. Sociology as the study of human social life and the social world in a scientific way.
Sociology is the scientific study of society, including patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture. The term sociology was first used by Frenchman Auguste Compte in the 1830s when he proposed a synthetic science uniting all knowledge about human activity. In the academic world, sociology is considered one of the social sciences. Sociologists study all things human, from the interactions between two people to the complex relationships between nations or multinational corporations. While sociology assumes that human actions are patterned, individuals still have room for choices. Becoming aware of the social processes that influence the way humans think, feel, and behave plus having the will to act can help individuals to shape the social forces they face.