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Модальными называются глаголы, выражающие не действие, а отношение к нему: возможность, необходимость, способность, вероятность и т. д. совершения действия, выраженного инфинитивом смыслового глагола, следующего за модальным. Модальные глаголы не изменяются по лицам и не имеют окончания - s в 3-м лице единственного числа (кроме эквивалентов модальных глаголов).
Особенности модальных глаголов:
1. Инфинитив смыслового глагола, следующий за модальным глаголом, употребляется без частицы to. Но модальный глагол ought, глаголы to have и to be в роли модальных, а также эквиваленты to be able и to be allowed требуют после себя инфинитива с частицей to.
2. В вопросительном и отрицательном предложениях они употребляются без вспомогательного глагола (кроме глагола to have to). В вопросительном предложении модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим.
3. Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после модального глагола.
| Модальный глагол или его эквивалент | Выражает | Present | Past | Future |
| can to be able (to) | мочь, уметь быть в состоянии | can am/is/are able to | could was/were able to | –––– shall/will be able to |
| may to be allowed (to) | мочь, иметь разрешение | may am/is/are allowed to | might was/were allowed to | –––– shall/will be allowed to |
| must | быть должным | must | –––– | –––- |
| have to | вынужден, приходится | have/has to | had (to) | shall/will have to |
| be to | должен (по плану) | am/is/are to | was/were to | –––– |
| should | следует, следовало бы | should | –––– | –––– |
| ought to | следует, следовало бы | ought to | –––– | –––– |
Упр. 1 4 . Выберите правильный ответ.
1. ___you speak any foreign languages?
| a) May; | b) Can; | c) Have; | d) Should. |
2. Liz___get tired of her job. It is so boring.
| a) has to; | b) must; | c) can; | d) should. |
3. Where's Nick? He___be in his office, but I don’t know for sure.
| a) must; | b) may; | c) is to; | d) should. |
4. Take an umbrella. It___rain later.
| a) has to; | b) must; | c) may; | d) ought to. |
5. Jack ___ go to hospital yesterday.
| a) must; | b) had to; | c) should; | b) can. |
6. You look tired. You ___ go to bed.
| a) should; | b) ought; | c) are to; | d) can. |
7. Although it contains many difficult words, I ___ read this book now.
| a) may; | b) could; | c) can; | d) am able. |
8. ___ you find your way to the hotel? Yes I___.
| a) May, can; | b) Can, may; | c) Can, can; | d) Must, can |
9. You will ___ speak Spanish in another few months.
| a) can; | b) have; | c) be able to; | d) ought. |
10. The government ___ take care of old people.
| a) should to; | b) ought; | c) must; | d) may. |
11. I ___ get up early on Mondays.
| a) am able; | b) have to; | c) must; | d) may. |
12. My dentist says I ___ eat so many sweets.
| a) can’t; | b) ought not; | c) shouldn’t; | d) mustn’t. |
13. They look alike. They ___ be twins.
| a) must; | b) can; | c) may; | d) have to. |
14. You ___ walk on the grass!
| a) can’t; | b) mustn’t; | c) mayn’t; | d) have not. |
15. As the sheep entered the harbor, we ___ see the Statue of Liberty.
| a) could; | b) can; | c) may; | d) must. |
Часть 2
Тесты для проверки грамматических навыков
Variant 1
1. This is my ___ garden.
| a) parents; | b) parents’; | c) parents’s; | d) parent’s. |
2. __ are students.
| a) Us; | b) We; | c) I; | d) He. |
3. ___ English is very good.
| a) Its; | b) His; | c) It; | d) Him. |
4. No, I don’t want ___ tomatoes.
| a) a; | b) no; | c) any; | d) some. |
5. My favorite subject at school was ___ History.
| a) the; | b) a; | c) an; | d) –. |
6. ___Thames flows through ___ London.
| a) The, the; | b) A, the; | c) –, –; | d) The, –. |
7. I am not as clever as you. You are ___ I am.
| a) clever than; | b) cleverer as ; | c) cleverer than; | d) more clever. |
8. My English is very good. I speak English ___ than you.
| a) good; | b) better; | c) gooder; | d) best. |
9. Most nations ___ a written constitution.
| a) have; | b) has; | c) are; | d) will be. |
10. Mag and her sister ___ in Rome.
| a) lives; | b) don’t live; | c) aren’t live; | d) are live. |
11. ___ Jane Smith ___ English?
| a) Does, speaks; | b) Does, speak; | c) Do, speak; | d) Do, speaks. |
12. I ___ Tom yesterday, but ____ Melinda.
| a) see, didn’t see; | c) saw, didn’t see; |
| b) saw, didn’t saw; | d) saw, saw. |
13. We ___ to the Black sea a year ago.
| a) go; | b) went; | c) goed; | c) going. |
14. She ___ a graduate next year.
| a) shall be; | b) will; | c) will be; | d) won’t. |
15. Granny is in the kitchen. She ___ a plum cake.
| a) is making; | b) making; | c) makes; | d) make. |
16. ___ you ___ anything tomorrow?
| a) are, –; | b) doing; | c) are, do; | d) will, do. |
17. I saw a light in your window as I ___ by.
| a) pass; | b) was passing; | c) passing; | d) passed. |
18. What ___ between one and two? I phoned you several times.
| a) you were doing; | c) you doing; |
| b) were you doing; | d) did you do. |
19. They had fish hooks, so they ___ catch fish.
| a) can; | b) may; | c) could; | d) must. |
20. They won’t ___ to drive a car until they are eighteen.
| a) may; | b) be able to; | c) be allowed to; | d) can. |
Variant 2
1. ___ newspaper is usually very interesting.
| a) Sunday; | b) Sunday’s | c) Sundays; | d) Sundays’. |
2. ___ am a first -year student.
| a) We; | b) I; | c) Me; | c) My. |
3. Sally is a nice girl and I like ___.
| a) her; | b) she; | c) hers; | c) it. |
4. There was ___ interesting in the report.
| a) anything; | b) some; | c) nothing; | c) any. |
5. The rent is 50 $ ___ week.
| a) the; | b) a; | c) an; | d) –. |
6. ___ English Channel is between ___ Great Britain and ___ France.
| a) The, –, –. | b) The, the, the; | c) –;–,–; | d) –, the, –. |
7. Carlos is not so ___ at English as Jack.
| a) good; | b) better; | c) worse; | d) best. |
8. Dorothy is ___ in her family.
| a) youngest; | b) the youngest; | c) young; | d) younger. |
9. Where ___ yesterday?
| a) you were; | b) you was; | c) you; | d) were you. |
10. Tony’s two sisters ___ in a bank.
| a) works; | b) work; | c) doesn’t work; | d) doesn’t works. |
11. Where ___ Tom ___?
| a) does, work; | b) does, works; | c) do, work; | d) do, works. |
12. Why not go to the National Gallery? I ___ there yesterday.
| a) go; | b) went; | c) goed; | d) gone. |
13. When ___ you ___ your house?
| a) did, build; | b) did, built; | c) did, builded; | d) built. |
14. I hope I ___ a good specialist in a few years.
| a) become; | b) became; | c) will become; | d) becomes. |
15. Mary ___ in London at the moment.
| a) living; | b) is living; | c) lives; | d) live. |
16. Why ___ at my desk? Could you take your place, please?
| a) you sitting; | b) you are sitting; | c) sitting; | d) are you sitting. |
17. We ___ about him when he suddenly came in.
| a) talking; | b) were talking; | c) talked; | d) was talking. |
18. At six o’clock yesterday I ___ Jenny at the station.
| a) waiting; | b) were waiting; | c) was waiting; | d) am waiting. |
19. Children like books with large print. They ___ read them more easily.
| a) must; | b) can; | c) should; | d) ought. |
20. Nobody answers the phone. They ___ be out.
| a) may; | b) must; | c) can; | d) should. |
Variant 3
1. These ___ are sharp.
| a) knifes; | b) knifs; | c) knives; | d) knivs. |
2. ___ Academy was founded in 1836.
| a) Its; | b) Ours; | c) Our; | d) It. |
3. Give me ___ time to think.
| a) much; | b) many; | c) few; | d) some. |
4. Is there ___ in the reading-hall?
| a) somebody; | b) anybody; | c) someone; | d) some. |
5. I can’t find___ letter which I received this morning.
| a) a; | b) an; | c) the; | d) –. |
6. ___ Urals are old and not very high.
| a) a; | b) an; | c) the; | d) –. |
7. – It isn’t very warm today, is it? – No, it was ___ yesterday.
| a) more worm; | b) warmer; | c) the warmest; | d) warmest. |
8. Where is ___ post office, please?
| a) the nearest; | b) nearest; | c) nearer; | c) the next. |
9. Simon ____ very tall.
| a) am; | b) is; | c) are; | d) has. |
10. I ____ every day.
| a) walk; | b) walks; | c) walking; | d) to walk. |
11. She ___like football very much.
| a) don’t; | b) doesn’t; | c) hasn’t; | d) isn’t. |
12. I usually take a bus, but yesterday I____ a taxi as I was going to be late.
| a) took; | b) was taking; | c) taked; | d) take. |
13. Where ___ yesterday?
| a) went you; | b) did you went; | c) did you go; | d) was you go. |
14. I ____ to Paris next week.
| a) will fly; | b) will to fly; | c) am fly; | d) flew. |
15. I see you are very busy at the moment. What_____ ?
| a) is you doing; | b) you are doing; | c) are you doing; | d) do you do. |
16. Just as Tom ___ the street a car came round the corner.
| a) crossed; | b) was crossing; | c) crossing; | d) were crossing. |
17. The student ___ to the question, when the headmistress ___.
| a) was replying, come in; | c) replied, was coming in; |
| b) was replying, came in; | d) replied, came in. |
18. Usually I ___ coffee in the morning, but now I ___ tea.
| a) am having, am drinking; | c) have, am drinking; |
| b) have, drink; | d) am having, drink. |
19. I’d like ___ skate.
| a) to can; | b) to be able to; | c) to have to; | d) must. |
20.___ you wait a few minutes?
| a) can; | b) must; | c) should; | d) ought. |
Variant 4
1. There are many ___ in the street.
| a) passers-by; | b) passer-bys; | c) passers-bies; | d) passer-bies. |
2. There is Diana. Can you see ___ ?
| a) her; | b) hers; | c) she; | d) it. |
3. “Did your son make any progress in English?”. “Yes, but only ____ .”
| a) any; | b) many; | c) a few; | d) a little. |
4. She hasn't seen ____ for over a week.
| a) someone; | b) nobody; | c) anyone; | d) somebody. |
5. The museum was opened as ____ private institution in 1875.
| a) the; | b) – ; | c) an; | d) a. |
6. The association which has been formed to unite the countries of Europe is called ____ European Union.
| a) a; | b) an; | c) the; | d) –. |
7. The red book is ___the blue book.
| a) old as; | b) as old as; | c) as old like; | d) so older as. |
8. This detailed map is ____ than the atlas.
| a) most useful; | b) usefuller; | c) more useful; | d) more usefuler. |
9. There ____.a big supermarket next to my house.
| a) is; | b) are; | c) have; | d) has. |
10. What kind of books ____?
| a) do you prefer ; | b) have you prefer; | c) you prefer; | d) are you prefer. |
11. I____agree with you.
| a) doesn't ; | b) don't ; | c) haven't ; | d) isn’t. |
12. We went to a show yesterday, but we ____ it.
| a) didn’t enjoyed; | b) don’t enjoy; | c) not enjoyed; | d) didn’t enjoy. |
13. My grandfather ____ this cottage 50 years ago.
| a) was building; | b) builded; | c) built; | d) builds. |
14. When ___ you come and see us in our new house?
| a) are; | b) will; | c) were; | d) shall. |
15. What ___ about?
| a) you thinking; | c) you are thinking; |
| b) are you thinking; | d) you think. |
16. Tom is in his room. He ___ playing the piano.
| a) is playing; | b) playing; | c) plays; | d) play. |
17. _____ TV when I phoned you?
| a) Did you watched; | c) Did you watch; |
| b) You watched; | d) Were you watching. |
18. I had to take a taxi last night, as it ___ very heavily.
| a) rained; | b) raining; | c) was raining; | d) was rain. |
19. I ___ speak French without a problem now because I have had many lessons.
| a) may; | b) can; | c) have; | d) ought. |
20 . Here you ____ read curious facts about the history of the department.
| a) should; | b) can; | c) had to; | d) allow to. |
Приложение 1
Таблица глаголов, изменяющихся не по общим правилам
| Неопределенная форма The Infinitive | Прошедшее время Past Indefinite | Причастие прошедшего времени Participle II |
| 1. be [bi:] быть | was [w z], were [wə:] | been [bi:n] |
| 2. become становиться | became [bi`keim] | become [bi`k m] |
| 3. begin [bi`gin] начинать | began [bi`gæn] | begun [bi`g n] |
| 4. blow [blou] дуть | blew [blu:] | blown [bloun] |
| 5. break [breik] ломать | broke [brouk] | broken [broukn] |
| 6. bring [briŋ] приносить | brought [br :t] | brought [br :t] |
| 7. build [bild] строить | built [bilt] | built [bilt] |
| 8. burn [b :n] гореть | burnt [b :nt] | burnt [b :nt] |
| 9. buy [bai] покупать | bought [b :t] | bought [b :t] |
| 10. can [kæn] мочь | could [kud] | |
| 11. catch [kætò] ловить | caught [k :t] | caught [k :t] |
| 12. come [k m] приходить | came [keim] | come [k m] |
| 13. cost [k st] стоить | cost [k st] | cost [k st] |
| 14. cut [k t] резать | cut [k t] | cut [k t] |
| 15. deal [di:l] иметь дело с … | dealt [delt] | dealt [delt] |
| 16. do [du:] делать | did [did] | done [d n] |
| 17. draw [dr :] рисовать | drew [dru:] | drawn [dr :n] |
| 18. drink [driŋk] пить | drank [dræŋk] | drunk [dr ŋk] |
| 19. drive [draiv] ехать | drove [drouv] | driven [drivn] |
| 20. eat [i:t] есть | ate [et] | eaten [i:tn] |
| 21. fall [f :l] падать | fell [fel] | fallen [f :lən] |
| 22. feel [fi:l] чувствовать | felt [felt] | felt [felt] |
| 23. find [faind] находить | found [faund] | Found [faund] |
| 24. fly [flai] летать | flew [flu:] | flown [floun] |
| 25. forget [fə`get] забывать | forgot [fə`g t] | forgotten [fə`g tn] |
| 26. get [get] получать | got [g t] | got [g t] |
| 27. give [giv] давать | gave [geiv] | given [givn] |
| 28. go [gou] идти | went [went] | gone [g n] |
| 29. grow [grou] расти | grew [gru:] | grown [groun] |
| 30. hang [hæŋ] вешать | hung [h ŋ] | hung [h ŋ] |
| 31. have [hæv] иметь | had [hæd] | had [hæd] |
| 32. hear [hiə] слышать | heard [hə:d] | heard [hə:d] |
| 33. hide [haid] прятать | hid [hid] | hidden [hidn] |
| 34. hurt [hə:t] причинять | hurt [hə:t] | hurt [hə:t] |
| 35. keep [ki:p] хранить | kept [kept] | kept [kept] |
| 36. know [nou] знать | knew [nju:] | known [noun] |
| 37. learn [lə:n] учиться | learned [lə:nd] learnt [lə:nt] | learned [lə:nd] learnt [lə:nt] |
| 38. leave [li:v] оставлять | left [left] | left [left] |
| 39. lend [lend] давать взаймы | lent [lent] | lent [lent] |
| 40. let [let] позволять | let [let] | let [let] |
| 41. lose [lu:z] терять | lost [l st] | lost [l st] |
| 42. make [meik] делать | made [meid] | made [meid] |
| 43. mean [mi:n] значить | meant [ment] | meant |
| 44. meet [mi:t] встречать | met [met] | met [met] |
| 45. put [put] класть | put [put] | put [put] |
| 46. read [ri:d] читать | read [red] | read [red] |
| 47. ride [raid] ездить верхом | rode [roud] | ridden [ridn] |
| 48. rise [raiz] подниматься | rose [rouz] | risen [rizn] |
| 49. run [r n] бежать | ran [ræn] | run [r n] |
| 50. say [sei] сказать | said [sed] | said [sed] |
| 51. see [si:] видеть | saw [s :] | seen [si:n] |
| 52. sell [sel] продавать | sold [sould] | sold [sould] |
| 53. send [send] посылать | sent [sent] | sent [sent] |
| 54. set [set] устанавливать | set [set] | set [set] |
| 55. show [òou] показывать | showed [òoud] | shown [òoun] |
| 56. sit [sit] сидеть | sat [sæt] | sat [sæt] |
| 57. sing [siŋ] петь | sang [sæŋ] | sung [s ŋ] |
| 58. speak [spi:k] говорить | spoke [spouk] | spoken [spoukn] |
| 59. spend [spend] проводить | spent [spent] | spent [spent] |
| 60. stand [stænd] стоять | stood [stu:d] | stood [stu:d] |
| 61. sweep [swi:p] подметать | swept [swept] | swept [swept] |
| 62. swim [swim] плавать | swam [swæm] | swum [sw m] |
| 63. take [teik] брать | took [tuk] | taken [teikn] |
| 64. tear [teə] рвать | tore [t :] | torn [t :n] |
| 65. tell [tel] рассказывать | told [tould] | told [tould] |
| 66. teach [ti:tò] обучать | taught [t :t] | taught [t :t] |
| 67. think [qiŋk] думать | thought [q :t] | thought [θ :t] |
| 68. throw [qrou] бросать | threw [qru:] | thrown [qroun] |
| 69.understand [, ndə`stænd] понимать | understood [, ndə`stu:d] | understood [, ndə`stu:d] |
| 70. wear [weə] носить | wore [w :] | worn [w :n] |
| 71. win [win] выигрывать | won [w n] | won [w n] |
| 72. write [rait] писать | wrote [rout] | written [ritn] |
Приложение 2
Дата: 2018-12-28, просмотров: 396.