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1 The British _______ drinking tea.
2 Every American man _______burgers.
3 The Chinese _______their bicycles everywhere.
4 Every Brazilian man_______ soccer on the beach.
5 All Italians _______with their hands.
6 More sheep _______in New Zealand than people.
7 Germans _______big fast cars.
8 Every Russian man _______a fur hat.
2.12 Are the stereotypes true? With a partner, take turns to ask and answer the questions. Use the prompts in brackets.
1 Do you put a Japanese contact’s business card in your pocket?
(not in your pocket/on the table in the meeting)
No, you don’t put business cards in your pocket. You put them on the table in the meeting.
2 Do British colleagues shake hands every morning?
(not every morning/just say ‘good morning’)
3 Do Americans wear jeans and a T-shirt to the office?
(not casual clothes/business clothes)
4 Do you disagree with a Chinese colleague in a meeting?
(not in public/only in private conversation)
5 Does a German call his boss by his first name?
(not senior colleagues/use title and surname)
6 In Indonesia, do you receive something in your left hand or point your finger?
(not left hand/not finger/use right hand/point your thumb)
2.13 With a partner, take turns to ask and answer questions about the people in the table below.
1 Who is a good time manager? Why?
Marcus, because he always finishes on time.
2 Is Marcus a good manager?
No, he isn’t, because he doesn’t often encourage his team.
3 Who is a perfectionist? Why?
4 … a good manager?
5 … a team player?
6 … a leader?
7 … a good communicator?
8 … a good problem-solver?
9 … a workaholic?
Glossary
| abroad | за границей |
| communicator | хороший собеседник |
| example | пример |
| foreign | иностранный |
| problem-solver | человек, разрешающий проблемы |
| to share | делиться |
| team player | командный игрок |
| workaholic | трудоголик |
| Marcus | Francesca | Tina | Miroslav | |
| finish on time | always | never | usually | sometimes |
| encourage the team | not often | rarely | nearly always | often |
| make mistakes | often | rarely | often | sometimes |
| find solutions | sometimes | not often | sometimes | usually |
| set a good example | rarely | sometimes | always | usually |
| go on holiday | often | never | not often | not often |
| help colleagues | never | not often | nearly always | nearly always |
| share information | not often | rarely | usually | usually |
2.14 Speaking Match the sentences and questions 1–7 with the responses a–g.
1 Is this your first visit to Greece?
2 We’re at the Mercure Hotel. My husband is here with me.
3 I’m from Ireland, actually. But I work in London now.
4 Oh, really? Lucky you! What do you do?
5 I’m in the holiday business, too, actually. I’m a travel agent.
6 I see. By the way, can you recommend a good restaurant in town?
7 Yes, two. But they’re at home with their grandparents. And you? Are you a family man?
a) Well, welcome to Greece. Where are you staying?
b) Sure. If you like fish, the Marina is very good. I love Greek food, don’t you?
c) No, I live here. On one of the islands, actually.
d) Uh-huh. And where are you from?
e) Me? No! I’m single.
f) That’s nice. Do you have children?
g) I’m a hotel manager. What about you? What sector do you work in?
2.15 Put the exchanges in 2.15 in the correct order. Then practise the conversation with a partner.
A: Is this your first visit to Greece?
B: No, I live here. On one of the islands, actually.
2.16 Read the article below about culture shock. Are sentences 1-10 right or wrong? If there is no information in the text to answer ‘Right’ or ‘Wrong’, choose ‘Doesn’t say’.
You are a young university graduate hoping to get your first work experience abroad. Or perhaps you have decided to make a lifestyle change later in life and take your skills and experience abroad. Maybe you have just found yourself transferred overseas as your company broadens its scope on the international stage. Whatever the circumstances, there are many professional, personal and social benefits to be gained by the experience of living and working abroad. You should also be aware, though, that you will probably suffer from culture shock at some point. There are different feelings associated with culture shock, and most people go through some or all of the stages described below, though not necessarily in the same order.
1 Fascination This is the exciting part of culture shock, when everything seems wonderful, exotic and exciting. When you first arrive your priority will, naturally, be to deal with practical considerations such as registering with a doctor and sorting out your new accommodation, but it’s also important to take this opportunity to get out and enjoy the new culture in which you find yourself.
2 Frustration Once the initial thrill of being in a new culture has passed, even the simplest aspects of life abroad can feel difficult and annoying. Topping up your mobile phone, using your credit card, paying the domestic bills - all these things are often done slightly differently in other countries, and this can suddenly feel frustrating and difficult. You may find yourself thinking, ‘Why don’t they do it here the way we do it in my country?’ This can affect your professional life too, if you find yourself feeling irritated by work habits and customs that are very different from those that you are used to.
3 Depression For some people, frustration can turn to depression. Stress, anxiety and even flu-like symptoms can make life very difficult, and may affect how well you perform your duties at work. This stage is the hardest to deal with, but fortunately not everyone who works abroad experiences it.
4 Adaptation It takes longer for some people than others, but at some point you will adapt to the new culture, and enjoy it on a deeper level than at the fascination stage. Most people who adapt successfully are those who make the effort to learn at least some of the language, find out about local customs and social etiquette, and make friends with local people.
5 Re-adjustment If your work abroad is a temporary placement, there is one more stage to go through. Just as you have adapted to life abroad, it’s time to return home. And at that point, you are faced with a different kind of culture shock – re-adjusting to life in your home country again.
1 University graduates often spend some time working abroad.
A Right B Wrong C Doesn’t say
2 Culture shock affects all people in the same way.
A Right B Wrong C Doesn’t say
3 More people are working abroad than in the past.
A Right B Wrong C Doesn’t say
4 Working abroad can help you develop personally as well as professionally.
A Right B Wrong C Doesn’t say
5 All foreign workers experience fascination, frustration and depression before they adapt to a new culture.
A Right B Wrong C Doesn’t say
6 When moving to a new country, you should try to enjoy the excitement of the new culture as well as making practical arrangements.
A Right B Wrong C Doesn’t say
7 Cultural differences in working practices can be frustrating for workers abroad.
A Right B Wrong C Doesn’t say
8 If depression makes you feel ill when you live abroad you should visit a doctor.
A Right B Wrong C Doesn’t say
9 Trying to learn even a few words of the local language can help you adapt
A Right B Wrong C Doesn’t say
10 Re-adjustment is the final stage of culture shock for everyone who goes to work in another country.
A Right B Wrong C Doesn’t say
2.17 Complete the text about looking for work abroad with words from the box.
ladder º recruitment º placement º candidates º process
subject º shortlisted º cover º attend º foreign
‘When you graduate from university, many of you may feel that your degree
(1) __________ hasn’t really prepared you to make the first step onto the career (2) __________ . A work (3) __________ abroad can be a great solution, offering you the chance to combine hands-on work experience with the adventure of (4) __________ travel. A word of advice: once you’ve chosen where you want to look for work, it’s a good idea to find out about the application (5) __________. For example, you need to know whether to send a (6) __________ letter with your CV. It’s also good to know how many interviews you will be invited to (7) __________, if you are fortunate enough to be one of the (8) __________ to be (9) __________. Alternatively, you could use an international (10) __________ agency, who will help you with all these things as well as informing you what jobs are available internationally.’
2.18 Join the question and answer to make one complete sentence, adding words and changing the grammar as necessary.
1 ‘What time do you generally start work?’ ‘8.45 a.m.’
We __________________________________________________.
2 ‘When do the managers usually have meetings?’ ‘The afternoon.’
The managers __________________________________________.
3 ‘When do you usually go on holiday?’ ‘June.’ He __________.
4 ‘When does the factory close?’ ‘Christmas Day.’ It ___________.
5 ‘When do you relax?’ ‘The weekend.’ She __________.
2. 19 Look at the statements below and the extracts from an article on work placements. Which section (A, B, C or D) does each statement 1–7 refer to? You will need to use some of these letters more than once.
1 The employer should offer their opinion on how successful a student has been on the placement.
2 You might have to do many different tasks.
3 There are many advantages for students doing a work placement.
4 Doing a work placement will make you more attractive to future employers.
5 You can watch how one person does their work.
6 It is better for a company to employ someone they know already.
7 Doing an internship can help you check if you have chosen the most appropriate career.
A There are many benefits if you do a work placement or internship. You will have the opportunity to practise your skills in the workplace and you can test your career plans to see if you have made the right decision. You can make contacts for the future, if you make a good impression. You will learn how to take responsibility for your work and how to behave in an environment which is different from being a student. A work placement also enhances the look of your CV (many jobs are unavailable to those with no experience) – and, of course, you'll earn some money.
B Employers can also benefit from work placements. Students have up-to-date knowledge and skills which can be put to good use on a project. Students are often highly motivated and work hard, and staff and students learn from each other as they do their work tasks. If a student works really well, the employer can offer them a full time job with less risk than with an unknown person. The student will be familiar with the organization and its unwritten rules and will fit in better than someone who is completely new.
C There are different kinds of work placements. ‘Work shadowing’ means following someone around as they do their work to see how they do it. A general role will mean being involved in many different aspects of work in a department or company and learning how a wide range of things work in the organisation. Taking on a specific role on a project or in a department is more like having a real job and you will probably be responsible for a specific area of work.
D The most important quality the employer is looking for is attitude. When you approach an employer for a work placement you must show that you are enthusiastic and willing to learn. This is more important than previous experience. You will be able to learn from any work experience but it is best to apply for a role which you are interested in and in which you can offer the employer some benefit. You should also expect the employer to assess your work and to offer you a written appraisal of how you performed in such areas as meeting deadlines and dealing with your workload.
2.20 Read the article below about Global Volunteers. Choose the best sentence from A–E below to fill each of the gaps. Do not use any letter more than once.
Are you bored with the nine to five routine? Are you looking for a new challenge? (1) ____ If you answered ‘yes’ to any of these, then you are who we are looking for.
We need enthusiastic, qualified and passionate people of all ages to work with us to help in the developing world. We send volunteers all over the world on one-year placements to train local people in your skills. When you return home, your skills remain and enrich the lives of the people you worked with – how’s that for job satisfaction? (2) ____
We need experts in many different sectors – from accountancy to project management to teaching. You will receive a local salary and housing, as well as flights and medical insurance. And we aren’t just looking for professional skills. Your personal integrity, strength and fitness are important, as well. (3) ____ Working closely with local people, you will find the experience extremely satisfying, and you will return home having really achieved something.
This is a really exciting opportunity. You’ll be able to test yourself and your knowledge in demanding conditions. (4) ____
When you return home you’ll find employers really take a positive attitude to these experiences on your CV. You’ll be seen as being more mature and responsible. (5) ____
A Your investment in the lives of the people you work with will be an investment in yourself.
B You’ll really find out what your strengths and weaknesses are.
C This is an opportunity for you to work with a passion, where you can make a real difference.
D Would you like to make a valuable contribution in an underprivileged area of the world?
E You will be working in difficult situations which are physically demanding.
2.21 Read the text below about cross-cultural differences.
What are the main differences in the way that people from different cultures behave?
Greetings and introductions
Level of formality is one area where cultures differ, and you often notice this on first contact with another person.
Study the formal (F) and informal (I) versions below .
Greeting
F: Good morning. My name is Linda Taylor. It's a pleasure to meet you.
I: Hi! I'm Linda. Nice to meet you.
Introduction
F: Feng, I'd like to introduce you to Olivia Dubois. Olivia is our Public Relations Officer.
I: Feng , this is Olivia. Olivia handles all our contacts with the media.
Some cultures move quickly to first names, others continue to use titles and surnames (= family names) for many years as a sign of respect. If in doubt, start formally and use whatever the other person has on their business card. They (or you) might then say: Please call me ... .
Punctuality
For some cultures it's very important to be on time (=punctual). For others it's OK to be a bit late. If you are late, apologize fully and blame it on the traffic or parking.
I'm so sorry, the traffic was really bad this afternoon.
Directness
If people say exactly what they think, they are direct. If they are more careful with their language, they are indirect. Both sides have good reasons. Direct people say it's easier to do business when everyone knows your real opinion. They think that indirect people hide their true feelings and so can't be trusted. Indirect people want to maintain harmony and avoid confrontation. They don't want the other person to 'lose face' (= be publicly embarrassed). When they disagree, it is done diplomatically. They think that direct people are rude. The best solution in a new culture is to follow the example of the people you are with.
Here are some examples of direct (D) and indirect (I) language:
D: Can you help me?
I: I wonder if you could help me?
D: That will be very difficult.
I: That's not going to be easy.
D: Can I open the window?
I: Would you mind if I opened the window?
D: No, that's not right.
I: Really? Are you sure?
Meals
Having a meal together is one of the best ways to break down barriers between cultures. And one of the best topics of conversation is ... cross-cultural communication! Other safe topics are: food and drink, the city you are in, the history of the other country, and the current economic situation. A 'taboo' topic is one you must not talk about - obvious examples are party politics and jokes about the other person's religion or culture. In some cultures a working lunch where you continue to talk business is normal, in others it isn't. An evening meal, however, is nearly always a purely social occasion.
Humour
Humour (being funny) sometimes travels across cultures. It's OK to tell a funny story at dinner that doesn't offend anyone (= make them angry and upset). And laughing at yourself is a good way to put the other person at ease. However irony can be dangerous and is often misunderstood.
Body language
Here are some physical actions that some cultures do more than others:
• Shake hands in the office every morning.
• Kiss someone on one (or both) cheeks.
• Make gestures (= head, arm and hand movements), wave your arms in the air, etc.
• Make/Not make strong eye contact.
• Slap someone on the back.
• Smile/Not smile.
• Stand close, and sometimes hold an arm.
2.22 Underline the correct word /s in italics.
1 Try to have good working relations / relationships with people from other cultures.
2 My name is Aga. It's pleasant / a pleasure to meet you.
3 Bjorn, I'd like to introduce/present you to Sergey.
4 My name is Josephine, but please call me / say Jo.
5 Avoid making people lose face / lose their face.
6 It's not very nice to be in a situation where you are embarrassed / have shame in public.
7 It's OK to speak / talk business at a working lunch.
8 Laughing at yourself can put the other person at ease / make the other person easy.
9 Irony is often mistaken / misunderstood.
10 Some people judge you by how firmly you shake hands /shake the hands.
2.23 Complete sentence b) with one word so that the meaning is the same as sentence a).
1 a) American business people are usually very relaxed and friendly - not at all official.
b) American business people are usually very i……… .
2 a) Indirect people disagree politely and sensitively.
b) Indirect people disagree dip……… .
3 a) Jokes about people's race are offensive and should not be told.
b) Jokes about people's race are t ……… .
4 a) Italians are famous for their head, arm and hand movements that show their feelings.
b) Italians are famous for their g…….. .
2.24 Put the words into order to make examples of indirect language.
a I wonder could you help me if for a moment?
b I'm very not happy about that.
c Unfortunately we 've had problems little one or two .
d Could me tell you the r es troom where is ?
e With respect, be better wouldn't it to start next year?
Now match sentences a-e with the direct versions below.
1 I need your help.
2 It's all a complete disaster.
3 It 's obvious that we should wait.
4 I'm very angry about that.
5 I need to go to the toilet. Where is it?
2.25 Read the text, then answer the question below.
What is culture? There are two helpful ways to see it: the X and the Y. The X model of culture says that there are two parts to culture: the bigger part is below the surface - you can't see it. This includes values, attitudes, beliefs, history, etc. The smaller part is above the surface - you can see it. This includes food, dress, behaviour, music, art and architecture, etc .
The Y model of culture says that there are many different layers. Think of your culture at work. At the centre of the Y there is you as an individual (influenced by your family culture). Then, moving outwards. there is your team culture, company culture, functional culture (marketing, finance) and industry culture (banking. engineering). To this you might add your national (and/or regional) culture. All these elements make a contribution.
1 The text includes the words 'values', 'attitudes', 'beliefs' and 'behaviour'. They are all useful words when discussing culture in a general way. Write the correct word next to its definition below.
a the particular way that someone does something
b a set of ideas that you think are true
c your beliefs about what is important in life
d opinions or feelings that you show by your behaviour
2.26 Read the definitions below and answer the questions.
Effective communication is a two-way street. Many people make the mistake of thinking that communication is all about getting your point across. This is only half of the story. To be a good communicator, you also need to be a good listener.Otherwise, you are not respecting the other person’s point of view.
Cooperation is the act of doing something together to achieve a single goal. This involves respecting the views of the other person, even when you do not agree. Sometimes, a compromise is necessary – when you don’t agree with someone, you still need to find a solution, and that could be somewhere between what each of you wants to do. Cooperation is also used to mean ‘doing what someone tells you to do’.
1 What misunderstanding exists about the meaning of communication?
2 Why do people sometimes need to reach a compromise?
3 What is different about the second meaning of cooperation?
2.27 Match these words to their definitions. Be careful – some of the meanings are very similar.
| 1 acknowledge | a disagree strongly or loudly |
| 2 approve | b put your thoughts into words |
| 3 agree | c answer or reply |
| 4 argue | d admit that what the other person said is true or has value |
| 5 express | e make someone believe something |
| 6 respond | f support something or believe that it is a good thing |
| 7 persuade | g make someone do something |
| 8 convince | h share the same opinion with someone else |
2.28 Experts say that acknowledging what a person has said will help them feel good and make them more likely to listen to your viewpoint. Look at the examples below and choose the correct word.
1 I recognise / approve what you’re saying and I understand your point. However, ...
2 I can see that you believe / feel strongly about this and it is important to you.
3 Of course you want to go and I can see / look how disappointed you are. Nevertheless, ...
4 I know what you mean / say when you express your concern about ...
5 You’re true / right to be worried about this, as it is an important point. But ...
6 You hear / sound very dissatisfied with the situation, and I can imagine how you feel.
Now suggest ways of acknowledging what the people say below.
1 “I would love to go to Paris this spring.”
2 “You don’t understand – I have no way of paying for this!”
3 “No. I don’t like that idea. In fact, it would be disastrous if we did that.”
4 “You’re giving me 15 out of 20? Is that all? I think I deserve 18 at least.”
5 “What do you mean you don’t want to go? We’ve already paid for the tickets!”
6 “I think it’s awful what we’re doing to the planet. Those poor animals! They’ll all be extinct soon.”
Дата: 2019-02-02, просмотров: 1908.