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| suspected criminal judicial legislative convicted statutory | code codification persons definition decisions offenders | to expiate to constitute to repeal to fix to consider to deter | consequences penalties offenders laws guilt an offence |
Task 4 . Match the terms with their definitions:
| an offence | responsibility for a criminal or moral offence deserving punishment or a penalty |
| trial | the judgment formally pronounced upon a person convicted in criminal proceedings |
| guilt | the act of punishing or taking vengeance for wrongdoing, sin, or injury |
| punishment | the judicial examination of the issues in a civil or criminal cause by a competent tribunal and the determination of these issues in accordance with the law of the land |
| sentence | the institution and conduct of legal proceeding against a person |
| prosecution | a penalty or sanction given for any crime or offence |
| retribution | a violation or breach of a law, custom, rule, etc. |
Task 5 . Complete the following sentences:
1. Criminal law is the body of law that defines …, regulates the apprehension, charging, and trial of …, and fixes … and modes of treatment applicable to … offenders.
2. Crime is an act that is … .
3. The … of criminal sanctions was to make the offender give … for harm done and expiate his moral …; punishment was to be meted out in proportion to the guilt of the … .
4. Today the main objective of criminal law is prevention, including both the … of possible offenders and the … and … of social norms.
5. The criminal law of England and the USA derives from … .
Task 6 . Read Text B and a) name the main elements of crime, and b) answer the question: When may criminal liability be predicated?
THE ELEMENTS OF CRIME
It is generally agreed that the essential ingredients of any crime are (1) a voluntary act or omission (actus reus), accompanied by (2) a certain state of mind (mens rea). An act may be any kind of voluntary human behaviour.
Movements made in an epileptic seizure are not acts, nor are movements made by a somnambulist before awakening, even if they result in the death of another person. Criminal liability for the result also requires that the harm done must have been caused by the accused. The test of causal relationship between conduct and result is that the event would not have happened the same way without direct participation of the offender.
Criminal liability may also be predicated on a failure to act when the accused was under a legal duty to act and was reasonably capable of doing so. The legal duty to act may be imposed directly by statute, such as the requirement to file an income tax return, or it may arise out of the relationship between the parties, as the obligation of parents to provide their child with food.
Task 7. Read the following sentences, define the functions of the verb “to be” and translate them.
1. Criminal law is the body of law defining criminal offenses.
2. The purpose of criminal punishment was to make the offender give retribution for harm done.
3. Some criminal codes are based on the English common law.
4. A person who kills another shall not be guilty of murder if he was suffering from mental abnormality.
5. Intoxication is not to be treated as mental incapacity.
Task 8. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the grammar.
1. In order that a person may be convicted, a law must have been in effect at the time the act was committed.
2. The test of causal relationship between conduct and result is that the event would not have happened the same way without direct participation of the offender.
3. In some countries statutes are considered inapplicable if they are vague.
4. In the remaining states, prosecutions for common-law offenses not specified in statutes do sometimes occur.
Дата: 2019-02-02, просмотров: 284.