1. If the weather is fine we shall play outside. 2. If you ring me up I shall tell you the news. 3. If you don’t work systematically, you will fail the examinations.     4. If my mother returns early we’ll watch TV together. 5. They won’t return in time unless they hurry. 6. If he is not so busy, he will go to the concert. 7. They will all be surprised if I make such a mistake. 8. If you speak English every day, you will improve your language skills. 9. If I see my friend I’ll ask his advice.

Task 2. Read and translate the sentences.

1. If she knew English, she would try to enter the University. 2. If I were in the country, I should have a very good time. 3. If she were not so absent-minded she would be a much better student. 4. If he were here he would ask her a few questions. 5. He would certainly agree if he were in your place. 6. I wouldn’t accept the job unless they offered more. 7. If he didn’t read so much he would not be so clever. 8. If Helen came to our place I should be very glad. 9. If you didn’t smoke too much you would not feel so bad.

Task 3. Read and translate the sentences:

 1. If they hadn’t gone to Moscow they would not have heard that famous musician. 2. I should have written the test long ago if you had not disturbed me. 3. If he had warned me I should have done the work in time. 4. If he had put on a warm coat yesterday he would not have caught cold. 5. If I had seen him yesterday I’d have given him a piece of my mind. 6. Would you have gone to the South, if you had known it was going to be so hot there? 7. If he had realized the danger, he would have run away. 8. If I had gone to the party last night I would have seen my friend there. 9. Unless you had learned all the words you would never have written that test.

 Task 4. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the pattern:

A. Pattern: Say that again and we’ll quarrel.

If you say it again, we’ll quarrel.

1. Go to the doctor and he will help you.

2. Take a taxi and we’ll be there in time.

3. Wait a minute and I will explain it to you.

4. Go along this street and you’ll see the bank on your left.

B. Pattern: The weather isn’t warm today.

We won’t go for a walk.

If the weather were warm today we would go for a walk.

1. He doesn’t know us well. He won’t invite us.

2. I’m not cold, I won’t put on a sweater.

3. He doesn’t know my cousin. He won’t meet her at the station.

4. Jane hasn’t got VCR. She doesn’t watch many films.

C. Pattern: If it didn’t rain, we would go for a walk .(yesterday)

If it had not rained yesterday, we’d have gone for a walk.

1. They would come if you invited them.

2. If they were present, we would discuss it with them. (last Monday)

3. If Gerry were not so busy, I’d ask him to help me. (in the morning)

4. If I knew English better, I’d work as an interpreter. (then)

TEXT A

Before reading the text 1) learn to pronounce the following words correctly:

2) translate into Russian:

to adopt rules, to govern relationships, to find smb. guilty of a crime, to inflict damages, statement of laws, personal property, the principle of revenge, a harsh punishment.

History of the Law

Since the time when people first began living together, rules have been adopted to protect individuals and groups and to govern their relationships. Even the most ancient peoples compiled Law codes. A law code is a more or less systematic and comprehensive written statement of laws. The oldest law code is tablets from the ancient archives of the city of Ebla (now Tell Mardikh, Syria), which date to about 2400 BC.

The earliest written law was also the Law Code of Hammurabi, a king who reigned over Babylon (on the territory of modern Iraq) around 2000 B.C.

Hammurabi’s Code had 282 paragraphs and was carved in cuneiform on a pillar made of very hard stone. This pillar was set up in a temple to the Babylonian god Marduk so that everyone could read it.

After the fall of Babylon in the 16th century B.C. the pillar was lost for centuries. It was found again during archeological expedition among the ruins of the Persian city of Susa in 1901. Now the pillar is in Paris in the Louvre museum.

The scientists managed to read Hammurabi’s Code. It dealt with many of the same subjects as our legal system today. It included real and personal property law (the rights of slave owners and slaves, inheritance and property contracts), family law (divorce and marriage), criminal law (crimes and punishment of crimes), and business law (settlement of debts and even regulations about taxes and the prices of goods).

The Code gave very harsh punishments for almost all crimes. Not only murderers but also thieves and those guilty of false accusation faced the death penalty. The punishment was based on the principle of revenge: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. The criminals had to receive the same injuries and damages they had inflicted upon their victims.

Nevertheless, the penalty according to Hammurabi’s laws could not be harder than the crime. The code banned the tradition of kidnapping women as brides. The laws of Hammurabi’s Code took into account the circumstances of the offender as well as the offence itself. For example, if a citizen of a lower rank lost in a civil case he had to pay fewer penalties than an aristocrat, though if he won he also was awarded less.

The laws set forth in Hammurabi’s Code were written by the King - a divinely inspired authority. Only the King could change such laws. This absolutism of power in the monarch was typical of legal systems until the time of the Greeks around 300 B.C.

TASKS