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| Если подлежащее является непосредственным исполнителем действия и это действие направлено на дополнение, то сказуемое будет иметь активный залог (Active Voice). I read the book. Я читаю книгу. Если же непосредственным исполнителем действия является дополнение и действие направлено на подлежащее, то сказуемое будет иметь пассивный залог (Passive Voice). The book is read by me. Книга читается мной Если мы используем пассивный залог, то нас может не интересовать производитель совершаемого действия, поэтому дополнение с предлогом 'by опускается. The test is being conducted. Испытание проводится. |
В предложении с Passive Voice, подлежащим может становиться как прямое, так и косвенное дополнение.
| S | P | O(dir) | O(ind) |
| They | gave | the book | to me |
| The book | was given | to me (by them) | |
| I | was given | the book | (by them) |
Существует 3 способа перевода Passive Voice на русский язык; с помощью:
1) глагола 'быть' в прошедшем или будущем времени + краткое страдательное причастие
It was done = Это было сделано
2) возвратного глагола (-ся /-сь)
The work is being done =Работа делается
3) неопределенно-личного предложения (из двух главных членов есть только сказуемое, которое всегда стоит в 3 л.-мн. числа)
The experiment is conducted = Эксперимент проводят
EXERCISES
Переведите всеми возможными способами:
1. Students were given dictionaries.
2. This article is being translated.
3. A 12-story building was being constructed on the square.
4. An interesting problem will be discussed at the conference.
5. The journal has been printed.
6. Data are being programmed.
Как распознать Passive Voice?
| Для этого необходимо два условия: 1) чтобы в состав сказуемого входил глагол to be в любой форме: (to)be, am, is, are, was, were, been 2) последний компонент сказуемого был бы в 3-й форме или с окончанием -ed is doing- must create- had been read+ am done+ is to be- was to come*- * Смотрим такой глагол по таблице неправильных глаголов. Если у него совпадают 1 и 3 формы то в Passive Voice после частицы to должен быть глагол be: was to cut-, was to be cut+ |
EXERCISES
| VI A-l. Укажите Passive или Active | |
| have worked - are to write were asked will be revised is being connected was computing have been done will have been doing has done | were produced is being read are to come had been developed was being translated had opened am invited is to send has been done |
| VI A-2. Определите время (Tense), вид (Aspect), залог (Voice). will have seen was sung am being watched is to see had been opened is being occupied had crashed is told am to decide will have been developed had to come is read | is being reported have has been carried out were has had had done had been done will correspond will be translated speaks am reading was being completed |
VI A-3. Выпишите из VI А-2 все сказуемые в Passive. Оределите, какое одно из нижепреведённых подлежащих подходит к этим сказуемым:
results/research/ researcher (пример: Researcher speaks - Исследователь говорит)
VI А-4. Переведите на английский язык всеми возможными способами:
Статья переводится
Статью переведут
Статья будет переводиться
Статья была переведена
Статья переводилась
Особенности Passive Voice
В русском языке страдательный залог образуют только переходные глаголы, т.е. прямое дополнение становится подлежащим в таком предложении. В английском языке страдательный залог образуют не только такие глаголы, но также и глаголы, после которых следует дополнение с предлогом:
The monitor was sent for (to sent for a monitor). За старостой послали.
The results were often referred to (to refer to results). На эти результаты часто ссылались.
The children are taken care of (to take care of children). О детях заботятся.
Каков алгоритм перевода?
| ||||||||||||
The research
has been much spoken
They
have spoken
Они
говорили
--
Говорили
Об исследовании говорили
Иногда в русском языке глагол требует дополнение с предлогом, а в английском - нет:
This question was answered immediately. На этот вопрос ответили немедленно.
EXERCISES
VI А-5. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. This phenomenon will be spoken about.
2. The reliability of this method will be insisted upon.
3. The excursion to exhibition was insisted on by many students.
4. He is taken care of by his sister.
5. The theory of relativity is referred to later
6. The article was spoken about by many reporters.
7. Many substances can be destroyed when they are acted upon.
8. Probably the decision will be arrived at after much discussion.
9. The book is thought of as most interesting.
10. She may be relied on in a situation like this.
11. This opinion should be relied on.
12. The experiment was watched by many students.
13. We were joined by a large group of tourists.
14. This discovery was followed by another one.
15. The neutron is completely unaffected by a magnetic field.
16. The behavior of this particle is influencet by various factors.
VI A-6. Определите Tense, Aspect, Voice. Переведите на русский язык.
| is produced. | |
| produces | |
| will have been produced | |
| is producing | |
| The program | has produced |
| has been produced | |
| had been produced | |
| is being produced | |
| produced |
VI A-7. Образуйте от глагола to ask подобную "цепочку" сказуемых к подлежащему student. Переведите на русский язык полученные пары S+PR.
VI А-8 Переведите на русский язык
was reflected, shall be done, began, did not develop, saw, have been distinguished, has had, will see, determines, are published, was recognized, am provided, shall be extended, wrote, did not move, to expose, had done, have been mentioned, has seen, will begin, moves, are examined, did not enter, containts, had exposed, were being extended, are taken, enters, will occur, was estimated, approved, shall develop, did not begin, exists, has separated, were being modified, are studied, preferred, will vary, was observed, increased, shall be taken, to depend on, will believe, shall prove, developed, shall have recognized, were being asked, will be determined, shall be doing, does not deal, have thought, contain, will catch, shall grow, entered, shall move, were being asked, will be exposed, shall be moving, does not observe, does not depend, were being modified, wrote, reads, will come, will be tested, shall begin, was inhabited, is examining, was having, have been housed, has been done, will have, had, does not have, has not done, shall do, have to do, has had, shall take, had to give, were having, have been observed, has been modified, shall expose, moved, does not have, had not examined, shall depend, have to be observed, has begun, will be recognized, had to mention.
Анализ сказуемого с точки зрения наклонения. (Mood)
В английском языке (как и в русском) сказуемое имеет такую характеристику, как наклонение. Существуют 3 вида наклонения: изъявительное, повелительное и сослагательное. Соответственно: indicative, imperative, subjunctive.
Повелительное наклонение (Imperative Mood)
Все, что мы с вами изучали до настоящего момента, относилось к indicative Mood.
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