1. Although we can buy meat in the shops, some people still like to … animals as a hobby.

2. … is another word for extra things that are not needed.

3. There are still … of living traditional lives in the rainforests of South America.

4. In most modern societies … like celebrations and dances have disappeared.

5. Corn and wheat are two … that farmers grow in their fields.

6. One of the … of playing sports is that you keep fit.

7. One of the … of living in a city is the noise.

8. Many African countries suffer from regular … when no rainfalls for months

9. Heavy rain causes … in many parts of Europe each year.

10. East Asian countries are well known for their … industries such as computers and cameras.

11. Exercises and sports at school are sometimes called … education.

1. A chase              B hunt        C eat

2. A surplus           B goods     С shortage

3. A customs         B tribes      C pygmies

4. A parties            B patterns  C customs

5. A crops              В animals   C foods

6. A goods             B disadvantages    C benefits

7. A drawbacks     B benefits  С customs

8. A floods            В droughts С hurricanes

9. A floods            B droughts С hurricanes

10. A agricultural  B heavy     C technology

11. A physical       B mental    C fun

Now read the text again and match each paragraph with the correct heading.

PARAGRAPH 1

PARAGRAPH 2

PARAGRAPH 3

PARAGRAPH 4

PARAGRAPH 5

PARAGRAPH 6

A life without money

В The advantages of the traditional economy

C The future of the traditional economy

D The disadvantages of the traditional economy

E The importance of tradition

F Work m the traditional economy

The market economy

Have you ever walked through a busy street market? People push their way through crowds of others in order to reach the stalls first. The air is full of deafening shouts. Stall owners yell to advertise their goods. Buyers cry out their orders. It's hard to imagine, but behind this noisy confusion is a very logical economic theory: the market economy.

The market economy is sometimes called the free market. A free market is not controlled in any way by a government. It is also free from the influence of custom or tradition. In a free market, the only reason why things are bought and sold is because there is a demand for them. Prices for goods and services arc simply what people are prepared to pay. The market economy is not really controlled by anyone. It controls itself.

The street market where we began has many of the characteristics of the free market. Customers arrive at the market with a shopping list of things they need. They also come with an idea of how much they are prepared to pay. Stall owners sell what customers demand, and try to get the highest price they can for it. Supply and demand control what is on the market and how much it sells for. In the wider economy, we are all customers, and the stall owners are like companies.

The role of the company in the free market is to supply what people want. However, companies need an incentive. The incentive is profit. There are two ways for companies to make a profit. The first way is to raise their prices. The second way is to reduce their production costs. And this brings us to two more features of the market economy: competition and technology.

Competition exists in a free market because, theoretically, anyone can be a producer. This means that companies have to compete with each other for a share of the market. Competition is good for consumers because it helps to control prices and quality. If customers aren't happy with a product or service, or if they can't afford it, they will go to a competitor.

Technology exists in a free market because producers need ways to reduce their costs. They cannot buy cheaper raw materials. Instead, they must make better use of time and labour. Technology is the use of tools and machines to do jobs in a better way. This helps companies produce more goods in less time and with less effort. The result: more profit.

People often think that most economies are free markets. However, at the macroeconomic level, a truly free market economy does not exist anywhere in the world. This is because all governments set limits in order to control the economy. Some governments set many limits, other governments set very few, but they all set some. For this reason, a true market economy is only theoretical. Nevertheless, many of the features of the market economy do exist in most societies today.

Переведите на английский язык:

1     Для того, чтобы получить высокую прибыль, продавец должен повысить цену и снизить издержки производства.

2.    В рыночной экономике компаниям приходится конкурировать друг с другом за долю рынка.

3.    Сегодня в нашей жизни и экономике деньги, монеты, банкноты и кредитные карточки играют важную роль.

4.    В традиционной экономике люди занимались охотой, собирательством, не имели собственности. Земля использовалась всеми членами племени. Там же впервые появилось разделение труда.

5.    Любая экономическая система имеет свои преимущества и недостатки. Самым большим недостатком традиционной экономики является то, что люди потребляют почти всё, что производят.

6.    Рыночная экономика не контролируется государством. На свободном рынке существует конкуренция, которая позволяет управлять ценами и качеством.

7.    Подлинно рыночная экономика не может существовать, поскольку все правительства каким-либо образом контролируют экономику, вводя ограничения.

The market economy