When economists talk about market structure they mean the way companies compete with each other in a particular market. Let's take the market for pizzas, for example. There may be many thousands of small companies all trying to win a share of the pizza market, or there may be only one huge company that supplies all the pizzas. These are two very different market structures, but there are many other possible structures. Market structure is important because it affects price. In some market structures, companies have more control over price. In other market structures, consumers have more control over price.

You can think of market structure as a kind of scale. At one end of the scale is perfect competition and at the other end is pure monopoly. In a market with perfect competition, there are many companies supplying the same good or service, but none of them are able to control the price. This sounds fine, but in reality it is very difficult for such a market structure to exist. What's needed?

First of all, there must be many small companies competing. Each company has its own small share of the market. If one company has a much larger share than any other, it can affect price, and perfect competition will no longer exist.

Secondly, products or services from different companies must be the same. This doesn't mean that everything on the market has to be identical, but they have to be perfect substitutes. In other words, one company's product must satisfy the same need as another company's. Imagine a company produces a television that also makes tea. Its product is different from everyone else's. If it chooses to raise the price of its TVs, customers may still want to buy them because of this difference.

Thirdly, customers and companies must have perfect and complete information. This means that they know everything about the products and prices on the market and that this information is correct.

Fourthly, there mustn't be any barriers to new companies entering the market. In other words there must not be anything that helps one company stay in the market and blocks others from trading.

Finally, every company in the market must have the same access to the resources and technology they need.

If all of these conditions are met, there is perfect competition. In this kind of market structure, companies are price takers. This is because the laws of supply and demand set the price, not the company. How does this work? Very simply! An increase in demand will make a company increase its price in order to cover costs. It might try to push its prices even higher than necessary so that it can make more profit. However, it will not be able to do this for very long. The increase in demand and the higher price will make other companies want to enter the market, too. This will drive the price back down to equilibrium.

Переведите на английский язык:

1.    Структура рынка связана с конкуренцией. Она оказывает влияние на цену.

2.    Рынок совершенной конкуренции имеет ряд особенностей. На нём должно быть много конкурирующих компаний, поставляющих один и тот же товар или оказывающих одну и ту же услугу; все потребители и компании должны обладать полной информацией о рынке; не должно быть барьеров на пути выхода на рынок новых компаний.

3.    Если мы говорим о рынке совершенной конкуренции, важно, чтобы все компании имели доступ к технологии и ресурсам.

4. На рынке совершенной конкуренции существует много компаний, но ни одна из них не может оказывать влияние на цену.

5. При монополии доля одной из компаний настолько велика, что остальные не могут конкурировать с ней.

6.    Как правило, монополий не выгодны для потребителей, поскольку монополии определяют цену.

7.    В отличие от естественных монополий некоторые монополии часто образуются более агрессивным методом — путём поглощения других компаний.