applies         available     confusing  curve

demand       exception

impressive increase       law limited

set shift taxes

1. Some of the puzzles in this book are really …

2. Newton's … of gravity explain» why thing» fall towards the earth.

3. There is я lot of … for organic fruit and vegetables these days.

4. When you throw a ball, it follows a … back down to earth.

5. Gold is expensive because there is only a very … supply.

6. When a company stops making a product, it isn't … anymore.

7. Normally I arrive al work at 8.00 am but Thursday is an …

8. This rule … to everyone in the school, oven teachers.

9. Everyone who earns a salary must pay … to the government.

10. There has been a … in public opinion about the environment recently.

11. There has been a huge … in demand for air conditioners due to the hot weather.

12. Prices haw been … too high and nobody can afford the goods.

13. I found the work you've managed to do verу … .Well done!

Now read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false.

1. The law of demand is easy to understand.

2. The law of demand says that when people want more of something, its price rises.

3. There are no exceptions to the law of demand.

4. Price elasticity shows how much prices change when demand changes.

5. There are many reasons why people decide to buy something, not only price.

6. A shift in demand changes the shape of the demand curve.

ВАРИАНТ 2

The traditional economy

It's hard to imagine our lives without coins, banknotes and credit cards. Yet for most of human history people lived without money. For thousands of years human societies had very simple economies. There were no shops, markets or traders. There were no employers, paid workers or salaries. Today, we call this kind of economy the traditional economy, and in some parts of Asia, South America and Africa this system still exists.

People who live in a traditional economy don't have money because they don't need it. They live lives of subsistence. That means they hunt, gather or grow only enough food to live. There is almost no surplus in the traditional economy, and there is almost no property. Families may own simple accommodation, but land is shared by all the tribe. Economic decisions are taken according to the customs of the tribe. For example, every family may need to give some of the crops they grow to the tribal leader, but keep the rest for themselves. They don't do this because it makes economic sense. They do it because the tribe has always done it. It's simply a custom.

Custom, also, decides what jobs people do in the traditional economy. People generally do the jobs that their parents and grandparents did before them. Anyway, there aren't many jobs to choose from in the traditional economy. Men are hunters, farmers or both. The woman's place is at home looking after children, cooking and home-making. This division of labour between men and women is another characteristic of the traditional economy. Whatever the work is, and whoever does it, you can be sure it's hard work. This is because traditional economies have almost no technology. Physical strength and knowledge of the environment are the tools for survival.

Like any other economic system, the traditional economy has its benefits and drawbacks. Probably the biggest benefit is that these are peaceful societies. People consume almost everything they produce and own practically nothing. They are equally poor. For all these reasons, war is almost unknown in these societies.

However, people who live in traditional societies are among the poorest people in the world. Because custom decides what people do, nothing in these societies ever changes. Because there is no technology, people depend on nature to survive. They have no protection from environmental disasters like droughts and floods. They are always in danger of hunger and disease.

But the traditional economy is in danger itself. There are only a few examples left on the planet. In 100 years from now, it may have disappeared forever.

Переведите на английский язык:

1     Для того, чтобы получить высокую прибыль, продавец должен повысить цену и снизить издержки производства.

2.    В рыночной экономике компаниям приходится конкурировать друг с другом за долю рынка.

3.    Сегодня в нашей жизни и экономике деньги, монеты, банкноты и кредитные карточки играют важную роль.

4.    В традиционной экономике люди занимались охотой, собирательством, не имели собственности. Земля использовалась всеми членами племени. Там же впервые появилось разделение труда.

5.    Любая экономическая система имеет свои преимущества и недостатки. Самым большим недостатком традиционной экономики является то, что люди потребляют почти всё, что производят.

6.    Рыночная экономика не контролируется государством. На свободном рынке существует конкуренция, которая позволяет управлять ценами и качеством.

7.    Подлинно рыночная экономика не может существовать, поскольку все правительства каким-либо образом контролируют экономику, вводя ограничения.

The traditional economy