Пояснения к тексту:

silicon wafer                    кремниевая пластина

photovoltaic cell             фотогальванический элемент,

вентильный элемент, фотоэлемент

с запирающим слоем

wave power                      энергия волн океана, возобновляемый

источник энергии

photovoltaics                   1) фотоэлектричество;

2) фотоэлектрическая энергетика

solar panel                        солнечная батарея, батарея солнечных

элементов; солнечная панель

photovoltaic effect          вентильный фотоэффект,

фотогальванический эффект

photovoltaic array           фотоэлектрическая батарея

Solar energy

1) Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar radiation, along with secondary solar-powered resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass, account for most of the available renewable energy on earth. Only a minuscule fraction of the available solar energy is used.

2) Solar powered electrical generation relies on heat engines and photovoltaics. Photovoltaics (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon and others. Due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years.

3) A partial list of solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, potable water via distillation and disinfection, daylighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes. To harvest the solar energy, the most common way is to use solar panels.

4) The first Russian solar plant was opened in Belgorod Oblast in November 2010. The southern parts of Russia, especially the North Caucasus, have the greatest potential for solar energy. Russia plans to set up an overall solar capacity of 150 MW by 2020.

5) Plans for the construction of a new solar plant on the Black Sea have been announced and the plant is expected to begin operations by 2012. This plant, which will have a capacity of 12.3 MW, is being built by Rusnano and Renova. Solar Wind LLC and Rusnano are building a plant that will produce double-sided solar panels, which will be able to collect solar energy from both sides. Construction is expected to finish in early 2011 and the plant will have an annual manufacturing capacity of 30 MW.

8 . Прочитайте 4-й и 5-й абзацы текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы:

1) When and where was the first Russian solar plant opened?

2) When will a new solar plant on the Black Sea be put into operation?

3) What is the advantage of double-sided solar panels?

4) What companies take part in the development of solar energy sector in Russia?

Вариант V

1. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа имени существительного;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения № 1).

1. In the UK the Queen reigns, but does not rule.

2. Mountains in Britain are not very high.

3. Most of London^’s places of interest are in the West End.

4. The Institute trains specialists for industry and agriculture.

5. The Institute provides with hostel those who came from distant part of the country.

6. What is the biggest hydropower plant on Siberia’s rivers?

2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения № 2).

1. Students are given their degree at a special graduation ceremony.

2. At boarding school children live at school during the school terms.

3. Windsor Castle is a favorite Royal Family home.

4. There are many concert halls and theatres in our city.

5. My sister's friend is the third year student and the editor of the university student paper.

6. He works at the foreign languages lab regularly.

3. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения прилагательных (см. образец выполнения № 3).

1. Who is your most favorite English writer?

2. The more you read special literature, the more you know the subject.

3. Your translation is better than mine.

4. Mount Everest is the world’s highest peak.

5. This method of work is the most efficient.

6. Do you know that the Volga is eleven times as long as the Thames?

4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений (см. образец выполнения № 4).

1. Yesterday I bought some new magazines.

2. Nobody could understand the film without translation.

3. Is there anybody there?

4. Some centuries ago people did not know anything about electricity.

5. They met nobody at the station.

6. In two years he will become an engineer.

5. Перепишите и переведите предложения. Определите в них видовременные формы глагола и укажите их инфинитив (см. образец выполнения № 5).

1. It was mild last winter.

2. The UK is a highly developed industrial country.

3. There will be a test at the next lesson.

4. In four years my brother will become an engineer.

5. She seldom cooks in the evening.

6. Last year my friend headed the research work at the Institute.

6. Перепишите и переведите предложения. Подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог (см. образец выполнения № 6).

1. Astronomers have measured the exact length of the day.

2. I^’m sure the problem will be solved.

3. He had already left when I came there.

4. I was waiting for you the whole evening.

5. Science and engineering have made great progress during the last thirty years.

6. We were invited to the exhibition of new goods last week.

7. The farmers have gathered good harvests this summer.

8. In the War of Independence the USA freed herself and became independent.

9. They are raising all sorts of food products there.

10. The students have been given a difficult task.