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The Idea of Well-being
1. By the standard of living we mean not only the goods and services we consume, but also other aspects of the quality of life including health, leisure time, and environmental amenities. Welfare is another word that also conveys the idea of well-being. But it is not easy to measure the standard of living of a population in quantitative terms. We care not just about the quantity of goods and services but also their quality, and that can be difficult to measure. Think of the remarkable improvements in the quality of electronic devices, and in the effectiveness and safety of medical services; but how to quantify that? We also are to measure changes in the amount of leisure time, and the historical trend is towards more leisure.
2. The environment gets increasing attention as we become more aware of the negative effects of our activities on nature and how that affects our own welfare. Affluent societies have both the greatest impact on the environment and also the greatest ability to mitigate that impact. It is very difficult to measure environmental impact, nor is it easy to get agreement on how it should be valued, but there is no doubt that it will occupy increasing attention in the years ahead.
3. In measuring the standard of living we are concerned not simply with the average level of consumption or income, but also its distribution among households. Which society enjoys a higher standard of living, one with a higher average income but greater inequality, or one with a lower average income but less inequality? Most people would probably say that there is a trade-off between level and inequality, so the answer depends on how large the differences are.
VII. Answer the questions:
1. Is it easy to measure the standard of living of a population in quantitative terms?
2. What gets increasing attention?
3. Which society enjoys a higher standard of living?
VIII. Complete the sentences (1- 9) with the words (a-i):
a) banks b) vacancies c) insurance d) records e) profit f)qualifications
G) profession h)firm i)staff.
1. Commercial ……….render various services to companies and individuals.
2. Auditors review financial ……… and report to the management.
3. Business newspapers often publish advertisements of ……. .
4. An accountant is a member of a respected…….. .
5. All the members of our...........are expected to work hard.
6. He has all the right .......... for the job.
7. She's looking for a better position with another……. .
8. A great variety of risks can nowadays be covered by ……….
9. Part of the company’s ……… is paid to shareholders.
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
IX. Match (1-9) with (a-i) to make up sentences:
| 1. There's been a slight mix-up 2. I'm sorry to bother you 3. If you don't send your engineer today 4. I'm not at all satisfied 5. Please accept our apologies 6. In order to calculate unemployment, we need to understand 7. Economics and finance are related 8. The field of econometrics develops 9. A market, in an economic sense, is just a collection of buyers and sellers | a) but there seems to be some mistake. b) over your recent order. c) for the late arrival of this flight. d) with the reasons for the delay. e) we will be forced to cancel. f) but separate fields. g) of a particular good or service. h) how to measure the labor force. i) mathematical data analysis tools . |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
Variant IV
I. Choose the correct item.
1. Sam … to a customer right now.
a) is talking b) talks
2. Companies often … job applicants to take personality tests.
a) are requiring b) require
3. The stock market … the 10,000 barrier.
a) broke b) was breaking
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| 1 | 2 | 3 |
Дата: 2019-07-24, просмотров: 375.