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Table4. The sources of information on amphibians as percentages of respondents from western (WP) or other (OP) polities. Metrics were often, sometimes, and not often. The percentage of often responses as a percentage of responding participants is shown.
| Polity | Books | Journals | Internet |
| WP Mean | 71 | 73 | 76 |
| WP Range | 61-92 | 71-87 | 71-91 |
| OP Mean | 63 | 89 | 71 |
| OP Range | 45-77 | 82-95 | 69-77 |
| Overall Mean | 69 | 77 | 74 |
Respondents awareness of threats to amphibian survival corresponded with science based knowledge (Bishop et al., 2012; Amphibia web, 2017; Xenopoulos et al., 2005) as: habitat loss (100%), disease (90%), climate change (80%),
illegal trade (60%), consumption (40%) and legal trade (20%). A greater concern for the effects on amphibians of climate change and both legal and illegal trade was shown by other polities compared with western polities (Tab. 5).
Table5. Causes of amphibians declines as the mean percentages of overall respondents. The percentage of very high plus high responses as a percentage of responding participants is shown. Metrics were very high, high, moderate and low.
| Causes of amphibians declines | WP | OP | Overall |
| Habitat loss | 100 | 89 | 99 |
| Disease | 90 | 86 | 89 |
| Climate change | 71 | 90 | 77 |
| Illegal trade | 53 | 84 | 61 |
| Consumption | 43 | 36 | 41 |
| Legal trade | 17 | 35 | 22 |
Respondents interests in amphibian species was highest for Anurans at 90%, 65% for Caudata 65%, and 35% for Caecilians. There was a high percentage (60%) of keepers in Germany keeping threatened species in contrast to the overall average of 35%. The percentage of Anuran keepers in western polities was lower (60%) than in other polities (75%), and of Caudata keepers in western polities higher (70%) than in other polities (20%). Of all amphibian keepers, 70% kept Anurans, 50%
Caudata, and 2% Caecilians (Tab. 6). Most Anuran keepers 55% kept more than 5 individuals, 25% more than 5-15, and 30% more than 15. Half of Caudata keepers kept more than 5 individuals, 10% more than 5-15, and 40% more than 15. The vast majority (95%) of Caecilian keepers kept less than 5 individuals (Tab. 7). Overall 45% of keepers also kept reptiles, 25% fish, insects or mammals, and 10% spiders, scorpions, or birds.
Table 6. Overall percentage of yes answers by respondents to keeping amphibians, the percentage of these that keep amphibians from different amphibian families, and the percentage of these that breed amphibians from these families.
| Question | WP | OP | Overall |
| Keeping - Amphibians | 61 | 18 | 50 |
| - Anurans | 74 | 61 | 72 |
| - Salamanders | 69 | 17 | 52 |
| - Caecilians | 3 | 0 | 2 |
| Breeding Anurans | 75 | 92 | 77 |
| - Salamanders | 88 | 100 | 88 |
| - Caecilians | 30 | 0 | 15 |
Table7. The percentage of keepers that kept anurans, salamanders, or caecilians. The number of respondents for each amphibian order are in brackets.*- values containing the lower case letter are not different in the row, and containing the same upper case letter are not different in the column (P> 0.05, two-sided difference between proportions test, realized in STATISTICA 12 Statsoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA).
| Question | % > 5 | < 5 - >15 | % < 15 | % < 5 | Answered/Skipped |
| Anurans | 44aA*(49) | 24bA (27) | 32ab A (36) | 56 (63) | 112/182 |
| Salamanders | 51aA (50) | 12bAB (12) | 38a A (38) | 50 (50) | 101/193 |
| Caecilians | 95aB (83) | 4bB (3) | 1bB (1) | 5 (4) | 87/207 |
Journal of Zoological Research V2 • I1 • 2018
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Amphibian Keeper Conservation Breeding Programs
| More than US$500 a year was spent a year on their collections by 35% of amphibian keepers in western and by 65% in other polities. Keepers in both western and other polities generally spent more than 30 minutes a day on amphibian husbandry (Tab. 8). |
Anurans were bred by 60% of Anuran keepers, Caudata by 45% of Caudata keepers, and with very few keepers breeding caecilians and with 15% not breeding any species. A lower percentage of amphibian keepers from western polities bred Anurans and Caudata than from other polities (data not tabled).
Table8. The Spending per Year (US$) and Minutes per Day that keepers spent on their collections as percentages from western (WP) or other (OP) polities. For the Spending per Year (US$) amounts of 500+ and 1000+were derived from the survey question the range of amounts.
| Polity | Spending per Year (US$) | |||||||
Minutes per Day
| making was of lower priority in western (65%) than in other (80%) polities. Of nations, Germany and Russia are the highest (> 80%) priorities, with Australia, UK, and the USA - the lowest (<40%). Receiving financial support for KCBPs was less important to western (55%) than other polities (65%, Tab. 9). |
The provision of internet portals was of higher priority to western (75%) than to other polities (65%). Desire by keepers for official recognition of their CBPs was higher in western (75%) than in other polities (65%). It was lowest in Australia (60%), UK (50%), and Latin America (60%), and highest in Germany (95%) and Russia (>80%). Being included in policy decision
Table9. The percentage of keepers, from western (WP) or other (OP) polities, that considered that keepers CBPs would benefit by the provision of: Internet Portals and Financial Support, and the recognition of keepers CBPs as an “Official” Programs and a role in global decision making concerning amphibian CBPs.
| Polity | Internet Portal | Financial Support | Official Programs | Decision Making |
| WP Mean | 72 | 54 | 75 | 63 |
| WP Range | 40-80 | 30-86 | 50-95 | 35-82 |
| OP Mean | 64 | 66 | 65 | 78 |
| OP Range | 64-65 | 61-73 | 59-86 | 64-86 |
| Overall Mean | 70 | 57 | 72 | 67 |
Respondents from western and other polities would chose species for their CBPs mainly through the managing organization and through
personal contacts, with the species location being of particular importance to other polities (Tab. 10).
Table10. The importance of influences on respondents choice of a target species for their CBP as Other People, Managing Organization, Location, Documentaries-News, Species, News/Reports, and Newsletters. Metrics were very high, high, moderate and low. The percentage of very high plus high responses is shown as a percentage of the number of respondents.
| Polity | Other People | Managing Organization | Location | Documentaries-News | Species | News/ Reports | Newsletters |
| WP Mean | 62 | 62 | 55 | 37 | 45 | 33 | 32 |
| OP Mean | 62 | 63 | 71 | 59 | 36 | 60 | 52 |
| Overall Mean | 62 | 62 | 59 | 43 | 43 | 41 | 37 |
Respondents support for the sale of surplus amphibians from CBPs was much higher in western (70%) than in other polities (30%). Germany (95%) and Russia (100%) most favored sale of surplus amphibians, with Australia (30%) the least in favor. The legal harvest of amphibians was equally favored (65%) between western and other polities, however, was widely variable within western
polities with a range from 40-90%. Participants in Germany (90%) and the UK (80%) were the most supportive and Australia the least (40%). Legal trade was supported more in western (80%) than in other polities (55%), with a high variability of responses in western polities from 30-95%, with Germany (95%) and Russia (90%) most supportive, and with Europe (40%) and Australia (30%) the least supportive (Tab. 11).
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Journal of Zoological Research V2 • I1 • 2018
Дата: 2019-03-05, просмотров: 213.