2. Religious worldview.

In primeval society religion was closely connected with mythology. But the specificity of religion is its system of worship. The system of ritual actions which is aimed at establishing special relations with the supernatural.

Religious worldview doubles the world: one is this side of the grave, which is unfair and evil, the other – afterdeath world                                    which is beautiful good and kind.

Worldview constructions involved in a system of worship acquired the character of dogmas. It gave a particular spiritual-practical character to this type of worldview.Religion was directed into the future, better life. Religion permited no doubt either as it was considered the Sirit of heartless established order. The main function of religion has always been to help man to get over historically changeable transient aspects of his being and to raise man’s soul to something higher, eternal and lofty.

 Religious worrldview operated with symbol and image and did not suppose any doubt either but it asserted a new idea of salvation, the hope for better life.

   3. Philosophical worldview.

With the development of human society, man had realized some definite laws and regularities, man’s cognitive abilities advanced greatly. Man got a new form of mastering worldview problems, it took on a theoretical character. Images and symbols of mythological worldview were being replaced by reason. Thus, this is the way philosophy was born as an attempt to solve different worldview problems by means of reason - thinking, using concepts, categories, logic.

Philosophy is a theoretical level of worldview. It appeared in the form of knowledge and had got a systematic character. This brings it closer to science. Actually, at early stages of human development the theoretical form of investigation of reality was called philosophy.But later when much of experience had been accumulated, methods were perfected and therefore certain differentiation of theoretical forms of studying the reality took place. Many individual sciences appeared. As for philosophy, it gained a new content. Its subject methods and functions had been greatly changed.Aristotle considered philosophy as a Missis of science. And he did not exaggerate, as its maturnity level was much higher than that of any other branches of science.

Philosophy is intrinsic to investigating the world beyond the limits of man’s experience. No experience can afford to understand the world as integral, endless in space and eternal in time, reality that surpasses immeasurably man’s abilities, that actually exists, and people should constantly take it into consideration.Thus, the principles most intrinsic to philosophy are universality and substantiality.

Universality means that during all the history of culture philosophy tried to produce universal knowledge and universal principles of spiritual-moral life.

Substantiality means an investigation of the essence of the world, seeking for some constant basis, the initial points of everything to explain the world, its structure, that is functioning not genetically, but with the help of a universal basis.

And there is another thing that should be mentioned. Philosophers tried to call everything into question to reflect everyday life, one’s own activity, norms, traditions. They doubted in what is called “common sense”. That is typically a philosophical way of thinking to compare with mythology and religion

Philisiphical worldview is characterized by its theoretical character. Image s and symbol s of mythological and religious worldview were being replaced by reason. P hilosophy tried to solve different worldview problems by means of reason , thinking, using logic and its elements: concepts, categories and laws .

In the  history of philosophy there formed two different approaches in explaining the surrounding world: materialism and idealism.

Materialism takes the world which exists objectively and independently of the consciousness of man and of mankind. Explanation of the world from the world itself such is the worldview and methodological principle of materialism. In its development materialism passed through several significant stages from the naïve form in antiquity through mechanical and metaphysical forms to dialectical materialism.

Idealism holds the opposite view, insisting that the development of the world is determined by the spiritual element. Idealism also has various forms. Thus, objective idealism recognizes the existence of a real world outside man, but it is believed that underlying it is reason. The irrationalist variety of objective idealism (Schopengauer and others) postulate an unconscious unreasonable element as the basis of being (blind will, representation and will).From the point of view of subjective idealism, the objective world independent of man does not exist, it is the product of man’s subjective cognitive abilities, sensations and perceptions. Hence, the fundamental idea of this philosophical system (Berkeley or Mach) is that: things are complexes of sensations and to exist means to be perceived by man’s sense organs. Subjective idealism insists that our attempts to go beyond consciousness are in vain and that the existence of an outside world independent of our mind is therefore impossible to prove. Indeed, we know the world as it is given to man but that does not mean that the perception of the world is the world itself. Even everyday experience demonstrate that the being of things does not depend on the act of their perception. A logical development of the ideas of subjective idealism leads to solipsism, to the assertion that nothing but the self exists. If subjective idealism locks itself within the sphere of the cognizing individual and the sensuous form of his cognition, objective idealism, on the contrary, lifts the results of human thoughts, of man’s entire culture to an absolute, ascribing to it absolutely independent suprapersonal being and active power. This logic of human thought is expanded to cover the whole world becoming the logic of being itself.

The other important philosophical problem that has been discussing through the ages is the question of  whether the world is knowable. Can man grasp its objective laws? Those who believe that the world is in principle unknowable are called agnostics. The most striking example of agnosticism is religious philosophy which rejects the knowability of the world in its desire to assert the primacy of faith over reason.