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The CPU is built into a single Microprocessor chip
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| IR | |||||||
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Main memory
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
1. The CPU directs and coordinates the activities taking place within the computer system.
2. The Arithmetic Logic Unit performs calculations on the data.
3. 32-bit processors can handle more information than 64-bit processor.
4. A chip is an electronic device composed of silicon elements containing a set of integrated circuits.
5. RAM, ROM and secondary memory are the components of the main memory.
6. Information cannot be processed by microprocessor if it is not loaded into the main memory.
7. Permanent storage of information is provided by RAM.
8. The speed of the microprocessor is measured in megahertz. One MHz is equivalent to one million cycles per second.
B) Word Power
Read this passage about the structure of the processor and fill in the gaps using the words in the box below.
| adapter boards clock system board | registers conductive accumulators | microprocessor buses input or output devices |
The processor consists of a _____ which is a circuit board on which are mounted _____ chips, memory chips, and other components linked together by ____ lines or channels in the form of control, address, and data ____. In addition, a processor has _____ which are electronic circuits providing specialized functions such as graphics, or which connects a system board of electronic devices, such as an electronic ____ for controlling the speed of operation; _____, which store numeric data during the course of processing; and various _____ including sequence control register, address register, and function register.
C) In groups of three, write answers to these questions. The winners are the group that answers the most questions correctly in five minutes.
1. What are the main parts of the CPU?
2. Any section of the main memory which can be read with equal speed and easy is…?
3. What memory section is also known as “firmware”?
4. What information is lost when the computer is switched off?
5. What is the typical unit used to measure ROM RAM memory and storage memory?
6. What is the meaning of the acronym SIMM?
7. What is a megahertz?
8. What is ALU? What does it do?
9. What is the abbreviation for “binary digit”?
10. How can we store data and programs permanently?
IV. Speaking
A) Make notes about the features of the computer that you would like to have.
CPU ………. Speed……….
Minimum/ maximum RAM: ………….
Hard disk ………………
Floppy disk drive: ……………….
Monitor: …………….
Software: ………………...
B) Now describe it to your partner.
Useful expressions:
It has got………….
It’s very fast. It runs at ………
The standard RAM memory is ………. and it is expandable …………….
The hard disk can hold ………….
As for the disk drive, …………...
I need a Super VGA monitor because ……………….
Unit IV
General features of operating system
I. Warm – up
With a partner, try to answer these questions.
1. What controls the functions of the computer system and the running of applications?
2. What tasks typically performed by an OS do you know?
II. Vocabulary
A) Learn the words and word combinations below.
assess - оценивать
commitment – вовлечение; обязательство; затраты
design – предназначать, конструировать, проектировать
adopt – принимать; выбирать
package - пакет
circumstance - обстоятельство
concurrently - одновременно
multiprogramming – мультипрограммирование, многозадачный режим
incorporate – объединять, включать
scheduling – планирование, диспетчеризация
entail – влечь за собой, вызывать
share – совместно использовать
access – иметь доступ
allocate – распределять, вызывать
in turn – по очереди
lock – захватывать (напр. файл), запирать (клавиатуру)
attempt - пытаться
update – изменять, модифицировать, исправлять
deny - отказывать
batch - пакет
batch mode - пакетный режим
real-time mode – режим реального времени
deal (with) – заниматься, иметь дело
batch processing – пакетная обработка данных
accommodation – проживание, жилье, стол и ночлег
warehouse - склад
stock – запасы, товары
interrupt - прерывать
enquiry - запрос
attain – достигать, добиваться
backing storage – внешняя память, внешнее запоминающееся устройство
recommence – возобновлять, начинаться вновь
restart – перезапуск, возобновление
check point – контрольная точка; зд. – выгружать, откачивать
malfunction – сбой, ошибка (в программе)
boat – загружать(ся), запускать(ся)
exceed – превышать
B) Look on the words and word combinations above and decide if they are computer science terms. If some of the them are, find their general meaning.
III. Reading
A) Before reading the text, try to answer the following questions:
1. What is an operating system and what is its purpose?
2. Where is an operating system stored and how is it transferred to internal memory?
3. List some of the tasks typically performed by on operating system.
B) Read the text and check your answers.
An operating system is a master control program which controls the functions of the computer system as a whole and the running of application programs. All computers do not use the same operating systems. It is therefore important to assess the operating system used on a particular model before initial commitment because some software is only designed to run under the control of specific operating systems. Some operating systems are adopted as ‘industry standards' and these are the ones which should be evaluated because they normally have a good software base. The reason for this is that software houses are willing to expand resources on the development of application packages for machines functioning under the control of an operating system which is widely used. The cost software is likely to be lower in such circumstances as the development costs are spread over a greater number of users, both actual and potential.
Mainframe computers usually process several application programs concurrently, switching from one to the other, for the purpose of increasing processing productivity. This is known as multiprogramming (multi-tasking in the context of microcomputers), which requires a powerful operating system incorporating work scheduling facilities to control the switching between programs. This entails reading in data for one program while the processor is performing computations on another and printing out results on yet another.
In multi-user environments an operating system is required to control terminal operations on a shared access basis as one user can access the system at any moment of time. The operating system allocates control to each terminal in turn. Such systems are also designed for record locking and unlocking, to prevent one user attempting to read a record whilst another user is updating it for instance. The first user is allocated control to write to a record (or file in some instances) and other users are denied access until the record is updated and unlocked.
Some environments operate in concurrent batch and real-time mod. This means that a background' job deals with routine batch processing whilst the ‘foreground’ job deals with real-time operations such as airline seat reservations, on-line booking of hotel accommodation, or control of warehouse stock, etc. The real-time operation has priority, and the operating system interrupts batch processing operations to deal with real-time enquiries or file updates. The stage of batch processing attained at the time of the interrupt is temporarily transferred to backing storage. After the real-time operation has been dealt with, the interrupted program is transferred back to internal memory from backing storage, and processing recommences from a 'restart' point. The operating system also copies to disk backing storage the state of the real-time system every few minutes (periodic check points) to provide a means of ‘recovering' the system in the event of a malfunction.
An operating system is stored on disk and has to be booted into the internal memory (RAM) where it must reside throughout processing so that commands are instantly available. The operating system commands may exceed the internal memory capacity of the computer in which case only that portion of the OS which is frequently used is retained internally, other modules being read in from disk as required. Many microcomputers function under control of a disk operating system known as Dos.
C) Answer the questions on the text
1. What is it important to assess in the operating system on a computer before buying it?
2. What is multiprogramming?
3. The text gives some examples of real – time processing. Can you think of some examples of batch – processing?
D) Here is the list of typical tasks performed by an operating system. In each case the main verb has been omitted. Fill in the blanks from the words given. Sometimes more than one may apply.
A typical operating system will:
1. ______________ input and output devices.
2. ______________ the status of hardware devices.
3. ______________ hardware interrupts.
4. ______________ new disks.
5. ______________ disk directories.
6. ______________ disk reading and writing operations.
7. ______________ disk errors.
8. ______________ disk commands relating to the deletion, copying, renaming, and dumping of files.
execute
monitor
format
diagnose
Дата: 2019-02-25, просмотров: 453.