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Нажимая кнопку "Продолжить", я принимаю политику конфиденциальности

Ю. В. КОРЖЕНЕВИЧ

 

SP OKEN ENGLISH

Part II

                    

Английский ДЛЯ РАЗВИТИЯ НАВЫКОВ УСТНОЙ РЕЧИ

Часть II

Учебный практикум для студентов специальностей ”Биология (по направлениям)“, ”Садово-парковый дизайн“, ”Промышленное рыбоводство“ дневной и заочной формы обучения.

 

Пинск

ПолесГУ

2013

УДК 076.5

ББК 81.2Англ

К66

Р е ц е н з е н т ы:

кандидат филологических наук, О.Ф. Жилевич;

кандидат филологических наук, Ю.Н. Русина

 

 

У т в е р ж д е н о

научно-методическим советом ПолесГУ

 

Корженевич, Ю.В.

К66 Spoken english: практикум для студентов специальностей ”Биология (по направлениям)“, ”Садово-парковый дизайн“, ”Промышленное рыбоводство“ дневной и заочной формы обучения.

 

 / Ю.В. Корженевич. – Пинск: ПолесГУ, 2013. – с.58

 

ISBN 978-985-516-071-8

 

 

Пособие направлено на развитие навыков устной речи по темам ”Healthy Life Style“, ”The Problems of Environmental Protection“, ”New Technologies in Biology and Medicine“, ”Landscape and Gardening Design“, ”Climate“, ”Types of Fishes“.

 

УДК 076.5

ББК 81.2Англ

 

 

ISBN 978-985-516-071-8                        © Полесский государственный

                                                                             университет, 201 3

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Данный практикум предназначен для студентов специальностей ”Биология (по направлениям)“, ”Садово-парковый дизайн“, ”Промышленное рыбоводство“ дневной и заочной форм обучения и состоит из шести разделов. Каждый раздел включает в себя лексический и текстовый материал по определенной тематике, подобранной в соответствии с типовой программой по английскому языку для неязыковых специальностей высших учебных заведений. Для активизации и усвоения изученного материала представлены разнообразные лексические и речевые упражнения, а также задания, направленные на развитие навыков устной речи. Наличие в каждом разделе тематического словаря и послетекстовых упражнений позволяет активизировать речевую деятельность студентов, расширить их лексический запас и вовлекать их в активный диалог и дискуссию. Во второй части практикума собраны дополнительные тексты для чтения по заданным темам.

 Цель данного практикума - помочь обучающимся совершенствовать навыки чтения и устной речи, а также расширить словарный запас по заданным темам.

 

Part I

Unit 1

HEALTHY LIFE STYLE

 

Topical Vocabulary

 

health

healthy

fitness

obesity

overweight

to be overweight

to prevent

to atrophy

to waste

stamina

suppleness

to age

endurance

workout

sedentary

vigorous

to take up

to avoid

excess

nutrient

carbohydrate

protein

fat

to contain

to cut down on

essential

saturated fat

 

unprocessed fat

additive

addictive

pesticide

modified food

to cause

lack

to abuse

drugs

ecstasy

 

 

LSD

 

consumption

здоровье

здоровый

выносливость, натренированность

тучность, ожирение; чрезмерная полнота

грузный (о человеке)

страдать ожирением

предотвращать, предупреждать атрофироваться

чахнуть

(жизненные) силы, выносливость

гибкость

стареть, стариться

выносливость, стойкость

спорт. тренировка, разминка

сидячий, малоподвижный

сильный, бодрый, энергичный

браться (за что -л.); заниматься (чем -л.)

избегать

излишний, избыточный

питательное вещество

углевод

белок, протеин

жир

содержать
уменьшить прием чего-л.

существенный, жизненно важный

жиры с высоким содержанием насыщенных жирных кислот

необработанные жиры

добавка

вызывающий привычку, привыкание

пестицид, ядохимикат

модифицированная еда

быть причиной, вызывать

недостаток, нужда; отсутствие чего-л.

злоупотреблять
наркотики

экстази (наркотик, вызывающий чувство эйфории, широко употребляемый на дискотеках)
сокр. от lysergic acid diethylamide ЛСД (наркотик, вызывающий галлюцинации)

потребление

 

 

 

Vocabulary Exercises

Exercise 1

Chose the words from the topical vocabulary to match the definitions:

- the state of being fit;

- characterized by or requiring a sitting position;

- a chemical substance, esp. a narcotic, taken for the pleasant effects it produces;

- more than normal, necessary, or permitted; surplus;

- a chemical used for killing pests, esp. insects and rodents;

- to use incorrectly or improperly; misuse;

- weighing more than is usual, allowed, or healthy

Exercise 2

Give the synonyms to the following words:

plump

to avoid

training, exercise

to enclose, to hold

patience, strength

important

to become older

 

Exercise 3

Use the words from the topical vocabulary to fill in the gaps.

1. The excessive … of sugar leads to problems of … .

2. Organic … include carbohydrates, fats, proteins (or their building blocks, amino acids), and vitamins.

3. Cigarettes are highly … .

4.  Foods such as sugar and bread contain …. that provide you with energy.

5. Genetically … contains ingredients made from genetically modified plants or animals.

 

 

 

Healthy Lifestyle

It is widely known that life expectancy is increasing. But the reason why the average figures are higher than they used to be, say, hundred years ago is not that all people live longer than before. One reason is that, due to medical research, many illnesses were eliminated; the second one is that fewer people die in wars. Generally, the life of modern man is endangered by many factors. One is the increasing pollution of the environment by industry and transport; another one is sedentary lifestyle of people living in cities and towns, that is, the majority of the population of the planet. The third one is the quality of food we eat and water we drink which results in a lot of diseases. The fourth one is that living in big cities leads to epidemics, and even pandemics of many catchy illnesses. Unhealthy life results in the fact that many people are overweight.

The only possible way of preserving your health is, therefore, healthy way of life which includes keeping fit, balanced meals, and giving up unhealthy habits like smoking, drinking alcohol, and, of course, drugs.

Physical fitness is a general state of good physical health. For anyone who really wants to be healthy, fitness has become an integral part of their lives. The fitness boom resulted in a rise in the number of people participating in sports and sports activities. It is a well-known fact that even moderate physical activity can protect you from heart diseases and strokes, obesity and influenza. There are many ways of keeping fit. Firstly, you could visit health and fitness clubs. A lot of health and fitness clubs, public leisure centres, indoor water parks are very popular among people of all ages. Secondly, regular exercise is necessary. People of different ages can choose or design exercises that will fit them. Some people do aerobics or yoga; others prefer weight training in a gym. Many people prefer walking or jogging which are the cheapest and most accessible sports. Doing some sport on a regular basis is the best way of keeping fit. In Belarus a number of sports activities are popular among the old and the young: football, swimming, cycling, skiing, skating, fishing, hunting, roller-skating, etc. City marathons have become sporting events reported on the radio, television and in the press.

A healthy diet is an important part of staying healthy, too. This diet contains reduced amounts of cholesterol, fat, sugar and salt. It helps to protect our body from a wide range of diseases; the most dangerous are heart diseases, liver diseases, and cancer.

To stay healthy one must, of course, abstain from smoking. Everybody knows smoking is hazardous for your health and can lead to fatal diseases like cancer. Smoking should undoubtedly be banned in all public places.

 

Exercise 1

Find in the text the English equivalents of the following words and expressions:

средняя продолжительность жизни; согласно медицинским исследованиям; подвергаться опасности; малоподвижный образ жизни; сбалансированное питание; бросать вредные привычки; воздерживаться от курения; опасный для здоровья; смертельная болезнь; быть запрещенным.

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1. It is widely known that life expectancy is….

2. The life of modern man is endangered by…

3. Unhealthy life results in the fact that…

4. The only possible way of preserving your health is…

5. Doing some sport on a regular basis is the best way of….

6. To stay healthy one must…

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. What can you tell about the life expectancy?

2. What is the life of modern man endangered by?

3. What is the best way of keeping fit?

4. What is physical fitness?

5. What can people do to keep fit?

6. Is a healthy diet an important part of staying healthy?

 

Tips For Being Healthy

Health is very important in life of every person. It depends on our lifestyle, products we eat and habits we have. Health is much more precious than money, gold or some other stuff. So what things allow us to preserve a high level of health?!

Health and nutritious food.
Food is a key element of our good health. Eating healthy, nutritious and vitamin-rich products can improve your health. Fruit and vegetables are natural resources of vitamins A, B, C and E and other useful substances. Bread, dairy products, nuts and low-fat meat give you a large amount of energy and nutritious elements.

Bad habits.
A person with bad habits risks to get a lot of illnesses. Smoking cigarettes shortens your life and can cause cancer. Drinking alcohol ruins your organism, destroys your nervous system and leads to liver malfunction. Taking drugs causes addiction and a large number of such illnesses as cancer, AIDS and tuberculosis. If you want to live a long and healthy life you should give up all your bad habits.

An active life with lots of physical exercises.
Doing simple exercises every day can increase your health level and improve your immune system. Physical training strengthens your organism and allows effective fighting with illnesses. So if you are active, breathe fresh air and don't stay too much time indoors you will not have problems with your health.

Good and healthy sleep.
Sleep is one of the main factors that influences our health. Every person needs to sleep about 8 hours to stay active during weekdays. Bad sleep can decrease your mental and physical abilities, and become a reason for illnesses and stress.

Positive thinking:
A lot of people do not consider their emotions as a health factor. Being an optimist allows you to live more happily and easily cope with difficulties and problems. Positive emotions, smiling and laughing prolong your life and let you avoid stress.

At the end I'd like to conclude that without health our life is miserable. People should be more careful of their health. If your health is great you will easily achieve everything you want.

Exercise 1

Find in the text the English equivalents of the following words and expressions:

сохранять здоровье; питательная пища; продукты, богатые витаминами; полезные вещества; вредные привычки; разрушать нервную систему; приводить к дисфункции печени; здоровый сон; позитивное мышление.

 

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1. Our health depends on ….

2. Health is much more precious than …

3. Eating …., …., …..  products can improve your health.

4. Fruit and vegetables are natural resources of….

5. Drinking alcohol ruins …, destroys … and leads to … ….

6. Bad sleep can decrease …

7. Being an optimist allows you …

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. What does our health depend on?

2. What are the main components of healthy well-being?

3. Do you agree that food is a key element of our good health? Why?

4. How can bad habits influence our life and health?

5. Are physical exercises and healthy sleep important for our health?

6. Do you consider your emotions as a health factor?

 

 

Healthy Food

All food is made up of nutrients which our bodies use. There are different kinds of nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. Different foods contain different nutrients.

Before we cut down on fat, sugar and salt, we have to know a bit more about the kind of food these things might be in. The biggest problem comes when these things are hidden in other foods: biscuits, crisps, sausages, meat pies, soft drinks and so on.

The best way is to get into the habit of checking the ingredients and nutritional value on the sides of packets although this isn't always easy to do. Another thing to know is, for example, that we do need fat to live, it's an essential part of our diet and physically we couldn't exist without it.

But we all know that to eat much fat is bad for our health. The matter is that there are different kinds of fat. There are fats that are good for us and fats that are bad for us. Eating less of the bad ones and more of the good ones can actually help us to live longer! Bad fats are the saturated fats, found in animal products, like red meat, butter and cheese.

Friendly fats are the unprocessed fats found naturally in foods like nuts and seeds, olives, avocados and oily fish, including tuna.

One more thing to know is that when food is cooked, its structure changes. It can change the vitamin and nutrient contents of food.

More and more people feel strongly about the way, their food is produced. Nowadays so much of the basic food we eat — meat, fish, fruit and vegetables — is grown using chemicals and additives.

Although fertilizers and pesticides have greatly increased the quantity of food and helped to improve its appearance, there is a growing concern about the effects of these chemicals on the food chain. This concern has led to a growth in the demand for organically grown products.

Today there is another problem. It is modified food, which is cheaper than ordinary one. There is a rumour that such food can cause cancer and other problems. Nobody knows, either it is just an imagined fear or a real problem. This problem could be solved and examined, but it will take some time.

The food we eat, depends on lots of things. Taste is a big factor. Culture, religion and health also play a part in what food we eat. Advertising and social factors also have a big influence.

Income is also an important factor.
Finally, there are three main messages to follow for healthy eating:
First, we should eat less fat, particularly saturated fat.
Secondly, we are to cut down on sugar and salt.
Thirdly, we must eat more fresh fruit and vegetables.

 

Exercise 1

Find in the text the English equivalents of the following words and expressions:

питательное вещество; углеводы; белки; жиры; витамины; минералы; сокращать потребление жиров, соли и сахара; насыщенные жиры; химикаты и пищевые добавки; модифицированные продукты.

 

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1. All food is made up of …

2. There are different kinds of nutrients: …, …, …, …. and … .

3. There are fats that are … .

4. Bad fats are the saturated fats found in …. .

5. Friendly fats are the unprocessed fats found naturally in foods like …, …, … .

6. The food we eat, depends on … .

7. There are three main messages to follow for healthy eating: … .

 

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. What nutrients do you know?
2. What are the main things to know about food we eat?
3. What fats are good?
4. What fats are dangerous for our health?
5. What are the main factors that determine the food we eat?
6. What are three main messages to follow for healthy eating?

 

Exercise 1

Find in the text the English equivalents of the following words and expressions:

сердечно-сосудистая система; уровень смертности; высокое кровяное давление; повреждение мышц, связок, сухожилий; боль в суставах; респираторные заболевания; пренебрегать, игнорировать; атрофироваться; чахнуть, истощаться; стареть, угрожать здоровью и жизни.

 

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1. For years health researchers had noticed that inactive people had more….

2. Active people suffer less … and their death rates are ….

3. Some of the health problems connected with inadequate physical activity include …..

4. If our body is cared for, the different parts ….  

5. If our body is neglected, those parts ….

6. Many people who don't exercise are ….

 

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. Does our health depend on our activity?

2. What health problems are connected with inadequate physical activity?

3. How does our body work?

4. What happens to people who do not exercise?

 

 

 Discussion

Do yon agree or not? Comment on the following statements.

1. Health is not valued till sickness comes.

2. Prevention is better than cure.

3. Eat to live, not live to eat.

4. You are what you eat.

5. A healthy man is a successful man.

6. He, who has health, has hope; and he who has hope has everything.

 

Unit 2

Topical Vocabulary

Natural Disasters

drought

earthquake

flood

tidal wave

typhoon

volcanic eruption

Environment - Politics

environmental group

green issues

pressure group

Verbs

cut down

destroy

dispose (of)

dump

Природные катастрофы

засуха, сушь

землетрясение

наводнение

приливная волна

тайфун

вулканическое извержение

Окружающая среда – Политика

группа защитников окружающей среды

вопросы, касающиеся природы

группа давления, влиятельная группа

Глаголы

сокращать, снижать, рубить

уничтожать

ликвидировать, избавиться, утилизировать

сбрасывать мусор, свалить, вываливать

protect

pollute

recycle

save

throw away

use up

защищать

загрязнять

повторно использовать

сохранять, спасать

отбрасывать, браковать, растрачивать

истощать, исчерпывать, расходовать

 

 

Vocabulary Exercises

Exercise 1

Chose the words from the topical vocabulary to match the definitions:

- the gradual rise in the earth’s temperature caused by high levels of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere;

- unwanted or unusable materials, substances or by-products;

- a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals;

- a long period of time during which no rains fall;

- the problem caused by increased quantities of gases such as carbon dioxide in the air;

- a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility.

 

Exercise 2

Give the synonyms to the following words:

to reduce

to ruin

power

plants and animals

to preserve

to make dirty

 

Exercise 3

Use the words from the topical vocabulary to fill in the gaps.

1. A million tones of untreated sewage is … into the sea.

2. The villagers were cut off by … and landslides.

3. Recycling also helps to control environmental …. by reducing the need for … dumps.

4. The … … protects living things from the harmful radiation of the sun.

5. The waste was … of in the North Sea.

 

Exercise 1

Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

охрана (зашита) окружающей среды; укорениться; почва; токсичные отходы; заражать, инфицировать (в том числе отравляющими и радиоактивными веществами); беспокоиться;  опустошительный, разрушительный; происходить редко; парниковый эффект; углекислый газ, двуокись углерода; промышленные предприятия; быть необычайно важным; выброс газов; поднимать требования к технике безопасности; хорошо перерабатывать
промышленные отходы.

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1.  Environmental protection is the main ….

2. There is no doubt that soil, water and air are …

3. Over the past few years we have been constantly speaking about …

4. Weather patterns have been changing recently due to …

5. The greenhouse effect is created by …

6. To solve this burning problem it is necessary for people to …

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. Why is the word “ecology” so important for the majority of people nowadays?

2. What are the scientists in many countries concerned about?

3. What is the greenhouse effect?

4. What is the reason for people getting so much worried about the state of environment?

5. What should be done to solve the most important environmental problems?

 

 

Nature Protection

Computers project that between now and the year of 2030 we are going to have increase of the average temperature between 1,5—4,5 Degrees C. Sea levels would rise by several metres, flooding coastal areas and ruining vast tracts of farmland. Huge areas would be infertile and become uninhabitable. Water contamination could lead to shortages of safe drinking water. It looks like the end of civilization on the Earth.

The range of environmental problems is wide. But the matters of people's great concern nowadays are atmosphere and climate changes, depletion of the ozone layer, freshwater resources, oceans and coastal areas, deforestation and desertification, biological diversity, biotechnology, health and chemical safety.

Acid Rains.  One of the most alarming forms of air pollution is acid rain. Scientific studies have shown that the process that results in the formation of acid rain generally begins with the dis­charge of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. These waste gases are released by the combustion of fossil fuels by automobiles, electric power plants, and smelting and refining facili­ties. They also are emitted by some bio­logical processes. The gases combine with atmospheric water vapor to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When rain or some other form of precipitation falls to the surface, it is highly acidic. The consequent acidification of surface and subsurface waters is widely believed to have a detrimental effect on the ecology of the affected areas. As highly acidic water is toxic to many aquatic organisms, many lakes in these regions are biologi­cally damaged. It also has been found that acid precipitation is harmful to trees and other forms of vegetation, causing foliar injury and reduction in growth.

Depletion of the Ozone Layer.  The protective layer of the Earth, the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from the sun's destructive UV (ultraviolet) rays, is being damaged by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons). They are released by the daily use of industrial and household products: refrigerators, air conditioners, foam insulation, cleaning chemicals, food packaging. In the ozone layer they attack the ozone molecules making a «hole». This «hole» allows more UV rays to penetrate to the Earth. It increases the risk of skin cancer, weakens the immune system of people.

Besides, UV rays influence the oceans, the growth of plankton, an essential part of the marine-life food chain in the negative way, reduce economically important-crops (rice, cotton, soy beans). The life cycle is going to be undermined by the ozone.

Destruction of the Tropical Forest. It's generally agreed that the destruction of the tropical forest has a major impact on the world climate. The tropical rain forest is a natural recycler, provider and protector for our planet. It recycles carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, helps determine temperature, rainfall and other climatic conditions and supports the most diverse ecosystem in the world. Deforestation could cause one forth of all species on earth to vanish in the next 25 years.

Animal extinction. It is the dying out or termination of a race or species. Extinction occurs when a species can no longer reproduce at replacement levels. Most extinctions are thought to have resulted from environmental changes that affected the species in either of two ways. The doomed species might not have been able to adapt to the changed environment and thus perished without descendants; or it may have adapted but, in the process, may have evolved into a distinctly new species. The effect of humans on the environment, through hunting, collecting, and habitat destruction, has become a significant fac­tor in plant and animal extinctions.

Recycling. It is  recovery and reprocessing of waste mate­rials for use in new products. The basic phases in recycling are the collection of waste materials, their processing or man­ufacture into new products, and the pur­chase of those products, which may then themselves be recycled. Typical materials that are recycled include iron and steel scrap, aluminum cans, glass bottles, paper, wood, and plastics. The materials reused in recycling serve as substitutes for raw materials obtained from such increasingly scarce natural resources as petroleum, natural gas, coal, mineral ores, and trees. Recycling can help reduce the quantities of solid waste deposited in landfills, which have become increasingly expensive. Recycling also reduces the pol­lution of air, water, and land resulting from waste disposal.

Exercise 1

Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

затапливать прибрежные зоны, становиться непригодным для жилья, загрязнение воды, нехватка питьевой воды, кислотный дождь, выделять диоксид серы, разрушение озонового слоя, сжигание топлива, образовывать серную и азотную кислоты, ультрафиолетовое излучение, уничтожение тропического леса, вымирание животных, переработка отходов, удаление отходов.

Exercise 2

Complete the following sentences:

1. Water contamination could lead to…

2. One of the most alarming forms of air pollution is …

3. The waste gases are released by the combustion of …, …, …. .

4. The gases combine with atmospheric water vapor to form …

5. Extinction occurs when a species can no longer …

6. The materials reused in recycling serve as ….

 

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. What will the increase of the average temperature result in?

2. What are the main environmental problems?

3. What is acid rain? In what way is it dangerous for people and environment?

4. What are the main reasons for the depletion of the ozone layer?

5. What is the role of the tropical forests on our planet?

6. What are the basic phases in recycling?

 

 

Water Pollution

Water pollution occurs mostly, when people overload the water environment such as streams, lakes, underground water, bays or seas with wastes or substances harmful to living beings.

Water is necessary for life. All organisms contain it, some drink it and some live in it. Plants and animals require water that is moderately pure, and they cannot survive, if water contains toxic chemicals or harmful microorganisms. Water pollution kills large quantity of fish, birds, and other animals, in some cases killing everything in an affected area.

Pollution makes streams, lakes, and coastal waters unpleasant to swim in or to have a rest. Fish and shellfish harvested from polluted waters may be unsafe to eat. People who polluted water can become ill, if they drink polluted water for a long time, it may develop cancer or hurt their future children.

The major water pollutants are chemical, biological, and physical materials that lessen the water quality. Pollutants can be separated into several different classes:

The first class is petroleum products: oil, fuel, lubrication, plastics. The petroleum products get into water by accidental spills from ships, tanker trucks and when there are leaks from underground storage tanks. Many petroleum products are poisonous for animals. Spilled oil damages the feathers of birds and the fur of animals, often it causes death.

The second class is pesticides and herbicides. They are chemicals used to kill harmful animals and plants. If they penetrate into streams, rivers, lakes, these chemicals can be very dangerous. The chemicals can remain dangerous for a long time. When an animal eats a plant that's been treated with it, the poisons are absorbed into the tissues and organs of the animals.

When other animals feed on a contaminated animal, the chemicals are passed up to them. As it goes up through the food chain, the chemical becomes more harmful, so animals at the top of the food chains may suffer cancers, reproductive problems, and death. Nitrates can cause a lethal form of anemia in infants.

The third class is heavy metals, such as, mercury, selenium, uranium, radium, cesium, etc. They get into the water from industries, automobile exhausts, mines, and natural soil. Heavy metals also become more harmful as they follow the food chain. They accumulate in living being's cells and when they reach high levels of concentration in the organism, they can be extremely poisonous, or can result in long-term health problems. They can sometimes cause liver and kidney damage.

The fourth class is fertilizers and other nutrients used to promote plant growth on farms and in gardens.

The fifth class is infectious organisms and pathogens. They enter water through sewage, storm drains, runoff from farms, etc.

The last one is thermal pollution. Water is often taken from rivers, lakes or seas to be used in factories and power plants. The water is usually returned to the source warmer than when it was taken. Even a small temperature change in a body of water can drive away the fish and other species that were originally there, and attract other species in place of them. It breaks a balance and can cause serious circumstances in future.

 

Exercise 1

Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

содержать ядовитые химикаты; подземные воды;  ухудшать качество воды; нефтепродукты; дренажи; живые существа; проводить массовые охоты; грузовой танкер;

подземные хранилища (резервуары); зараженный, загрязненный; летальный исход; причинять ущерб, вред; сточные воды, нечистоты; достигнуть высокого уровня концентрации.

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences :

1. People overload the water environment such as …

2. The major water pollutants are …., …, … .

3. The petroleum products get into water by …

4. Nitrates can cause …

5. Water is often taken from rivers, lakes or seas to be used in ….

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. When does water pollution occur?
2. What are the major water pollutants?
3. In what groups can pollutants be separated?
4. How do petroleum products affect the animals?
5. Why can pesticides and herbicides be dangerous if they penetrate into streams, rivers and lakes?
6. What do heavy metals result in?
7. How do fertilizers penetrate to water?
8. What damage can thermal pollution cause?

 

Discussion

Do yon agree or not? Comment on the following statements.

1. One man is no man.

2. Delays are dangerous.

3. As you sow so shall you reap.

 

 

Unit 3

Topical Vocabulary

 

science

technology

nanotechnology

nanoscience

nanometer

atom

atomic

molecule

molecular

research

pattern

innovation

device

nanoscale

enzymology

cell

cellular

gene

genetic

angiogenesis

proteomics

embryologist

cloning

abnormality

embryo

 

DNA

trial

 

transgenic

Verbs

reproduce

to impose a ban

clone

donate

do research

 

наука

технология

нанотехнология

нанонауки

нанометр

атом

атомный

молекула

молекулярный

(научное) исследование

образец, модель

нововведение, инновация

устройство, приспособление

наномасштаб, наномасштабный

энзимология, ферментология

клетка

клеточный

ген

генетический

развитие кровеносных сосудов

протеомика

эмбриолог

клонирование

отклонение, аномалия

зародыш, эмбрион, зародышевый, эмбриональный

ДНК

испытание, проба, испытательный, контрольный

трансгенный

Глаголы

рождать, производить, воспроизводить

налагать запрет; запрещать

клонировать

дарить, жаловать

проводить исследование

Vocabulary Exercises

Exercise 1

Form adjectives from the given nouns:

Gene, atom, molecule, cell, nanoscal

Exercise 2

Chose the words from the topical vocabulary to match the definitions:

- the branch of technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometres, especially the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules;

- the development of new blood vessels;

- the introduction of new ideas, methods, or things;

- an organism or cell, or group of organisms or cells, produced asexually from one ancestor or stock, to which they are genetically identical;

- the repeated or regular way in which something happens or is done;

- the branch of molecular biology concerned with determining the proteome.

Exercise 3

Use the words from the topical vocabulary to fill in the gaps.

1. Something that is in … is at a very early stage of its development.

2. An … is the smallest amount of a substance that can take part in a chemical reaction.

3. The design is so good it's sure to set the … for many others.

4. … determines the particular structure and functions of every cell and is responsible for characteristics being passed on from parents to their children.

5. She … her books to the library.

 

Exercise 1

Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

 несметное число новых открытий; в размере нанометра; производственный процесс (процесс обработки); технологические достижения; атомный слой; новейшие технологии машиностроения;  вызывать патологическую аномалию; применение в лечебных целях; заново, вновь; многофункциональная система диагностики.

Exercise 2

Complete the following sentences:

1. Nanoscience and nanotechnology refers to the understanding and control of matter at the ….

2. Nanotechnology emerges from the …, …, …, and …. sciences.

3. Nanolithography is a very active area of research used to ….

4. Nanotechnology and nanoscience offer a means to control the design and assembly of …

5. The nanoscale engineering principles derived could also lead to ….

 

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. What is nanoscience? What is nanotechnology?

2. Nanotechnology emerges from different sciences, doesn’t it?

3. What is nanolithography?

4. What are the main components of nanoscience?

5. What can nanotechnology be used for?

 

Cloning

The world was stunned by the news in late February 1997 that a British embryologist named Ian Wilmut and his research team had successfully cloned a lamb named Dolly from an adult sheep. Dolly was created by replacing the DNA of one sheep's egg with the DNA of another sheep's udder. The world media was immediately filled with heated discussions about the ethical implications of cloning. Scientists and ethicists have debated the implications of human and non-human cloning extensively when scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland produced Dolly.

No direct conclusions have been drawn, but compelling arguments state that cloning of both human and non-human species results in harmful physical and psychological effects on both groups.

Many people are convinced that the cloning of any species, whether they are human or non-human, is ethically and morally wrong. Cloning of human beings would result in severe psychological effects in the cloned child, and that the cloning of non-human species subjects them to unethical or unmoral treatment for human needs. The possible physical damage that could be done if human cloning became a reality is obvious when one looks at the sheer loss of life that occurred before the birth of Dolly. Less than ten percent of the initial transfers survive to be healthy creatures.

There were 277 trial implants of nuclei. Nineteen of those 277 were deemed healthy while the others were discarded. Five of those nineteen survived, but four of them died within ten days of birth of severe abnormalities. Dolly was the only one to survive. It has lived for seven years. In addition to physical harms, there are worries about the psychological harms on cloned human children. One of those harms is the loss of identity, or sense of uniqueness and individuality.

The cloning of a non-human species subjects them to unethical treatment purely for human needs. What would happen if humans started to use animals as body for growing human organs? Where is the line drawn between human and non human? If a primate was cloned so that it grew human lungs, liver, kidneys, and heart, what would it then be? Would non-human primates, such as a chimpanzee, who carried one or more human genes via transgenic technology be defined as still a chimp, a human, a subhuman, or something else? It could create a world wide catastrophe that no one would be able to stop. That is why the majority considers that the ethical and moral implications of cloning are such that it would be wrong for the human race to support it.

On the other hand, some people think that potential benefits outweigh the potential harms of cloning. Cloning would be probably used by infertile people who now use donated sperm, eggs, or embryos. It may provide a way for completely sterile individuals to reproduce, a valuable basic research of technologies related to reproduction and development.

The dilemma is very complex. The question shakes us all to our very souls. For humans to consider the cloning of one another forces them all to question the very concepts of right and wrong that make them all human. Many countries imposed a ban for human-cloning research.

Exercise 1

Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

Ошеломить, потрясти; пересадка ДНК; горячие споры; убедительный аргумент; перевешивать, быть более важным; бесплодный, неспособный к деторождению; рождать, воспроизводить; потрясти до глубины души; наложить запрет; исследования по клонированию человека.

 

Exercise 2

Complete the following sentences:

1. Dolly was created by ....

2. When scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland produced Dolly scientists and ethicists have debated ....

3. Many people are convinced that the cloning of any species is ....

4. Cloning of human beings would result in ...

5. Cloning would be probably used by ...

6. Cloning may provide a way for .... to .... .

 

 Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. Why was the world stunned in late February 1997?
2. How was Dolly created?
3. What was the world media immediately filled with?
4. Why are many people convinced that the cloning is ethically and morally wrong?
5. What would cloning of human beings result in?
6. How many trial implants of nuclei were there? How many of them survived?
7. What are the worries about the psychological harms on cloned human children?
8. What could cloning create?
9. What are the benefits of cloning?
10. Is human-cloning research allowed nowadays?
11. What is your opinion about cloning?

Discussion

Do you agree or not? Comment on the following statements.

Unit 4

Topical Vocabulary

Trees. Plants.

 

trunk, stem

stump, stub

root

twig

branch

bark

bough

log, block

leaf

wood, forest

grove

glade, clearing

bush, shrub

oak

acorn

chestnut

maple

willow

weeping willow

ash

arbor vitae

aspen

alder

beech

elm

juniper

hornbeam

birch

poplar

lime, linden

acacia

mountain ash, rowan

pine

sequoia

fir, spruce

larch

cedar

cypress

gardenia

moss

bamboo

liana

fern

cane, rush, reed

brier

Деревья. Растения.

 

ствол

пень

корень

веточка, прут

ветвь

кора

сук

бревно

лист

лес

роща

поляна

куст

дуб

желудь

каштан

клен

ива

плакучая ива

ясень

туя восточная

осина

ольха

бук

вяз

можжевельник

граб

береза

тополь

липа

акация

рябина

сосна

секвойя

пихта, ель

листвинница

кедр

кипарис

гардения, капский жасмин

мох

бамбук

лиана

папоротник

камыш

шиповник

Flowers.

aster

dandelion

daisy

daffodil

dahlia

gladiolus

Цветы.

астра

одуванчик

маргаритка

нарцисс

георгин

гладиолус

lilac

lily

lily of the valley

chrysanthemum

edelweiss

geranium

grape hyacinth

mimosa

morning-glory

nasturtium

umbrella leaf

begonia

camellia

chamomile

crocus

corn-flower

orchid

pansy

passionflower

phlox

poppy

primrose

forget-me-not

rose

snowdrop

tulip

violet

petal

stem, stalk

Landscape and Garden Design

landscape

landscape architecture

 

hardscape

 

softscape

 

horticulture

roof garden

park

parkway

plant

recreation area

master planning

site planning

сирень

лилия

ландыш

хризантема

эдельвейс

герань

гиацинт

мимоза

вьюнок

настурция

магнолия

бегония

камелия

ромашка

крокус

василек

орхидея

анютины глазки

страстоцвет

флокс

мак

первоцвет, примула

незабудка

роза

подснежник

тюльпан

фиалка

лепесток

стебель

Садово-парковый дизайн

ландшафт

садово-парковая, ландшафтная архитектура

малая ландшафтная архитектура, искусственный ландшафт

ландшафтное озеленение, декоративное растениеводство

садоводство

сад на крыше

парк

парковая дорога

растение, садить

зона отдыха

основное планирование

планирование участка застройки

environmental planning

 

land planning

lawn

yard

front yard

side yard

backyard

планирование охраны окружающей среды

землеустройство

лужайка

двор

передний двор

боковой, примыкающий двор

задний двор

Vocabulary Exercises

 

Exercise 1

Form all possible words and word combinations from the given words.

 Landscape, planning, yard

Exercise 2

Chose the words from the topical vocabulary to match the definitions:

- the main woody stem of a tree as distinct from its branches and roots;

- the part of a plant which attaches it to the ground or to a support, typically underground, conveying water and nourishment to the rest of the plant via numerous branches and fibres;

- the tough protective outer sheath of the trunk, branches, and twigs of a tree or woody shrub;

- each of the segments of the corolla of a flower, which are modified leaves and are typically coloured;

- a large area covered chiefly with trees and undergrowth;

- a flattened structure of a higher plant, typically green and blade-like, that is attached to a stem directly or via a stalk;

- a part of a tree that grows out from the trunk or from a bough.

Exercise 3

Match the names of flowers and trees with the descriptions given below.

Garden and landscape design

Garden and landscape design is the development and decorative planting of gardens, yards, grounds, parks, and other types of areas. Garden and landscape design is used to enhance the settings for buildings and public areas and in recreational areas and parks. It is one of the decorative arts and is allied to architecture, city planning, and horticulture.

The vegetated landscape that covered most of the Earth’s continents before humans began to build still surrounds and penetrates even the largest metropolises. Efforts to design gardens and to preserve and develop green open space in and around cities are efforts to maintain contact with the original pastoral, rural landscape. Gardens and designed landscapes, by filling the open areas in cities, create continuity in space between structural urban landscapes and the open rural landscapes beyond. Moreover, gardens and designed landscapes have a special type of continuity in time. Buildings, paintings, and sculpture may survive longer than specific plants, but the constant cyclical growth and change in plants provide a continuous time dimension that static structures and sculpture can never achieve.

 

Exercise 1

Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

покрытый растительностью ландшафт; сельский ландшафт; городской ландшафт; исследование возможности осуществления; детальный план местности; всеобъемлющая система; поселение городского типа; строительные материалы; основное планирование; планирование участка застройки; планирование охраны окружающей среды.

 

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1. Garden and landscape design is used to …

2. Gardens and designed landscapes create continuity in space between …

3. Urban design is the planning and designing of …

4. Site planning involves …

5. Land planning is for …

6. Master planning is for …

 

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. What is garden and landscape design?

2. What kinds of planning does landscape architecture include?

3. What is environmental planning?

4. What does garden and landscape design deal with?

5. What are the main types of land areas?

6. What are natural and processed materials capable of holding up well in the specific local climatic conditions of the site?

 

Exercise 1

Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

конструирование, проектирование; принимать что-либо как должное; применять методы проектирования; мастер на все руки; цветовой спектр; основной цвет; смесь двух основных цветов; смесь трех основных цветов; колоннообразный; шаровидный; горизонтальная плоскость; вертикальная плоскость; малая ландшафтная архитектура, искусственный ландшафт; ландшафтное озеленение, декоративное растениеводство.

 

Exercise 2

Complete the following sentences:

1. Whenever you put something together yourself, you are engaged in …

2. Do-it-yourselfers must first learn …

3. The primary colours are …

4. The secondary colours can be thought of as …

5. The examples of the "tertiary colours" are as follows: ….

 

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. Where can we employ our designing techniques?

2. What are the basic elements of landscape design?

3. What is scale?

4. What is the role of colour in landscape design?

5. How is the element of form defined?

6. Are such elements as line and texture important in designing?

Exercise 1

Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

следовать принципам; основываться на предположении; располагаться по обе стороны дороги; великолепный вид; произведение скульптуры; достичь цели, добиться своего; обратить внимание; принципиальный подход; тропинка из булыжников; однолетние цветущие растения; лейтмотив, основная идея.

Exercise 2

Complete the following sentences:

1. Three principles of garden design apply to …

2. Proportion is …

3. Unity, or "harmony," has been achieved when …

4. The next triad of principles for home landscape design, like proportion, transition and unity, are interrelated: ….

5. The objective of utilizing such a motif is …

6. Home landscape design is the province not of wizardry, but of …

 

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. What are the main principles of garden design?

2. What is the difference between proportion and scale?

3. What principles help to control a viewer's eye movement?

4. What can help to solve the problems of rhythm?

5. What are the two problems of home landscape design and how can they be solved?

Discussion

Do yon agree or not? Comment on the following statements.

1. Tree is known by its fruit.

To beat about the bush.

Unit 5

CLIMATE

Topical Vocabulary

The Weather - Verbs

glow

 

freeze

Погода - Описание погоды

бриз, легкий ветерок

свежий, прохладный, живой

ясно, яркий

безоблачный

облако, туча, небеса

облачный, хмурый, неясный, пасмур-й

влажный, сырой, сырость, влажность

мелкий дождь, изморось, дождь

моросящий

сухой, сушь, засуха, сухая погода

пасмурный, тусклый

густой туман, мгла, морской туман

туманный, мглистый, темный

град

молния

дождь

дождевая капля

дождевые осадки, дождь, ливень

дождливый, ненастный

ливень, литься ливнем, душ

дождливый, ливневый

снег

снегопад

снежинка

покрытый снегом, заснеженный

буря, гроза, ураган, град

бурный, грозовой, штормовой

солнце

солнечный

хорошая, солнечная погода

гром, грохот, молнии, греметь

влажность, мокрый, влажный

ветер

ветреный

Погода - Температура

холодный, прохладный, зябкий, ледяной

холодный, холод, стужа, замерзший

замерзание, заморозки, леденящий

горячий, жаркий

мягкий, умеренный, несуровый

палящий, раскаленный, обжигать

теплый, жаркий, нагретый

Погода – Глаголы

накаляться до красна или добела, светиться, сверкать

замерзать, превращаться в лед, морозить

hail

pour (with rain)

rain

shine

Climate

altitude

biome

climate

climatic

desert

drought

humidity

hurricane

latitude

monsoon

precipitation

rainforest

savanna

steppe

westerly

 

идти (о граде), сыпаться градом

лить, литься (о дожде)

идти (о дожде)

светить (о солнце)

Климат

высота над уровнем моря

биом

климат

климатический

пустыня

засуха

влажность

ураган

широта

муссон

осадки

тропический лес, влажные джунгли

саванна

степь

западный ветер

 

Vocabulary Exercises

Exercise 1

Make all possible derivatives from the following words:

Sun, rain, snow, freeze

Exercise 2

Chose the words from the topical vocabulary to match the definitions:

- a loud rumbling or crashing noise heard after a lightning flash due to the expansion of rapidly heated air;

- a feathery ice crystal, typically displaying delicate sixfold symmetry;

- small balls of ice that fall like rain from the sky;

- a thick cloud of tiny water droplets suspended in the atmosphere at or near the earth's surface that obscures or restricts visibility;

- a violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, thunder, lightning, or snow;

- the occurrence of a natural electrical discharge of very short duration and high voltage between a cloud and the ground or within a cloud, accompanied by a bright flash and typically also thunder;

- a waterless, desolate area of land with little or no vegetation, typically one covered with sand;

- a severe, often destructive storm, esp. a tropical cyclone.

 

Exercise 3

Use the words from the topical vocabulary to fill in the gaps.

1. Suddenly rain … down.

2. Heavy … made travel absolutely impossible this winter.

3. The sky became dark with … and it began to … heavily.

4. The sun was …. brightly in the … sky.

5. When there is …, there are tiny drops of water in the air which form a thick cloud and make it difficult to see things.

6. The … is of concern to environmentalists because of its role as a source of biodiversity, and as a sink for large volumes of carbon dioxide.

 

 

Climate

Climate (from Ancient Greek klima, meaning inclination) is commonly defined as the weather averaged over a long period. The standard averaging period is 30 years, but other periods may be used depending on the purpose. Climate also includes statistics other than the average, such as the magnitudes of day-to-day or year-to-year variations.

The difference between climate and weather is usefully summarized by the popular phrase "Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get." Over historical time spans there are a number of nearly constant variables that determine climate, including latitude, altitude, proportion of land to water, and proximity to oceans and mountains. These change only over periods of millions of years due to processes such as plate tectonics. Other climate determinants are more dynamic: the thermohaline circulation of the ocean leads to a 5 °C (9 °F) warming of the northern Atlantic Ocean compared to other ocean basins. Other ocean currents redistribute heat between land and water on a more regional scale. The density and type of vegetation coverage affects solar heat absorption, water retention, and rainfall on a regional level. Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling. The variables which determine climate are numerous and the interactions complex, but there is general agreement that the broad outlines are understood, at least insofar as the determinants of historical climate change are concerned.

Climate classification

There are several ways to classify climates into similar regimes. Originally, climes were defined in Ancient Greece to describe the weather depending upon a location's latitude. Modern climate classification methods can be broadly divided into genetic methods, which focus on the causes of climate, and empiric methods, which focus on the effects of climate. Examples of genetic classification include methods based on the relative frequency of different air mass types or locations within synoptic weather disturbances. Examples of empiric classifications include climate zones defined by plant hardiness, evapotranspiration, or more generally the Köppen climate classification which was originally designed to identify the climates associated with certain biomes. A common shortcoming of these classification schemes is that they produce distinct boundaries between the zones they define, rather than the gradual transition of climate properties more common in nature.

 

Exercise 1

Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

ежегодные колебания; средний период; промежуток времени; близость океана и гор; тектоника плит; океанический бассейн; глобальное потепление и похолодание;  поглощение солнечного тепла; влагоудержание; типы воздушных масс; эвапотранспирация.

 

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1. The standard averaging period of climate is …

2. Climate is …, weather is … .

3. The density and type of vegetation coverage affects …

4. Examples of genetic classification include methods based on …

5. Examples of empiric classifications include …

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. What is climate?

2. What is the difference between climate and weather?

3. What are the constant variables that determine climate?

4. What are the two main methods of modern climate classification?

5. What is the Köppen climate classification associated with?

World Climate Zones

Have you ever wondered why one area of the world is a desert, another a grassland, and another a rainforest? Why are there different forests and deserts, and why are there different types of life in each area? The answer is climate.

Climate is the characteristic condition of the atmosphere near the earth's surface at a certain place on earth. It is the long-term weather of that area (at least 30 years). This includes the region's general pattern of weather conditions, seasons and weather extremes like hurricanes, droughts, or rainy periods. Two of the most important factors determining an area's climate are air temperature and precipitation.

World biomes are controlled by climate. The climate of a region will determine what plants will grow there, and what animals will inhabit it. All three components, climate, plants and animals are interwoven to create the fabric of a biome.

Köppen Climate Classification System

The Köppen Climate Classification System is the most widely used for classifying the world's climates. Most classification systems used today are based on the one introduced in 1900 by the Russian-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen. Köppen divided the Earth's surface into climatic regions that generally coincided with world patterns of vegetation and soils.

The Köppen system recognizes five major climate types based on the annual and monthly averages of temperature and precipitation. Each type is designated by a capital letter.

A - Moist Tropical Climates are known for their high temperatures year round and for their large amount of year round rain.

B - Dry Climates are characterized by little rain and a huge daily temperature range. Two subgroups, S - semiarid or steppe, and W - arid or desert, are used with the B climates.

C - In Humid Middle Latitude Climates land/water differences play a large part. These climates have warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters.

D - Continental Climates can be found in the interior regions of large land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures vary widely.

E - Cold Climates describe this climate type perfectly. These climates are part of areas where permanent ice and tundra are always present. Only about four months of the year have above freezing temperatures.

Further subgroups are designated by a second, lower case letter which distinguish specific seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation.

f - Moist with adequate precipitation in all months and no dry season. This letter usually accompanies the A, C, and D climates.

m - Rainforest climate in spite of short, dry season in monsoon type cycle. This letter only applies to A climates.

s - There is a dry season in the summer of the respective hemisphere (high-sun season).

w - There is a dry season in the winter of the respective hemisphere (low-sun season).

To further denote variations in climate, a third letter was added to the code.

a - Hot summers where the warmest month is over 22°C (72°F). These can be found in C and D climates.

b - Warm summer with the warmest month below 22°C (72°F). These can also be found in C and D climates.

c - Cool, short summers with less than four months over 10°C (50°F) in the C and D climates.

d - Very cold winters with the coldest month below -38°C (-36°F) in the D climate only.

h - Dry-hot with a mean annual temperature over 18°C (64°F) in B climates only.

k - Dry-cold with a mean annual temperature under 18°C (64°F) in B climates only.

The Köppen classification depends on average monthly values of temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used form of the Köppen classification has five primary types labeled A through E. These primary types are A, tropical; B, dry; C, mild mid-latitude; D, cold mid-latitude; and E, polar. The five primary classifications can be further divided into secondary classifications such as rain forest, monsoon, tropical savanna, humid subtropical, humid continental, oceanic climate, Mediterranean climate, steppe, subarctic climate, tundra, polar ice cap, and desert.

Rain forests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1,750 millimetres (69 in) and 2,000 millimetres (79 in). Mean monthly temperatures exceed 18 °C (64 °F) during all months of the year.

A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months, ushering in a region's rainy season. Regions within North America, South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Australia and East Asia are monsoon regimes.

A tropical savanna is a grassland biome located in semiarid to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes, with average temperatures remain at or above 18 °C (64 °F) year round and rainfall between 750 millimetres (30 in) and 1,270 millimetres (50 in) a year. They are widespread on Africa, and are found in India, the northern parts of South America, Malaysia, and Australia.

The humid subtropical climate zone where winter rainfall (and sometimes snowfall) is associated with large storms that the westerlies steer from west to east. Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms and from occasional tropical cyclones. Humid subtropical climates lie on the east side continents, roughly between latitudes 20° and 40° degrees away from the equator.

A humid continental climate is marked by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance. Places with more than three months of average daily temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F) and a coldest month temperature below −3 °C (27 °F) and which do not meet the criteria for an arid or semiarid climate, are classified as continental.

An oceanic climate is typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of all the world's continents, and in southeastern Australia, and is accompanied by plentiful precipitation year round.

The Mediterranean climate regime resembles the climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, parts of western North America, parts of Western and South Australia, in southwestern South Africa and in parts of central Chile. The climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters.

A steppe is a dry grassland with an annual temperature range in the summer of up to 40 °C (104 °F) and during the winter down to −40 °C (−40 °F).

A subarctic climate has little precipitation, and monthly temperatures which are above 10 °C (50 °F) for one to three months of the year, with permafrost in large parts of the area due to the cold winters. Winters within subarctic climates usually include up to six months of temperatures averaging below 0 °C (32 °F).

Tundra occurs in the far Northern Hemisphere, north of the taiga belt, including vast areas of northern Russia and Canada.

A polar ice cap, or polar ice sheet, is a high-latitude region of a planet or moon that is covered in ice. Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.

A desert is a landscape form or region that receives very little precipitation. Deserts usually have a large diurnal and seasonal temperature range, with high or low, depending on location daytime temperatures (in summer up to 45 °C or 113 °F, and low nighttime temperatures (in winter down to 0 °C or 32 °F due to extremely low humidity. Many deserts are formed by rain shadows, as mountains block the path of moisture and precipitation to the desert.

Exercise 1

Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

метеорологические условия; температура воздуха и осадки; экстремальные погодные условия; образцы растительности и почвы; полушарие; годовая температура; обильное выпадение осадков; вечная мерзлота; ледниковый покров; дневные температуры; низкая влажность.

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1. Two of the most important factors determining an area's climate are …

2. World biomes are controlled by …

3. The Köppen Climate Classification System is the most widely used for classifying the …

4. Moist Tropical Climates are known for their …

5. The five primary classifications can be further divided into secondary classifications such as …

6. Tundra occurs in …

7. A desert is a landscape form or region that receives …

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. What are the most important factors determining an area's climate?

2. What is the most widely used climate classification system?

3. How many major climate types does the Köppen system recognize?

4. What are they based on?

5. What are the five primary types of climate classifications? Can you describe them?

6. What are the secondary classifications of these primary groups?

 

 

Weather

Weather is the state of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, just below the stratosphere. Weather refers, generally, to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time.

Weather is driven by density (temperature and moisture) differences between one place and another. These differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude from the tropics. The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the jet stream. Weather systems in the mid-latitudes, such as extratropical cyclones, are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow. Because the Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane, sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year. On Earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (100 °F to −40 °F) annually. Over thousands of years, changes in Earth's orbit affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth and influence long-term climate and global climate change.

Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes due to differences in compressional heating. Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. The atmosphere is a chaotic system, so small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole. Human attempts to control the weather have occurred throughout human history, and there is evidence that human activity such as agriculture and industry has inadvertently modified weather patterns.

Studying how the weather works on other planets has been helpful in understanding how weather works on Earth. A famous landmark in the Solar System, Jupiter's Great Red Spot, is an anticyclonic storm known to have existed for at least 300 years. However, weather is not limited to planetary bodies. A star's corona is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System. The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind.

 

Exercise 1

Find in the text the English equivalents of the following words and expressions:

Природные явления; струйное течение (в атмосфере); внетропические ураганы; температура поверхности; нагрев при сжатии; прогнозирование погоды; солнечный ветер; земная ось; солнечная система; космические тела; плоскость орбиты; прогнозировать состояние атмосферы.

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1. Most weather phenomena occur in …

2. The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to …

3. On Earth's surface, temperatures usually range …

4. Surface temperature differences in turn cause …

5. Studying how the weather works on other planets has been helpful in …

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. Where do most weather phenomena occur?

2. What gives rise to the jet stream?

3. What is weather forcasting?

4. In what way does human activity influence weather patterns?

5. What is solar wind?

 

Discussion

Do yon agree or not? Comment on the following statements.

1. Everything is good in its season.

2. If there were no clouds, we should not enjoy the sun.

3. Rain at seven, fine at eleven.

Unit 6

TYPES OF FISH

Topical Vocabulary

 

anadromous

flank

belly

cartilage

catadromous

caudal fin

dorsal fin

ecosystem

egg

fin

gill

headwaters

milt

pelvic fin

predator

redd

scale

spawn

spinal column

swim-bladder

tributary

vertebrate

Types of Fishes

bass

bream

carp

catfish

cod

crab

crawdad, crayfish

dace

eel

flat-fish

garfish

goldfish

grass carp

hagfish

halibut

hake

herring

ling

lobster

lungfish

oyster

perch

pilchard

pike

rockfish

анадромный, проходной

бок, боковая сторона

живот, брюшко

хрящ

катадромный, полупроходной

хвостовой плавник

спинной плавник

экосистема

яйцо, икринка

плавник

жабры

воды с верховьев, истоки

молоки (рыб); оплодотворять икру

брюшной плавник

хищник

бугор (гнездо лососевых)

чешуя; чистить (рыбу)

икра; метать икру

позвоночник

плавательный пузырь

приток (реки)

позвоночное животное

Виды рыб

бас

лещ

карп

сом

треска

краб

рак

плотва

угорь

плоская рыба, камбала

морская щука

серебряный карась

белый амур

миксина

палтус

хек

сельдь

морская щука, морской налим

омар

двоякодышащая рыба

устрица

окунь

сардина

щука

морской еж, морской окунь

salmon

sardine

sea-horse

shark

shrimp

silver carp

smelt

sprat

sterlet

sturgeon

tadpole

tench

trout

tuna

swordfish

 

лосось

сардина

морской конек

акула

креветка

толстолобик

корюшка

килька, шпрот

стерлядь

осетр

головастик

линь

форель

тунец

рыба-меч

 

Vocabulary Exercises

Exercise 1

Name fresh-water (salt-water) fish.

Exercise 2

Chose the words from the topical vocabulary to match the definitions:

- a fish born in fresh water, that spends most of its life in the sea and returns to fresh water to spawn;

- the large single fin located along the back bone of a fish;

- one of the movable parts that look like wings, sticking out from the body of a fish. A fish uses its fins to swim and balance itself in the water;

- the waters from which a river begins;

- organisms living in a particular environment, such as a forest or a coral reef, and the physical parts of the environment that affect them;

- what a fish breathes with;

- paired fins located about halfway down the length of a fish along the abdomen;

- one of the hard, flat structures that cover the body of fish, snakes, and lizards.

Exercise 3

Use the words from the topical vocabulary to fill in the gaps.

1. A fish's … are the flat objects which stick out of its body and help it to swim and keep its balance.

2. He … the fish and removed the innards.

3. When fish or animals such as frogs …, they lay their eggs.

4. A … is a large sea fish with a very long upper jaw.

5. The skeleton of sharks and rays is composed of … rather than bone.

 

 

Fish

Fish are vertebrate animals that live in almost every part of the ocean, from the surface to the bottom of the deepest trenches, and even at the very edge of the sea. By 2004 over 20,000 species, including the 200 or so edible species, had been described. Since about 100 new species are being described each year, the total number of fishes may exceed 30,000 species.
About 60% of all vertebrate animals (animals with backbones) are fishes. About half the described species are marine, and approximately 75% of them live in shallow coastal waters. The types range from hagfish (Myxine spp.) to lungfish (Dipnoi), but here the discussion will centre on the bony fishes, which are by far the most diverse and species-rich group of fishes. They are distinct from the cartilaginous fishes, i.e. sharks and their relatives, by having bony rather than cartilaginous skeletons, gills covered with a flap, and mouths that are usually on the front of the head. The mouths of some fishes are armed with teeth that are used to rasp soft tissue, grind up molluscs, or scrape algae off rocks. Others, such as the seahorses, have no teeth and have tubular-shaped mouths adapted to suck up individual plankton.

The rich diversity of fishes is partly the result of their having adopted a great variety of ways of feeding. Their basic body form is spindle shaped, with dorsal fins on the back, two pairs of lateral fins, the pectorals and the pelvics, a ventral anal fin, and a large tail, or caudal fin that is usually symmetrical. The fins are composed of fine bones, or fin rays that normally are webbed. These fin rays can be developed into long sensory structures or hard spiny structures that may be armed with poison glands. The spindle shape gives a good hydrodynamic shape that slides through the water with minimum resistance when the posterior region of the body, and the tail, beats from side to side. However, this basic body shape has been greatly modified in different families of fish, especially in those families that live around the seabed. Eels have lost most of their fins and developed long sinuous bodies and a serpentine mode of movement, ideal for moving in and out of crannies in, reefs, but less effective for swimming in midwater.

The coloration of fishes is almost as diverse as their habits. Some, like flatfishes, can change their colour at will, either to blend in with different backgrounds or to flash warnings to would-be predators. In many shallow coral reef species, males display bright colours to guard their territories, but generally fishes use their coloration as camouflage. The commonest colour pattern in the fishes that swim in midwater is a countershading, with dark backs and pale bellies and flanks that may be banded with a disruptive pattern, often silvery or, in deep-sea species, lined with light organs. The brightness of light changes with depth, and its colour also changes—red light being absorbed very quickly – so the range of colours used by fish is restricted. Also, fish see only monochromatic blue-green light, which is the colour of light that penetrates furthest in water. In very deep water many fish species do not have functional eyes, since that there is almost nothing to see in the permanent darkness below about 1,000 metres (3,250 ft).

Another important sensory feature of fishes is their lateral line system. This is a chain of sense organs, similar to those in our ears, that can either be open to the water or semi-enclosed. With this system the fishes feel the water, sensing currents and the low-frequency vibrations transmitted by the movements of other animals. Many deep-sea fishes have long filamentous tails that, by extending the length of the lateral line organ, enable them to feel the direction from which any movements are coming.

Fishes' blood is about half as salty as sea water – that is why thirsty shipwrecked mariners can safely drink it to slake their thirst – so fish continually have to get rid of salt from their bodies across their gills. Although this helps to make fishes less dense, many still have systems for adjusting the density of their bodies to be much the same as the sea water, so when they stop swimming they do not sink. Above the gut of many fishes is a swim-bladder that is filled with gas. In some fishes this is filled by gulping in air at the surface, but the vast majority never approach the sea surface, so the swim-bladder is filled by a special gland that extracts dissolved gases from the blood. Some fishes that swim continuously, like tunas and marlin, have no swim-bladder. Instead, they have rigid pectoral fins that act like hydroplanes to generate lift as they swim. Swim-bladders do not occur in many deep-sea fishes, because the greater the hydrostatic pressure (i.e. depth) the greater the energy required to fill them, so at depths below about 500 metres (1,625 ft) it becomes physiologically too expensive. In these fishes either the swim-bladder is filled with oily fats, or it disappears. Deep-sea fishes tend to have very watery tissues, and their bones contain very little calcium, which reduces their density. However, some still retain gas-filled swim-bladders in very deep water which are connected by bones to sensory organs, and function as hearing organs. They also often have drumming muscles attached to them for the fish to produce sounds for communication. During the Cold War when hydrophones were deployed in deep water to listen for the movements of submarines, it was found that the deep ocean is quite noisy, especially during the breeding season for deep-sea fishes and when whales migrate.

 

Exercise 1

Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

прибрежные воды; тело вытянутой формы; изменять окраску по желанию; сливаться с фоном, окружением; подавать предупреждающие знаки потенциальным хищникам; защитная окраска; глубоководные рыбы; утолить жажду; гидростатическое давление; период размножения.

 

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1. The total number of fishes may exceed …

2. The rich diversity of fishes is partly the result of …

3. The fins are composed of …

4. The coloration of fishes is almost as diverse as …

5. The commonest colour pattern in the fishes that swim in midwater is …

 

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. What is fish?

2. What is the difference between bony fish and cartilaginous fish?

3. What can you tell about the body form of the fish?

4. What role does the coloration of fishes play in their life?

5. What is another important sensory feature of fishes?

6. Do all fishes have swim-bladders? What for?

 

 

classes of fish

There are three classes of fish. Fish that don't have jaws belong to the jawless fish class. Fish that have skeletons made of tough, flexible cartilage belong to the cartilage fish class. Most of the fish you're familiar with belong to the bony fish class. These fish have skeletons made of bone.

Jawless fish such as lampreys and hagfish don't look like fish. They have no jaws with which to open and close their mouths. Jawless fish have no scales and their skeletons are made of cartilage. Lampreys are parasites that live in fresh and salt water. Their round mouths are filled with small curved teeth. With these teeth lam­preys cut holes in other fish's bodies. Lampreys attach themselves and suck the body liquids and blood out of the holes. Hagfish live only in the oceans. They have fewer teeth than lampreys. But hagfish do have slit-like mouths that help them cut holes in other fish. Once holes are made, the hagfish crawl inside and feed.

Like the jawless fish, the cartilage fish also has skele­tons made of cartilage. Unlike the jawless fish, the car­tilage fish have jaws and scales. Sharks are one example of cartilage fish. They are the fastest-swimming fish.

The mouths of the sharks are filled with rows of sharp teeth that slant backward. These teeth help sharks hold their prey. As sharks' teeth are lost or broken, other teeth move forward to replace the lost ones.

Another type of cartilage fish, the rays, has a flat body and lives on the ocean bottom. Some rays have strong jaws that crush the shells of clams and oysters. Other rays, such as the stingray, have poisonous spines near their tails. Their poison causes pain and even death to their prey.

Most fish known today belong to the class of bony fish. Bony fish are the fish you know best – bass, flounder, cod, sole, trout, and so on. Bony fish are covered with scales that are smooth and slimy. The slimy covering helps fish glide through the water. It also helps protect them from parasites. The scales of bony fish grow larger as the fish grow older. Growth rings on the scales show the age of the fish.

Most bony fish have an air bladder which enables them to swim at a certain depth. Gases from the blood move into the air bladder. As the bladder fills with gases, the fish rises in the water. If gases move out of the bladder, the fish will sink deeper in the water.

Many bony fish have well-developed fins which make these fish excellent swimmers. Sailfish and tuna can swim for long distances at fast speeds. Other fish have different kinds of fins. Flying fish have winglike fins that help the fish to leap above the water. The walking cat­fish has muscular fins that help it move on the land. In­stead of separate fins, eels have fins that are continuous and joined.

Most fish reproduce by external fertilization. This means that eggs and sperm join outside the bodies of the fish. Female fish usually release their jelly-coated eggs in the water. Some species lay eggs in nests made from weeds, twigs, or mud. Male fish release sperm to fertilize the eggs. Most fish lay thousands and even millions of eggs at a time. Why aren't the waters overcrowded with fish? First, not all of the eggs are fertilized. Second, other eggs are eaten by predators before they hatch. Some of the young fish will be eaten before they become adults.

Bony fish provide food for the world's population, that is high in protein and low in fat. Some countries, such as Norway and Japan, rely on fish as their main food. Fish are also used to make animal feed and glue. Sharks' skins are used to make shoes. Oil from fish is used in making paints and varnishes and in tanning leather.

 

Exercise 1

Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

бесчелюстные рыбы; хрящевые рыбы; костные рыбы; щелевидное ротовое отверстие; удерживать добычу; быть покрытым шелухой; оплодотворение вне организма; оплодотворять яйца; с высоким содержанием белка и низким содержанием жиров.

 

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1. Fish that don't have jaws belong to …

2. Fish that have skeletons made of tough, flexible cartilage belong to …

3. Fish that have skeletons made of bone belong to …

4. Sharks are one example of …

5. Most fish reproduce by …

 

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. What are the major classes of fish?

2. What are the examples of jawless and cartilage fish?

3. How do bony fish look like?

4. How do most fish reproduce?

5. Where is fish used?

 

PART II

Supplementary reading

Unit 1

MALADIES OF THE 21^ST CENTURY

We entered the 21st century with such maladies as heart and vascular system diseases, environmental diseases, cancer, AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). The risk factors causing these diseases are poor environment (especially after Chernobyl disaster), constant stress and bad habits. We witness more and more cases when people suffer from such environmental diseases as food allergies, chronic fatigue syndrome, asthma, thyroid gland. They all have a huge impact on the quality of life, darken our prospects for future. Alcohol, drugs, smoking have also become the reality of our life, especially among young and middle-aged people. Today we'll read the texts about the diseases which have come as a result of people's ignorance and lack of healthy habits.

Smoking

Smoking is very dangerous. Most young people smoke because their friends pressure them to do so. They may be copying their parents who smoke, or other adults they respect. At one time this would have been accepted as normal. But in the past 30 years attitudes about smoking have changes. Smoking is now banned in many places so that other people don't have to breathe in smokers' shocking tobacco smoke.

Passive smoking, when you are breathing someone else’s smoke, can damage your health just like smoking can. Smoking becomes addictive very quickly, and it's one of the hardest habits to break.

A chemical called nicotine is a substance that causes addiction. It is a stimulant that increases the pulse rate and a rise in the blood pressure. Cigarette smoke also contains tar - a major factor for causing cancer.

Chronic bronchitis occurs when tar and mucus damage the air sacks in the lungs. The sufferer has a bad cough which is worse in the mornings, and may get breathless easily.

Gases in cigarette smoke increase your blood pressure and pulse rate. This can contribute to heart disease. Smokers as twice as non-smokers are likely to have heart trouble.

Smokeless tobacco that is chewed rather than smoked, is also harmful, causing mouth sores, damage to teeth and cancer.

If you've ever watched an adult trying to give up smoking, you know how hard it can be. It's easier, healthier and cheaper never to start.

Facts about smoking

• The smell of smoke on your breath and clothes will put people off.
• Someone who smokes 15 cigarettes a day can forget six to nine years of their life.
• You're burning a great deal of money. In many countries cigarettes are heavily taxed.
• Your skin will wrinkle faster and deeper than that of a non-smoker.
• Females who smoke heavily may wrinkle like a woman 20 years older in age.

Alcohol

Another poison of many young people is alcohol. Remember, alcohol is a drug. It can make you sick, and you can become addicted to it. It's a very common form of drug abuse among teenagers.

Alcohol drinks are made up chiefly of water and ethanol, which is an alcohol produced by fermenting fruits, vegetables or grain. Beer is about one part ethanol to 20 parts water. Wine is stronger, and spirits are about half ethanol and half water.

Alcohol is a drug. In fact, it is a mild poison. It is absorbed quickly into the bloodstream, within 4 or 10 minutes of being drunk. Absorption is slower if there's food in the stomach. Once inside the body it passes through the bloodstream to the liver, where poisons are digested.

But the liver can only process 28 grams of pure alcohol each hour.

This is a small amount - just over half a glass of beer. Anything else you drink is pumped round the body while it waits its turn to enter the liver.

When alcohol reaches your brain, you may immediately feel more relaxed and light-hearted. You may feel you can do crazy things. But after two or three drinks, your actions are clumsy and your speech is slurred. If you over-drink, you might suffer from double vision and loss of balance, even fall unconscious, hangover.

Drugs

In facts, all medicines are drugs. You take drugs for your headache or your asthma. But you need to remember that not all drugs are medicines. Alcohol is a drug, and nicotine is a drug. There are many drugs that do you no good at all.

There's nothing wrong with medicinal drugs if they're used properly. The trouble is, some people use them wrongly and make themselves ill. Most of the drugs are illegal, but some are ordinary medical substances that people use in the wrong way.

People take drugs because they think they make them feel better. Young people are often introduced to drug-taking by their friends.

Many users take drugs to escape from a life that may seem too hard to bear. Drugs may seem the only answer, but they are no answer at all. They simply make the problem worse.

Depending on the type and strength of the drug, all drug-abusers are in danger of developing side effects. Drugs can bring on confusion and frightening hallucinations and cause unbalan­ced emotions or more serious mental disorders.

First-time heroin users are sometimes violently sick. Cocaine, even in small amounts, can cause sudden death in some young people, due to heartbeat irregula­rities. Children born to drug-addicted parents can be badly affected.

Regular users may become constipated and girls can miss their periods. Some drugs can slow, even stop the breathing process, and if someone overdoses accidentally they may become unconscious or even die.

People who start taking drugs are unlikely to do so for long without being found out. Symptoms of even light drug use are drowsiness, moodiness, loss of appetite and, almost inevitably, a high level of deceit.

First there's the evidence to hide, but second, drugs are expensive and few young people are able to find the money they need from their allowance alone. Almost inevitably, needing money to pay for drugs leads to crime.

 

Unit 2

 

Unit 3

A DNA Library

Within the past few years, the technologies of recombinant DNA have mushroomed. We will follow a typical sequence of procedures that might be used to solve a particular problem or to produce a specific product.

The first task in recombinant DNA technology is to produce a DNA library – a readily accessible, easily duplicable assemblage of all the DNA of a particular organism. The entire set of genes carried by a member of any given species is called a genome. Why build a DNA library of a species’ genome? A DNA library organizes the DNA in a way that researchers can use it. restriction enzymes, plasmids, and bacteria are the most commonly used tools in assembling a DNA library.

Many bacteria produce restriction enzymes, which sever DNA at particular nucleotide sequences. In nature, restriction enzymes defend bacteria against viral infections by cutting apart the viral DNA. (The bacteria protect their own DNA, probably by attaching methyl groups to some of the DNA nucleotides.) Researchers have isolated restriction enzymes and use them to break DNA into shorter strands at specific sites.

Most restriction enzymes recognize and sever palindromic sections of DNA, in which the nucleotide order is the same in one direction on one strand as in the reverse direction on other strand. (A palindrome is a word that reads the same forward and backward, such as “madam”.) These single-stranded cut pieces of the DNA fragment are called ‘sticky ends’, because they will stick to (form hydrogen bonds with) other single-stranded cut pieces of DNA with the complementary series of bases. If the appropriate DNA repair enzyme (called DNA ligase) is added, DNA from different sources cut by the same restriction enzyme can be joined as if the DNA had occurred naturally. Segments of DNA from fundamentally different types of organisms, such as bacteria and humans, can be joined if they have complementary sticky ends.

Many different restriction enzymes have been isolated from various species of bacteria. Each cuts DNA apart at different but specific palindromic nucleotide sequences. The variety of restriction enzymes has enabled molecular geneticists to identify and isolate specific segments of DNA from many organisms, including humans.

Suppose now that human DNA is isolated from white blood cells and is cut apart into many small fragments with a restriction enzyme. The same restriction enzyme is then used to sever the DNA of bacterial plasmids. Now both human and plasmid DNA have complementary sticky ends that, when mixed, form hydrogen bonds. When DNA ligase is added, it bonds the sugar-phosphate backbones together, inserting segments of human DNA into plasmids.

The new rings of plasmid-human DNA (recombinant DNA) are mixed with bacteria, which take up the recombinant DNA. Millions or billions of plasmids collectively could incorporate DNA from the entire human genome. Usually, 100 to 1000 times more bacteria than plasmids are used, so that no individual bacterium ends up with more than one recombinant DNA molecule. The resulting population of bacteria containing recombinant plasmid-human DNA constitutes a human DNA library.

Unit 4

Lisbjerg Green Quality Plan

The Lisbjerg Green Quality Plan is an overall strategy towards developing the areas of a new city for about 10.000 inhabitants, outside the centre of Aarhus, the second biggest city in Denmark. The layout of the new city is dominated by large green areas laid out in a fan, that references to the old typical danish star shaped pattern. The Green Quality Plan gives out guidelines for the green areas defined in the already fixed master plan. The areas inside the new city will have a high quality of landscape, but also around the city there will be close to forests, lakes and meadows.

The focus points in developing the plan, has been on how to make space for modern living, with focus on closeness, health, identity, togetherness, sustainability, nature and history.

In connection to the focus on sustainability it has been of great importance to focus on handling the rainwater and on how the surplus land from building the city can be used on site as land formations that will give the city identity.

The landscape in the new city shall be the element that connects the high density housing with mixed appearance. The landscape has to be a significant space that is heterogeneous, active, challenging and inviting.

The city’s green spaces should basically be thought of as social spaces that provide people to interact with each other. Parks, sports fields and playgrounds are central meeting places in the new city. It is the kind of place where the very important informal and random encounters between people occurs.

The plan is divided into different landscape characters; the forests, the strips and the avenues.

 The forests lie in the edge of the plan and connect the new city to the existing forestland works as a buffer between the new city and the highway.

The avenues works as connecting roads/ paths, that makes the underlined star shape visible, and as connections between the strips. The avenues in the star shape, has their centre in the town common. The avenues, that connects the strips crosses the other avenues.

The strips work as nearby recreational areas that will encourage to everyday activity, different nature experiences, and make space for peace and contemplation. The strips will have a large variety that will give each area its own identity; this will be good not only for the sense of belonging but also towards a better orientation in the new city. In the strips there are laid out a number of different characters and functions all connected by paths. The different functions in the strips are: sports, lakes, ‘superfurnitures’, fruit grooves, historical elements, land formations, water features, meadows, nature, town common and lots more.

In the strips the management of the rainwater will give the spaces an extra dimension with the sound and feeling that water provides. By making water a key element it creates other advantages. Water sounds have a meditative and relaxing effect on people and it can also serve as an element you meet around.

 To create a feeling of identity in the strips,’ superfurnitures’ are scattered almost randomly throughout the new urban area. ‘Superfurnitures’ are huge permanent elements designed so simple that they are not perceived as art, but will invite to be sat or climbed upon.

Today the city is slowly being developed and over the next 20-30 years it will be finished. The Green Quality Plan will be a guideline every time a new housing area is being built in the new city of Lisbjerg. The landscape in between the houses will be developed alongside the housing and sometimes even before.

Unit 5

Unit 6

Inland water fisheries

The Republic of Belarus is a landlocked country. The main rivers are the Dnepr, the Pripyat, the Berezina, the Neman, the Sozh, and the Zapadnaya Dvina. All these, with the exception of Neman and the Zapadnaya Dvina, flow through the Gomel region, where more than 70% of river fish is caught. About 1 400 km of rivers are allocated to fishing.

The fishing is mostly effected by drag nets or seines (up to 80% of all catches); the rest is taken in fixed nets, drift nets and traps. There are no fixed sites, but fishing is carried out by teams of 4–10 men moving from site to site. Based on licences issued for industrial fishing in rivers and lakes as of 1 September 2003 there were 270 such groups. The main species caught (60–80%) is Abramis brama, followed by Blicca bjoerkna, Rutilus rutilus and Perka fluviatilis; with small quantities of Lota lota, Esox lucus, Lucioperca lucioperca, and Anguilla anguilla.

The largest lakes are Naroch (7 960 ha), Osveya (5 815 ha), Chervonoye (4 375 ha), Lukomlskoye (3 642 ha), Drivyaty (3 374 ha), Neshcherdo (2 857 ha), Vygonovskoye (2 596 ha) and Selyava (2 507 ha). Up to 70% of fish comes from lakes. The species, gear and fishing methods are the same as in the rivers.

Aquaculture

The output of pond fish peaked in 1990, at 16 300 t, of which 90% was carp. Since then, production volumes have fallen significantly, reflecting the increasingly difficult economic situation, and particularly the price increases for fuel and energy-intensive inputs, such as fish feed.

The main aquaculture units are located in Gomel, Minsk and Vitebsk regions. The farms are either state owned (under the Ministry of Agriculture) or joint stock companies in which the government has a shareholding.

Processing industry

The fishery processing sector was minor and in the largest cities little developed before the 1970s. It mainly handled surplus aquaculture production. There were also small-scale operations that produced salted and smoked fish as well as precooked and culinary items. In 1972, a massive, large-scale programme was initiated to build up specialized cold stores and refrigerated stores for preserving fish and large plants for the processing.

As a result, overall fish imports in 1986 reached 202 000 t; processed fish production reached 19 500 t; fish consumption was 20.7 kg per capita, and the situation remained fairly constant until the break up of the former USSR in 1990.

The process of reform of the fisheries resulted in significant contraction in processing quantities in the mid-1990s.

Starting from 1999, imports of fish and seafood products into the republic increased, with a corresponding increase in consumption, with per capita fish consumption rising gradually to the current level of 14 kg, from a low of 6.1 kg in 1998.

This is connected with the increase in number of the enterprises and organizations in the private sector engaged in fish imports and processing. As of 1 January 2003, more than 300 entities had a licence from the Ministry of Agriculture for fish processing. About 100 entities are occupied in fish importing and trading. However, it should be noted that up to 80% of the import and production volume in the hands of a few large factories that have a long experience of operating in the domestic market.

The raw material for fish processing is largely from Russia via the Baltic ports (Latvia and Lithuania).

The main species consumed are herring, mackerel, hake, capelin, baltic herring and sprats.

Demand

Because of the limited purchasing power of the general population (average monthly salary in 2002 was about US$ 100), cheaper fish species are in demand. The considerable share of herring fillets/flaps in overall imports is connected with its use in pickled preparations.

Traditional consumption patterns have moulded the main processing activities in Belarus:

· canned fish and preserves from processed and non-processed fish (sprats, Baltic herring, herring, mackerel);

· salted fish and salted fish with spices (herring, mackerel, sprats, Baltic herring);

· cold-smoked fish (herring, mackerel, salmon species).

In recent years, sales of deep frozen fish products has been actively expanding (fish sticks, fishburgers, other seafood products). These products, together with preserved and canned fish (sales in 2003 amounted to more than 25 million standard cans), originate mostly from Russia and the Baltic states.

Subsidies

The aquaculture sector receives regular support from the state budget for purchases of feed compounds and medical preparations or drugs, totalling about US$ 500 000/year. Fish processing enterprises rely on short-term rouble credits for acquisition of raw material.

Legislation

Since 2003, processing and trade in fish are regulated by a Decree issued by the President of the Republic of Belarus "About state regulation of import, processing, sale of oceanic fish and seafood products".

According to the above reglamentation, the licensing of fish processing is conducted by the Executive Directorate of Affairs of the President of Belarus. Before a licence is issued, it is necessary to obtain the consent of the fire-fighting service, of sanitary supervision, of the Standardization Committee, etc. In addition to the fees for inspections and coordination, the licence is valid for 5 years.

Fish importing is limited to those enterprises that have been successful in the contest for quotas. The contest is organized by the Executive Directorate of Affairs of the President of Belarus. Imports must go through special customs stores that are on the approved list of the State Customs Committee.

International cooperation

In 2002, Belarus and Russia signed an agreement on collaboration in the field of fisheries. According to Article 5 of the agreement, Russia annually allocates an amount of fish from the Russian EEZ that can be caught in the name of Belarus, and issues licences for fishery activities for joint Belarusian-Russian enterprises.

Research

The main institutes are:

Belarusian Research and Design Institute of Fish Industry (Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Republic of Belarus), in Minsk; and Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk.

The institutes are mostly engaged in investigations in the aquaculture sector. AID
External support has been received from the European Bank of Reconstruction and Development in the form of credit (US$ 2 million) for a joint company "Santa-Bremor" in the city of Brest, where a processing department with a capacity of 35 t/day was brought into operation in 2001. The "Minskiy Rybokomplex" OAO, Minsk, in 2003–2004 received interest-free credit equivalent to ? 4.2 million for factory reconstruction.

LITERATURE

1. Бугрова А.С. English through Biology: учебное пособие / А.С. Бугрова, Е.Н. Вихрова. – М: МГУ, 2008. – 185 с.

2. Кулик Н.Н. Тематический англо-русский словарь для студентов-биологов

3. Меркулова Е. М. Английский язык для студентов университетов. Чтение, письменная и устная практика. Серия ”Изучаем иностранные языки“ / Е.М. Меркулова, О.Е. Филимонова, С.И. Костыгина, Ю.А. Иванова, Л.В. Папанова.— СПб.: Издательство Союз, 2000.— 384 с.

4. Радикова Т.И. Краткий тематический словарь по английскому языку для студентов неязыковых факультетов первых курсов: методическое пособие / Т.И. Радикова. – Ижевск: УдГУ, 2008. – 121 с.

5. Точилина А.К. Тематическая лексика английского языка в тестах и упражнениях: готовимся к централизованному тестированию / А.К. Точилина, Л.Л. Кожемская. – 3-е изд. – Минск: ТетраСистем, 2009. – 128 с. 

6. Landscape Garden Design [Electronic resource] – Mode of access: http://landscape-garden-design.blogspot.com. - Date of access: 16.01.2013.

7. Uses for Landscape Plants, Lawn Care Tips [Electronic resource] – Mode of access: http://landscaping.about.com/od/flowersherbsgroundcover1/u/landscape_plants.htm. - Date of access: 25.11.2012.

CONTENTS

Введение……………………………………………………………………………………..	3
PART I………………………………………………………………………………………..	4
UNIT 1 HEALTHY LIFE STYLE………………………………………………………..................	4
Healthy Lifestyle ………………………………………………………………………………..	5
Tips for Being Healthy……………………………………………………………… …............	6
Healthy Food…………………………………………………………………… ……………….	6
Inactivity and Health Problems…………………………………………………… ………….	9
UNIT 2 THE PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION………………………	12
The Problem of Environmental Protection..……….…………………………………..	14
Nature Protection……………………………………………………………………………….	15
Water Pollution …………………………………………………………………………………	16
UNIT 3 NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE ………………………..	19
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine ……………………………..	20
Cloning……………………………….. …………………………………………………………	21
UNIT 4 LANDSCAPE AND GARDEN DESIGN…………………………………………………	22
Garden and Landscape Design……. ………………………………………………….	25
Aspects of Landscape Architecture……………………… ……………………………………	27
Understanding the Language of Landscape Design………………… …………………….	29
The Main Principles of Garden Design…………………………………………………….	30
UNIT 5 CLIMATE …………………………………………………………………………………….	31
Climate……………………………. …………………………………………..………….	33
Climate Classification…………….……………………………………………………………	36
World Climate Zones………………………….………………………………………………..	37
Köppen Climate Classificatiom System………………………………………………………	38
Weather………………………………………………………………………. …….................	41
UNIT 6 TYPES OF FISH…………………………………………………….. .…………………….	42
Fish……………………………………….………………………………………………………	43
Classes of Fish ……….……………………………………………………………….	46
Aquaculture in the Republic of Belarus …………………………………………………….	49
PART II SUPPLEMENTARY READING………………………………….………..……………	50
Maladies of the 21st Century ……………………………..…………………………………..	53
Fauna Protection and Reserve Management in Belarus …………………………………	53
A DNA Library …………………………………………………………………………………	53
Lisbjerg Green Quality Plan………………………………………………………………….	54
The Problem of Global Warming………….…………………………………………………..	55
Structure and Characteristics of Fishing Industry ………………………………………….	56
Литература……………………………………………………………………......................	57

 

 

Ю. В. КОРЖЕНЕВИЧ

 

SP OKEN ENGLISH

Part II

                    

английский ДЛЯ РАЗВИТИЯ НАВЫКОВ УСТНОЙ РЕЧИ

Часть II

Учебный практикум для студентов специальностей ”Биология (по направлениям)“, ”Садово-парковый дизайн“, ”Промышленное рыбоводство“ дневной и заочной формы обучения.

 

Пинск

ПолесГУ

2013

УДК 076.5

ББК 81.2Англ

К66

Р е ц е н з е н т ы:

кандидат филологических наук, О.Ф. Жилевич;

кандидат филологических наук, Ю.Н. Русина

 

 

У т в е р ж д е н о

научно-методическим советом ПолесГУ

 

Корженевич, Ю.В.

К66 Spoken english: практикум для студентов специальностей ”Биология (по направлениям)“, ”Садово-парковый дизайн“, ”Промышленное рыбоводство“ дневной и заочной формы обучения.

 

 / Ю.В. Корженевич. – Пинск: ПолесГУ, 2013. – с.58

 

ISBN 978-985-516-071-8

 

 

Пособие направлено на развитие навыков устной речи по темам ”Healthy Life Style“, ”The Problems of Environmental Protection“, ”New Technologies in Biology and Medicine“, ”Landscape and Gardening Design“, ”Climate“, ”Types of Fishes“.

 

УДК 076.5

ББК 81.2Англ

 

 

ISBN 978-985-516-071-8                        © Полесский государственный

                                                                             университет, 201 3

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Данный практикум предназначен для студентов специальностей ”Биология (по направлениям)“, ”Садово-парковый дизайн“, ”Промышленное рыбоводство“ дневной и заочной форм обучения и состоит из шести разделов. Каждый раздел включает в себя лексический и текстовый материал по определенной тематике, подобранной в соответствии с типовой программой по английскому языку для неязыковых специальностей высших учебных заведений. Для активизации и усвоения изученного материала представлены разнообразные лексические и речевые упражнения, а также задания, направленные на развитие навыков устной речи. Наличие в каждом разделе тематического словаря и послетекстовых упражнений позволяет активизировать речевую деятельность студентов, расширить их лексический запас и вовлекать их в активный диалог и дискуссию. Во второй части практикума собраны дополнительные тексты для чтения по заданным темам.

 Цель данного практикума - помочь обучающимся совершенствовать навыки чтения и устной речи, а также расширить словарный запас по заданным темам.

 

Part I

Unit 1

HEALTHY LIFE STYLE

 

Topical Vocabulary

 

health

healthy

fitness

obesity

overweight

to be overweight

to prevent

to atrophy

to waste

stamina

suppleness

to age

endurance

workout

sedentary

vigorous

to take up

to avoid

excess

nutrient

carbohydrate

protein

fat

to contain

to cut down on

essential

saturated fat

 

unprocessed fat

additive

addictive

pesticide

modified food

to cause

lack

to abuse

drugs

ecstasy

 

 

LSD

 

consumption

здоровье

здоровый

выносливость, натренированность

тучность, ожирение; чрезмерная полнота

грузный (о человеке)

страдать ожирением

предотвращать, предупреждать атрофироваться

чахнуть

(жизненные) силы, выносливость

гибкость

стареть, стариться

выносливость, стойкость

спорт. тренировка, разминка

сидячий, малоподвижный

сильный, бодрый, энергичный

браться (за что -л.); заниматься (чем -л.)

избегать

излишний, избыточный

питательное вещество

углевод

белок, протеин

жир

содержать
уменьшить прием чего-л.

существенный, жизненно важный

жиры с высоким содержанием насыщенных жирных кислот

необработанные жиры

добавка

вызывающий привычку, привыкание

пестицид, ядохимикат

модифицированная еда

быть причиной, вызывать

недостаток, нужда; отсутствие чего-л.

злоупотреблять
наркотики

экстази (наркотик, вызывающий чувство эйфории, широко употребляемый на дискотеках)
сокр. от lysergic acid diethylamide ЛСД (наркотик, вызывающий галлюцинации)

потребление

 

 

 

Vocabulary Exercises

Exercise 1

Chose the words from the topical vocabulary to match the definitions:

- the state of being fit;

- characterized by or requiring a sitting position;

- a chemical substance, esp. a narcotic, taken for the pleasant effects it produces;

- more than normal, necessary, or permitted; surplus;

- a chemical used for killing pests, esp. insects and rodents;

- to use incorrectly or improperly; misuse;

- weighing more than is usual, allowed, or healthy

Exercise 2

Give the synonyms to the following words:

plump

to avoid

training, exercise

to enclose, to hold

patience, strength

important

to become older

 

Exercise 3

Use the words from the topical vocabulary to fill in the gaps.

1. The excessive … of sugar leads to problems of … .

2. Organic … include carbohydrates, fats, proteins (or their building blocks, amino acids), and vitamins.

3. Cigarettes are highly … .

4.  Foods such as sugar and bread contain …. that provide you with energy.

5. Genetically … contains ingredients made from genetically modified plants or animals.

 

 

 

Healthy Lifestyle

It is widely known that life expectancy is increasing. But the reason why the average figures are higher than they used to be, say, hundred years ago is not that all people live longer than before. One reason is that, due to medical research, many illnesses were eliminated; the second one is that fewer people die in wars. Generally, the life of modern man is endangered by many factors. One is the increasing pollution of the environment by industry and transport; another one is sedentary lifestyle of people living in cities and towns, that is, the majority of the population of the planet. The third one is the quality of food we eat and water we drink which results in a lot of diseases. The fourth one is that living in big cities leads to epidemics, and even pandemics of many catchy illnesses. Unhealthy life results in the fact that many people are overweight.

The only possible way of preserving your health is, therefore, healthy way of life which includes keeping fit, balanced meals, and giving up unhealthy habits like smoking, drinking alcohol, and, of course, drugs.

Physical fitness is a general state of good physical health. For anyone who really wants to be healthy, fitness has become an integral part of their lives. The fitness boom resulted in a rise in the number of people participating in sports and sports activities. It is a well-known fact that even moderate physical activity can protect you from heart diseases and strokes, obesity and influenza. There are many ways of keeping fit. Firstly, you could visit health and fitness clubs. A lot of health and fitness clubs, public leisure centres, indoor water parks are very popular among people of all ages. Secondly, regular exercise is necessary. People of different ages can choose or design exercises that will fit them. Some people do aerobics or yoga; others prefer weight training in a gym. Many people prefer walking or jogging which are the cheapest and most accessible sports. Doing some sport on a regular basis is the best way of keeping fit. In Belarus a number of sports activities are popular among the old and the young: football, swimming, cycling, skiing, skating, fishing, hunting, roller-skating, etc. City marathons have become sporting events reported on the radio, television and in the press.

A healthy diet is an important part of staying healthy, too. This diet contains reduced amounts of cholesterol, fat, sugar and salt. It helps to protect our body from a wide range of diseases; the most dangerous are heart diseases, liver diseases, and cancer.

To stay healthy one must, of course, abstain from smoking. Everybody knows smoking is hazardous for your health and can lead to fatal diseases like cancer. Smoking should undoubtedly be banned in all public places.

 

Exercise 1

Find in the text the English equivalents of the following words and expressions:

средняя продолжительность жизни; согласно медицинским исследованиям; подвергаться опасности; малоподвижный образ жизни; сбалансированное питание; бросать вредные привычки; воздерживаться от курения; опасный для здоровья; смертельная болезнь; быть запрещенным.

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1. It is widely known that life expectancy is….

2. The life of modern man is endangered by…

3. Unhealthy life results in the fact that…

4. The only possible way of preserving your health is…

5. Doing some sport on a regular basis is the best way of….

6. To stay healthy one must…

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. What can you tell about the life expectancy?

2. What is the life of modern man endangered by?

3. What is the best way of keeping fit?

4. What is physical fitness?

5. What can people do to keep fit?

6. Is a healthy diet an important part of staying healthy?

 

Tips For Being Healthy

Health is very important in life of every person. It depends on our lifestyle, products we eat and habits we have. Health is much more precious than money, gold or some other stuff. So what things allow us to preserve a high level of health?!

Health and nutritious food.
Food is a key element of our good health. Eating healthy, nutritious and vitamin-rich products can improve your health. Fruit and vegetables are natural resources of vitamins A, B, C and E and other useful substances. Bread, dairy products, nuts and low-fat meat give you a large amount of energy and nutritious elements.

Bad habits.
A person with bad habits risks to get a lot of illnesses. Smoking cigarettes shortens your life and can cause cancer. Drinking alcohol ruins your organism, destroys your nervous system and leads to liver malfunction. Taking drugs causes addiction and a large number of such illnesses as cancer, AIDS and tuberculosis. If you want to live a long and healthy life you should give up all your bad habits.

An active life with lots of physical exercises.
Doing simple exercises every day can increase your health level and improve your immune system. Physical training strengthens your organism and allows effective fighting with illnesses. So if you are active, breathe fresh air and don't stay too much time indoors you will not have problems with your health.

Good and healthy sleep.
Sleep is one of the main factors that influences our health. Every person needs to sleep about 8 hours to stay active during weekdays. Bad sleep can decrease your mental and physical abilities, and become a reason for illnesses and stress.

Positive thinking:
A lot of people do not consider their emotions as a health factor. Being an optimist allows you to live more happily and easily cope with difficulties and problems. Positive emotions, smiling and laughing prolong your life and let you avoid stress.

At the end I'd like to conclude that without health our life is miserable. People should be more careful of their health. If your health is great you will easily achieve everything you want.

Exercise 1

Find in the text the English equivalents of the following words and expressions:

сохранять здоровье; питательная пища; продукты, богатые витаминами; полезные вещества; вредные привычки; разрушать нервную систему; приводить к дисфункции печени; здоровый сон; позитивное мышление.

 

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1. Our health depends on ….

2. Health is much more precious than …

3. Eating …., …., …..  products can improve your health.

4. Fruit and vegetables are natural resources of….

5. Drinking alcohol ruins …, destroys … and leads to … ….

6. Bad sleep can decrease …

7. Being an optimist allows you …

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. What does our health depend on?

2. What are the main components of healthy well-being?

3. Do you agree that food is a key element of our good health? Why?

4. How can bad habits influence our life and health?

5. Are physical exercises and healthy sleep important for our health?

6. Do you consider your emotions as a health factor?

 

 

Healthy Food

All food is made up of nutrients which our bodies use. There are different kinds of nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. Different foods contain different nutrients.

Before we cut down on fat, sugar and salt, we have to know a bit more about the kind of food these things might be in. The biggest problem comes when these things are hidden in other foods: biscuits, crisps, sausages, meat pies, soft drinks and so on.

The best way is to get into the habit of checking the ingredients and nutritional value on the sides of packets although this isn't always easy to do. Another thing to know is, for example, that we do need fat to live, it's an essential part of our diet and physically we couldn't exist without it.

But we all know that to eat much fat is bad for our health. The matter is that there are different kinds of fat. There are fats that are good for us and fats that are bad for us. Eating less of the bad ones and more of the good ones can actually help us to live longer! Bad fats are the saturated fats, found in animal products, like red meat, butter and cheese.

Friendly fats are the unprocessed fats found naturally in foods like nuts and seeds, olives, avocados and oily fish, including tuna.

One more thing to know is that when food is cooked, its structure changes. It can change the vitamin and nutrient contents of food.

More and more people feel strongly about the way, their food is produced. Nowadays so much of the basic food we eat — meat, fish, fruit and vegetables — is grown using chemicals and additives.

Although fertilizers and pesticides have greatly increased the quantity of food and helped to improve its appearance, there is a growing concern about the effects of these chemicals on the food chain. This concern has led to a growth in the demand for organically grown products.

Today there is another problem. It is modified food, which is cheaper than ordinary one. There is a rumour that such food can cause cancer and other problems. Nobody knows, either it is just an imagined fear or a real problem. This problem could be solved and examined, but it will take some time.

The food we eat, depends on lots of things. Taste is a big factor. Culture, religion and health also play a part in what food we eat. Advertising and social factors also have a big influence.

Income is also an important factor.
Finally, there are three main messages to follow for healthy eating:
First, we should eat less fat, particularly saturated fat.
Secondly, we are to cut down on sugar and salt.
Thirdly, we must eat more fresh fruit and vegetables.

 

Exercise 1

Find in the text the English equivalents of the following words and expressions:

питательное вещество; углеводы; белки; жиры; витамины; минералы; сокращать потребление жиров, соли и сахара; насыщенные жиры; химикаты и пищевые добавки; модифицированные продукты.

 

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences:

1. All food is made up of …

2. There are different kinds of nutrients: …, …, …, …. and … .

3. There are fats that are … .

4. Bad fats are the saturated fats found in …. .

5. Friendly fats are the unprocessed fats found naturally in foods like …, …, … .

6. The food we eat, depends on … .

7. There are three main messages to follow for healthy eating: … .

 

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. What nutrients do you know?
2. What are the main things to know about food we eat?
3. What fats are good?
4. What fats are dangerous for our health?
5. What are the main factors that determine the food we eat?
6. What are three main messages to follow for healthy eating?