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SYNOPSIS.
The article is entitled 'Biography Joseph Mallord William Turner (British, 1775-1851).
The article deals with the problem of the Turner creative works.
The author doesn't give the readers any information on the life of Turner. The author is striving to give an analysis of the periods of the Turner creative works. He wants to give an idea of Turner's works as a process of evolution.
The author pointed out that Turner painted in the eighteenth-century tradition at the start in his career.
The article reveals that later Turner wanted to emulate the works of the accepted Old Masters.
The author pays his attention to the fact that Turner visited Italy twice. There he is known to have learned using pure colors without dark or brown shadows.
In conclusion it's interesting to note that Turner was a landscape-painter and especially he tried to convey the dramatic possibilities of natural phenomena.
SYNOPSIS.
The article is entitled 'Biography Sir Joshua Reynolds'.
The article deals with the problem of the Reynolds role in development of British painting. The aim of the author is to prove that Reynolds was an outstanding painter and his importance for British fine arts was enormous. He points out more then once that Reynolds dedicated his life to art. It was Reynolds who raised the prestige of British painters in Society. It was Reynolds who linked British painting, which had little tradition of its own, to great European art thorough the ages.
The author gives a detailed enough analysis of reasons why Reynolds career as a painter was a great success.
The author singles out several key episodes in the Reynolds life that determined his career as a painter.
The author makes an emphasis that Reynolds worked hard in his green years to set up as a painter. It's interesting to note that Reynolds stayed several years in Italy to study the old masters, especially Raphael. Then Reynolds was appointed King's Principal Painter and elected the President of the Royal Academy of the Art, his works were in great demand.
In the end the author underlines that Reynolds was a gifted man not only in the field of painting. He delivered his annual Discourses to the students of the Academy and he founded the Literary Club.
So, the author makes the readers arrive at a conclusion that Reynolds made a great contribution to the fine arts in Britain.
SYNOPSIS.
The article deals with the problem of secularization.
The process whereby religion loses its influence in a society is called secularization.
The author singles out several dimensions of secularization.
Further the author dwells upon the level of membership of religious organizations. Except the USA all the industrialized countries have declined in the level of churchgoing.
Then the article gives a description of the second dimension how far religious organizations maintain their influence, wealth and prestige in the community. The article reveals that the material circumstances of religious organizations are different. Some established churches remain very wealthy, many religious organizations have an insecure financial position.
In the end the author gives the readers some information on the third dimension of secularization. It concerns beliefs and values. It can be called religiosity. It becomes obvious that to see how far religiosity has declined today we need to compare religiosity in the traditional society and in the present industrialized society.
Texts for synopsi on sociology, theory of culture and philosophy
The concept of culture
In his chapter we shall look at the unity and diversity of human life and culture. The concept of culture, together with that of society, is one of the most widely used notions in sociology. Culture consists of the values the members of a given group hold, the norms they follow, and the material goods they create. Values are abstract ideals, while norms are definite principles or rules which people are expected to observe. Norms represent the 'dos' and 'don'ts' of social life. Thus monogamy - being faithful to a single marriage partner - is a prominent value in most western societies. In many other cultures, a person is permitted to have several wives or husbands simultaneously. Norms of behavior in marriage include, for example, how husbands and wives are supposed to lave towards their in-laws. In some societies, a husband or wife is expected to develop a close relationship with parents-in-law; in others they are expected to keep a clear distance from one another.
When we use the term in ordinary daily conversation, we often think of ‘culture' as equivalent to the 'higher things of the mind' - art, {literature, music and painting. As sociologists use it, the concept includes such activities, but also tar more. Culture refers to the ways of life the members of a society, or of groups within a society. It includes how they dress, their marriage customs and family life, their patterns of k, religious ceremonies and leisure pursuits. It also covers the goods create and which become meaningful for them - bows and arrows, ploughs, factories and machines, computers, books, dwellings.
'Culture' can be conceptually distinguished from 'society', but there are very close connections between these notions. A society is a system of interrelationships which connects individuals together. No cultures could exist without societies. But, equally, no societies could exist without culture. Without culture, we would not be 'human' at all, in the sense in '• which we usually understand that term. We would have no language in which to express ourselves, no sense of self-consciousness, and our ability to think or reason would be severely limited - as we shall show in this chapter and in chapter 3 ('Socialization and the Life-Cycle').
The chief theme of both the current chapter and the next, in fact, is the biological versus the cultural inheritance of humankind. The relevant questions are: What distinguishes human beings from the animals? Where do our distinctively 'human' characteristics come from? What is the nature of human nature? These questions are crucial to sociology, because they set the foundation for the whole field of study. To answer them, we shall analyze both what human beings share and how cultures differ.
Cultural variations between human beings are linked to differing types of society, and we shall compare the main forms of society that can be identified from past and present. Throughout the chapter, attention will focus on how social change has affected human cultural development - particularly since the time when Europeans began to spread their ways of life across the world.
Дата: 2018-12-28, просмотров: 278.