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1. You must use such device to produce output in a human-readable format. 2. To produce output in a human-readable format was our aim. 3. To produce output in a human-readable format you must use such device as a printer. 4. A printer is a device to produce output in a human-readable format.
Упр. 61. Прочтите предложения, найдите в них инфинитивы в функции обстоятельства и переведите предложения:
а ) 1. To understand how to use a computer one must fully appreciate its design. 2. Processing is operations on data to convert them into useful information. 3. Computers were designed to perform thousands of computations per second. 4. To make computers more reliable transistors were used. They were applied to reduce computational time. 5. To integrate large numbers of circuit elements into a small chip, transistors should be reduced in size. 6. To use integrated circuit technology new computers were built. 7. Analytical engine was invented to store data. 8. Disk drives are used to read and write data on disks.
b) 1. I had to borrow money from the bank in order to set up the business. 2. In order to demonstrate the effect Table 1 is given. 3. To perform this work one must have all the necessary equipment. 4. Data are processed to become useful information. 5. Should BT or AT&T provide home TV services to replace their declining telephony revenues? 6. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) will tag all goods to make them identifiable at all times throughout the supply chain. 7. Cleverbox is struggling to integrate with their own HR, Sales and Procurement application due to different data formats.
c) 1. Bus fares in the city are being cut so as to encourage people to use public transport. 2. Input devices are used to enter data into primary storage. 3. As a scanner, the Sigma 100 can be used to enter photographs as well as documents into a computer. 4. Instead of a mouse, they have a touchpad built into the keyboard – a sensitive pad that you can touch to move the pointer on the screen. 5. It is designed to be placed on your desk. 6. A laser printer uses a laser beam to fix the ink to the paper.
7. In order to avoid complex calculations in bytes, we use bigger units. 8. Enter is pressed to select options from a menu or to start a new paragraph. 9. It is important for the model to be accurate but simple enough. 10. We need more traffic cameras so as to reduce crimes. 11. Different applications of digital technologies were used lest there be carbon emissions.
2. Герундий в функции обстоятельства.
2.1. Особенности перевода герундия в функции обстоятельства.
| Опознавание в предложении | Пример | Перевод | Способ перевода на русский язык |
| Стоит в начале предложения (перед подлежащим) или в конце (после дополнения). Употребляется с предлогами: |
After ,
Before ,
Without,
By,
Through,
On (upon),
In .
Существительным с предлогом,
деепричастием,
придаточным предложением.
Упр. 62. Прочтите предложения, найдите в них герундий в функции обстоятельства и переведите предложения:
1. By working hard, she passed her maths exam. 2. In explaining his project he forgot one point.
3. We keep data and programs in memory systems where they are available for processing.
4. We use the term data processing to include the resources applied for processing of information.
5. They can be used as mobile phones or as personal organizers for storing notes, reminders and addresses. 6. Accelerate your digital lifestyle by choosing a Pentium at 4.3 GHz. 7. An ink-jet (or bubble-jet) printer generates an image by spraying tiny, precise drops of ink onto the paper. 8. Upon switching off the current the pressure dropped. 9. I can’t go to this place without having prepared my calculations first.
2.2. Структура и перевод герундиальных оборотов.
| Тип оборота | Структура | Пример | Перевод |
| Герундиальный оборот (может быть подлежащим или дополнением в предложении) Переводится придаточным предложением, вводимыми союзами то, что; тот факт, что. | 1)Существительное в притяжательном или общем падеже или притяжательное местоимение +2) герундий | 1) His being sent to London was quite unexpected to us. 2) I heard of your friends having accepted your offer. | 1)То, что его послали в Лондон, было для нас неожиданно. 2) Я слышал о том, что Ваши друзья приняли Ваше предложение. |
Упр. 63. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения с герундиальным оборотом:
1. Excuse my interrupting you. 2. Excuse my having interrupted you. 3. We thought of their improving methods of production. 4. We have never heard of his having belonged to this scientific society. 5. I hate the idea of your wasting your time.
3. Причастия в функции обстоятельства.
3.1. Формы причастия и их значение для перевода.
| Active Voice (действие выполняется самим подлежащим) | Passive Voice (действие выполняется над подлежащим) | Действие по отношению к глаголу-сказуемому | |
| Participle 1 | asking doing | being asked being done | одновременное |
| Participle 2 | --- | asked done | одновременное и предшествующее |
| Perfect Participle | having asked having done | having been asked having been done | предшествующее |
3.2. Особенности перевода причастия в функции обстоятельства.
| Опознавание в предложении | Примеры | Перевод | Способ перевода на русский язык |
| Стоит в начале предложения (перед подлежащим) или в конце (после дополнения); может употребляться с союзами while, when, if, in spite of, although. | 1. He left the room saying that he was in a hurry. | Он вышел из комнаты, говоря (со словами; и сказал), что он спешит. | Деепричастие. Сочетание при+сущ (кроме форм Perfect Participle). Придаточным обстоятель-ственным предложением. |
| 2. Having visited the art exhibition, the students organized a discussion. | Посетив выставку (после посещения; после того, как они посетили выставку,) студенты организовали обсуждение. | ||
| 3. Being invited he said he would come to our evening party. | Будучи приглашенным (когда его пригласили), он сказал, что придет на нашу вечеринку. | ||
| 4. Having been warmed to 0° C ice began to melt. | После того, как лед был нагрет до 0° C, он начал таять (будучи нагретым до…). | ||
| 5.This melting ice keeps the same temperature while /when smiling. | Этот тающий лед сохраняет одну и ту же температуру, когда он тает (при таянии). | ||
| 6. When translated this article was sent to the editor. | Когда статью перевели (когда статья была переведена), ее отправили редактору. | ||
| 7. If increased, the prices influence the standard of living. | Если цены повысят, они повлияют на уровень жизни. (Будучи повышенными, цены повлияют на уровень жизни.) |
Упр. 64. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на форму (см. п.п. 3.1. и 3.2.) и перевод причастий в функции обстоятельства:
1. Using the energy of the atom we produce electric energy at atomic power plants. 2. Electronic computers perform both arithmetic and logical operations, making it possible to control the process under rather complicated conditions. 3. The syntax and semantics of these languages are very sophisticated, making the translation to machine language a complex process. This means that a space program must be flexible and diverse, making it possible to explore completely new fields.
4. Strictly speaking, this finding means that this hypothesis cannot be rejected. 5. Being not visible software makes possible the effective operation of computer system. 6. Being obtained the results of the research were analyzed. 7. Having obtained the required results we informed the manager of this fact. 8. Having invented magnetic tapes the Germans used them as the secondary storage medium.
9. Having finished the research the scientists made the analysis of the data obtained. 10. Having been constructed recently a new electronic device has important applications in space exploration.
11. Having been regulated by the operator the equipment operated well. 12. Having been coded the instruction was transmitted to the central processing unit. 13. When entering the Internet, I always find a lot of interesting information. 14. While operating on the basis of analogy analog computers simulate physical systems.
Упр. 65. Прочтите и переведите следующие контрольные предложения, обращая внимание на перевод причастий в функции обстоятельства:
1. While operating with graphical interface people usually use such manipulators as mouse and track ball. 2. Having translated the program into machine language the computer architect put the program into the machine. 3. Digital programming implies the preparation of a problem for a digital computer by putting it in a form which the computer can understand and then entering this program into the computer storage unit. 4. When properly programmed computers do not make computational errors.
5. While having no moving mechanical parts electronic memories can transfer data at very high speed. 6. When used voltage represents other physical quantities in analog computers. 7. The designer left the office having looked through all the documents. 8. Having discussed the functions of storage units we passed on to the consideration of control processing unit. 9. While dealing with discrete quantities digital computers count rather than measure. 10. When using a microcomputer you are constantly making choice – to open a file, to close a file, and so on. 11. Having limited the information capacity of a single bit to two alternatives the computer designers expressed data by a combination of bits. 12. When written in a symbolic language programs require the translation into the machine language. 13. While dealing with discrete quantities digital computers count rather than measure. 14. When choosing a monitor, you have to take into account a few basics. 15. Having been introduced in the early 1960s magnetic disc storage has replaced magnetic tape storage. 16. Having been transmitted to the central processing unit the instruction made arithmetic-logical unit perform some computations.
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