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ВАРИАНТ 1
Прочитайте и переведите текст
FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT
It is difficult to define exactly what we mean by the term “management”. It would be generally agreed, however, that a manager is responsible for the effective planning and running of a business. The definition of management we will be using in this text is: “Management is the process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, directing, and controlling people and other organizational resources”. This definition spells out the four key functions of management: planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.
Planning includes anticipating future trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve organizational goals and objectives. The main steps in the planning process are as follows:
· Setting organizational goals;
· Developing strategies to reach those goals;
· Determining resources needed;
· Setting standards.
It is important to understand what goals are and how they differ from objectives. Goals are the broad, long-term accomplishments an organization wishes to attain. Objectives, on the other hand, are specific, short-term tasks that must be completed to achieve the goals.
Planning answers three fundamental questions for business:
1. What is the situation now?
2. Where do we want to go?
3. How can we get there from here? This is the most important part of planning, it takes three forms.
a) Strategic (long-range) planning determines the major goals of the organization and the policies and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals. At the strategic planning stage, the company decides which customers to serve, what products or services to sell, and the geographic areas in which the firm will compete.
b) Tactical (short-range) planning is the process of developing detailed, short-term decisions about what is to be done, who is to do it, and how it is to be done. Tactical planning involves defining specific plans to achieve broad strategic plans. Tactical planning is normally done by managers at lower levels of the organization, whereas strategic planning is done by the top managers of the firm. Tactical planning involves setting annual budgets and deciding on other details of how to meet the strategic objectives.
c) Contingency planning is the preparation of alternative courses of action that may be used if the primary plans do not achieve the objectives of the organization. The economic and competitive environments change so rapidly that it is wise to have alternative plans of action ready in anticipation of such changes.
Organizing includes designing the organizational structure, attracting people to the organization, and creating conditions and systems that ensure that everyone and everything works together to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization.
When organizing, a manager develops a structure that relates all workers, tasks, and resources to each other. All these relationships are shown in an organization chart. The organization chart pictures who reports to whom and who is responsible for each task. The corporate hierarchy illustrated on the organization chart includes top, middle, and first-line managers.
Top management is the highest level of management and consists of the president and other key company executives who develop strategic plans. Middle management includes branch and plant managers, deans, and department heads who are responsible for tactical plans. Supervisory (first-line) management includes people directly responsible for assigning specific jobs to workers and evaluating their daily performance; they are often known as first-line managers because they are the first level above workers.
Directing is guiding and motivating others to work effectively to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization.
The process of directing is quite different, however, at the various levels of the organization. The top managers are concerned with the broad overview of where the company is heading. Their immediate subordinates are middle managers who are responsible, in turn, for directing workers to meet company objectives. The directions of top managers to subordinates, therefore, are characteristically broad and open-ended. The farther down the corporate ladder, the more specific the manager’s directions become. First-line managers allocate much of their time to giving specific, detailed instructions to employees.
Controlling is checking to determine whether or not an organization is progressing toward its goals and objectives, and taking corrective action if it is not. The control function, therefore, is the heart of the management system because it provides the feedback that enables managers to adjust to any deviations from plans and to changes that have occurred in the environment that have affected performance.
2. Подберите к данным терминам соответствующие определения.
|
1. The process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, directing, and controlling organizational resources.
2. Process of preparing alternative courses of action that may be used if the primary plans do not achieve the objectives of the organization.
3. Management function which involves anticipating future trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve organizational objectives.
4. Management function which involves checking to determine whether or not an organization is progressing toward its goals and objectives, and taking corrective action if it is not.
5. Management function which involves designing the organizational structure, attracting people to the organization, and creating conditions and systems that ensure that everyone and everything work together to achieve the objectives of the organization.
6. Highest level of management, consisting of the president and other key company executives who develop strategic plans.
7. Process of determining the major goals of the organization and the policies and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals.
8. Process of developing detailed, short-term decisions about what is to be done, who is to do it, and how it is to be done.
9. First level of management above employees; includes people directly responsible for assigning specific jobs to employees and evaluating their daily performance.
10. Guiding and motivating others to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization.
11. Level of management which includes plant managers and department heads who are responsible for tactical plans.
12. Specific, short-term statements detailing how to achieve the organizational goals.
13. Broad, long-term accomplishments an organization wishes to attain.
3. Используйте термины из задания 1, чтобы заполнить пропуски в предложениях.
1. This firm suffers losses. It needs better __________ rather than more money.
2. The business is always risky, that’s why managers usually have several __________.
3. Before starting a business you should set ___________.
4. The main functions of management are __________, ___________, ___________, and ____________.
5. ___________ never assigns tasks for workers, it is responsible for strategic planning.
6. ___________ is the heart of the management, because it allows to adjust if the business follows the right direction.
4. Напишине короткое сообщение о своей будущей профессии по плану.
1. What is your future speciality?
2. Who helped you to choose your career?
3. Where do you study to obtain special knowledge?
4. What are your major subjects?
5. Do you have any practical skills in your future profession?
6. Where do you work (where are you going to work after graduation)?
7. What will be your responsibility and position after graduation?
ВАРИАНТ 2
Who is Today’s Accountant?
Certified Public Accountants have passed a rigorous exam and continue to update their knowledge every year. CPAs also subscribe to a high code of conduct that includes honesty, integrity, and independence.
Today’s CPA is known as a strategic business advisor, technology guru, personal financial consultant, tax and estate planner, and fraud examiner. CPAs are found in a variety of roles working for a variety of organizations.
CPAs perform a variety of functions. Examples are:
Assurance Services . Information is all around us, but can it be trusted? If a business gives its financial statements to a bank, the bank probably requires that the information be audited. CPAs perform audits that are independent examinations. If a purchaser wants to buy something from a web site, the web site needs to be secure and reliable. CPAs test web sites so that users can trust the information provided.
Financial Planning . How do you plan to have enough money to retire comfortably? How can you make the wisest use of your money through investments? What should a business do as it grows and expands? CPAs can answer questions on planning for the future.
Technology . CPAs work with technology in doing their jobs but also in helping clients and employers use technology better. They may oversee software applications, system design, or web site development.
Tax. CPAs do tax work for individuals as well as businesses. They understand the laws and requirements. They use computers to input information and to process it in the form of tax returns, but they also know how to help individuals and businesses plan for the future. Should a small business incorporate for tax benefits? CPAs are involved in compliance, advice, and planning.
Consulting. Because CPAs have a wide knowledge of various types of businesses, they are in demand as advisors. How does an organization improve its operations? How can a business grow and expand? How should two companies structure a merger? CPAs answer these questions and more.
2. Подберите определения к словам левой колонки, запишите.
| 1. framework 2. oddity 3. to employ 4. to adhere to 5. to accommodate 6. restatement 7. foregoing 8. guidelines 9. environment 10. convention | a) something said or written again in order to make it clear b) to consider and include smth when you are deciding what to do c) official instructions or advice about how to do smth d) a system of rules, laws, agreements etc that establish the way smth operates in business, politics, or society e) someone or something that seems strange or unusual f) to obey a rule, law, agreement etc g) the conditions and influences in which people carry on a particular activity h) a way of behaving that is generally accepted as being normal and right i) to use smth for a particular purpose j) something that has just been mentioned |
ВАРИАНТ 3
1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.
Karl Marx: It's Exploitation!
Karl Marx, a German economist and political scientist who lived from 1818 to 1883, looked at capitalism from a more pessimistic and revolutionary viewpoint. Where Adam Smith saw harmony and growth, Marx saw instability, struggle, and decline. Marx believed that once the capitalist (the guy with the money and the organizational skills to build a factory) has set up the means of production, all value is created by the labor involved in production. In Marx's view, presented in his 1867 tome Das Kapital (Capital), a capitalist's profits come from exploiting labor—that is, from underpaying workers for the value that they are actually creating. For this reason, Marx couldn't abide the notion of a profit-oriented organization.
This situation of management exploiting labor is the main reason of the class struggle. Marx saw the class struggle at the heart of capitalism, and he predicted that that struggle would ultimately destroy capitalism. To Marx, class struggle intensifies over time. Ultimately, in Marx's view, society moves to a two-class system of a few wealthy capitalists and a mass of underpaid, underprivileged workers.
Marx predicted the fall of capitalism and movement of society toward communism, in which “the people” (that is, the workers) own the means of production and thus have no need to exploit labor for profit. Clearly, Marx's thinking had a tremendous impact on many societies, particularly on the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) in the twentieth century.
While Marx's theories have been discredited, they are fascinating and worth knowing. They also say something about weaknesses in capitalism.
1. Who is Karl Marx?
2. What was Marx’s view at capital and capitalists?
3. How did Marx consider class struggle?
4. What was Marx’s prediction about development of the society?
5. Why his theories are still studied by future economists?
2. Подберите определения к словам из левой колонки
1) corporation a) give up (oneself, one's time, energy etc.)
2) unemployment b) payment which must be paid to somebody
3) deficit c) group of persons authorized to act as an individual
4) budget d) state of being poor
5) debt e) amount by which something is too small
6) consumer f) demand recognition of the fact that one is or owns
7) poverty g) similar estimate made by a business company
8) to claim h) comfortable living and working condition
9) to devote i) state of being unemployed
10) welfare j) person who uses and buys goods
Demand and Supply
Demand is the quantity of a good that buyers wish to buy at certain price. Other things equal*, at low prices the demanded quantity is higher.
Supply is the quantity of a good that sellers wish to sell at certain price. Other things equal, when prices are high, the supplied quantity is high as well.
The market is in equilibrium when the price regulates the quantity supplied by producers and the quantity demanded by consumers. When prices are not so high as the equilibrium price, there is excess demand (shortage) raising the price. At prices above the equilibrium price, there is excess supply (surplus) reducing the price.
There are some factors influencing demand for a good, such as the prices of other goods, consumer incomes and some others.
An increase in the price of a substitute good (or a decrease in the price of a complement good) will at the same time raise the demanded quantity. As consumer income is increased, demand for normal goods will also increase but demand for inferior goods will decrease. A normal good is a good for which demand increases when incomes rise. An inferior good is a good for which demand falls when incomes rise.
As to supply, some factors are assumed3 as constant. Among them are technology, the input price, as well as degree of government regulation. An improvement in technology is as important for increasing the supplied quantity of a good as a reduction in input prices.
Government regulates demand and supply, imposing ceiling prices (maximum prices) and floor prices (minimum prices) and adding its own demand to the demand of the private sector.
4. Напишите аннотацию на русском языке к тексту (не более 500 знаков).
World business newspaper.
5. Напишите короткое сообщение о своей будущей профессии по плану.
1. What is your future speciality?
2. Who helped you to choose your career?
3. Where do you study to obtain special knowledge?
4. What are your major subjects?
5. Do you have any practical skills in your future profession?
6. Where do you work (where are you going to work after graduation)?
7. What will be your responsibility and position after graduation?
ВАРИАНТ 4
John Maynard Keynes
John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, (5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946) was a British economist whose ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as on many governments' fiscal policies. He is particularly remembered for advocating interventionist government policy, by which the government would use fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms. Economists consider him one of the main founders of modern theoretical macroeconomics. His popular expression "In the very long run, we are all dead" is still quoted.
Keynes enjoyed an elite early education at Eton. He entered King’s College, Cambridge, in 1902, to study mathematics, but his interest in politics led him towards the field of economics, 1909 Keynes was ultimately a successful investor, building up a substantial private fortune. Keynes accepted a lectureship at Cambridge in economics funded personally by Alfred Marshall. Keynes' career lifted off as an adviser to the British finance department from 1915 – 1919 during World War the 1st.
His observations appeared in the highly influential book “The Economic Consequences of the Peace” in 1919, followed by “A Revision of the Treaty” in 1922. Keynes published his ‘Treatise on Probability’ in 1921, a notable contribution to the philosophical and mathematical underpinnings of probability theory. His magnum opus, the “General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money” challenged the economic paradigm when published in 1936. In this book Keynes put forward a theory based upon the notion of aggregate demand to explain variations in the overall level of economic activity, such as were observed in the Great Depression. The total amount of saving in a society is determined by the total income and thus, the economy could achieve an increase of total saving, even if the interest rates were lowered to increase the expenditures for investment. The book advocated activist economic policy by government to stimulate demand in times of high unemployment, for example by spending on public works. The book is often viewed as the foundation of modern macroeconomics.
Соответствуют ли данные утверждения содержанию текста? Поставьте знак T , если утверждение верное и знак F, если неверное.
1. John Maynard Keynes is a father of Keynesian economics.
2. He became rich with the help of Stock Market Crash of 1929.
3. His book The Economic Consequences of the Peace was a notable contribution to the philosophical and mathematical underpinnings of probability theory.
4. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money was his magnum opus.
5. A Revision of the Treaty is often viewed as the foundation of modern macroeconomics.
6. Historians agree that Keynes influenced U.S. president Roosevelt's New Deal.
7. In the House of Lords Keynes sat on the Liberal benches.
8. Keynesian economics is a subfield of Microeconomics.
9. Keynes was a member of Bloomsbury group.
10. He studied at Oxford.
4. Подберите определения к словам левой колонки.
| 1. trade 2. disbursement 3. to maintain 4. elaborate 5. revenue 6. ledger 7. to interact 8. to elaborate 9. reference 10. to regard | a) to make something stay the same b) a book that contains the financial records of a business c) to give more details or information about something d) the activities of buying and selling goods or services e) to communicate with one another and react to one another, often while performing an activity together f) very detailed and complicated g) an amount of money available for a particular purpose h) to think of something or someone in a particular way i) income from business activities or taxes j) a comment that mentions something or someone |
5. Напишите короткое сообщение о своей будущей профессии по плану.
1. What is your future speciality?
2. Who helped you to choose your career?
3. Where do you study to obtain special knowledge?
4. What are your major subjects?
5. Do you have any practical skills in your future profession?
6. Where do you work (where are you going to work after graduation)?
7. What will be your responsibility and position after graduation?
ВАРИАНТ 1
Прочитайте и переведите текст
FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT
It is difficult to define exactly what we mean by the term “management”. It would be generally agreed, however, that a manager is responsible for the effective planning and running of a business. The definition of management we will be using in this text is: “Management is the process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, directing, and controlling people and other organizational resources”. This definition spells out the four key functions of management: planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.
Planning includes anticipating future trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve organizational goals and objectives. The main steps in the planning process are as follows:
· Setting organizational goals;
· Developing strategies to reach those goals;
· Determining resources needed;
· Setting standards.
It is important to understand what goals are and how they differ from objectives. Goals are the broad, long-term accomplishments an organization wishes to attain. Objectives, on the other hand, are specific, short-term tasks that must be completed to achieve the goals.
Planning answers three fundamental questions for business:
1. What is the situation now?
2. Where do we want to go?
3. How can we get there from here? This is the most important part of planning, it takes three forms.
a) Strategic (long-range) planning determines the major goals of the organization and the policies and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals. At the strategic planning stage, the company decides which customers to serve, what products or services to sell, and the geographic areas in which the firm will compete.
b) Tactical (short-range) planning is the process of developing detailed, short-term decisions about what is to be done, who is to do it, and how it is to be done. Tactical planning involves defining specific plans to achieve broad strategic plans. Tactical planning is normally done by managers at lower levels of the organization, whereas strategic planning is done by the top managers of the firm. Tactical planning involves setting annual budgets and deciding on other details of how to meet the strategic objectives.
c) Contingency planning is the preparation of alternative courses of action that may be used if the primary plans do not achieve the objectives of the organization. The economic and competitive environments change so rapidly that it is wise to have alternative plans of action ready in anticipation of such changes.
Organizing includes designing the organizational structure, attracting people to the organization, and creating conditions and systems that ensure that everyone and everything works together to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization.
When organizing, a manager develops a structure that relates all workers, tasks, and resources to each other. All these relationships are shown in an organization chart. The organization chart pictures who reports to whom and who is responsible for each task. The corporate hierarchy illustrated on the organization chart includes top, middle, and first-line managers.
Top management is the highest level of management and consists of the president and other key company executives who develop strategic plans. Middle management includes branch and plant managers, deans, and department heads who are responsible for tactical plans. Supervisory (first-line) management includes people directly responsible for assigning specific jobs to workers and evaluating their daily performance; they are often known as first-line managers because they are the first level above workers.
Directing is guiding and motivating others to work effectively to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization.
The process of directing is quite different, however, at the various levels of the organization. The top managers are concerned with the broad overview of where the company is heading. Their immediate subordinates are middle managers who are responsible, in turn, for directing workers to meet company objectives. The directions of top managers to subordinates, therefore, are characteristically broad and open-ended. The farther down the corporate ladder, the more specific the manager’s directions become. First-line managers allocate much of their time to giving specific, detailed instructions to employees.
Controlling is checking to determine whether or not an organization is progressing toward its goals and objectives, and taking corrective action if it is not. The control function, therefore, is the heart of the management system because it provides the feedback that enables managers to adjust to any deviations from plans and to changes that have occurred in the environment that have affected performance.
2. Подберите к данным терминам соответствующие определения.
|
1. The process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, directing, and controlling organizational resources.
2. Process of preparing alternative courses of action that may be used if the primary plans do not achieve the objectives of the organization.
3. Management function which involves anticipating future trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve organizational objectives.
4. Management function which involves checking to determine whether or not an organization is progressing toward its goals and objectives, and taking corrective action if it is not.
5. Management function which involves designing the organizational structure, attracting people to the organization, and creating conditions and systems that ensure that everyone and everything work together to achieve the objectives of the organization.
6. Highest level of management, consisting of the president and other key company executives who develop strategic plans.
7. Process of determining the major goals of the organization and the policies and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals.
8. Process of developing detailed, short-term decisions about what is to be done, who is to do it, and how it is to be done.
9. First level of management above employees; includes people directly responsible for assigning specific jobs to employees and evaluating their daily performance.
10. Guiding and motivating others to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization.
11. Level of management which includes plant managers and department heads who are responsible for tactical plans.
12. Specific, short-term statements detailing how to achieve the organizational goals.
13. Broad, long-term accomplishments an organization wishes to attain.
3. Используйте термины из задания 1, чтобы заполнить пропуски в предложениях.
1. This firm suffers losses. It needs better __________ rather than more money.
2. The business is always risky, that’s why managers usually have several __________.
3. Before starting a business you should set ___________.
4. The main functions of management are __________, ___________, ___________, and ____________.
5. ___________ never assigns tasks for workers, it is responsible for strategic planning.
6. ___________ is the heart of the management, because it allows to adjust if the business follows the right direction.
4. Напишине короткое сообщение о своей будущей профессии по плану.
1. What is your future speciality?
2. Who helped you to choose your career?
3. Where do you study to obtain special knowledge?
4. What are your major subjects?
5. Do you have any practical skills in your future profession?
6. Where do you work (where are you going to work after graduation)?
7. What will be your responsibility and position after graduation?
ВАРИАНТ 2
Дата: 2018-12-21, просмотров: 607.