Rolling

I. In most mill stands the rolls are housed horizontally, but “vertical” stands are found in flat product finishing mills for controlling the width of the product. They are important also in modern “continuous” billet mills, where the workpiece can be rolled on all four sides without the need to turn it over between stands, by passing it through alternate horizontal and vertical pairs of rolls.

II. Mill stands and rolls for rolling different productc vary greatly in size. In those four rolling rod from which wire is drawn, for example. the rolls may be of only eight inches diameter. By way of contrast a plate mill is to have back-up-rolls - that is, additional rolls above and below the rather smaller work rolls, helping them to resist bending under the rolling load - each of which will be six feet in diameter.  

Rolls

Rolls perform the main rolling operation - the reduction of metal and forming it into the desired shape. The rolls of a blooming mill consist of several parts: 1) a barrel on which rolls revolve in the bearings; 2) a star-shaped wobbler by means of which rolls are driven. In rolling rolls must withstand high strength. They are made of forged or cast carbon steel with a high ductility. The barrel of the roll may be a simple cylinder for flat rolling or may be grooved if the piece is to be rolled into a definite shape. Plates and sheets are rolled in plain-barreled rolls with a cylindrical working surface. Here the thickness of the metal being rolled is reduced in each pass by decreasing the distance between the rolls. Rolling between plain rolls is characterized by uniform reduction across the width and is accomplished by free speed.

Вариант 8

1. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог (Образец : Mother waters the flowers in the evening. — The flowers are watered in the evening (by mother).  Переведите исходное предложение и предложение в страдательном залоге .

1. Julius Caesar called England Albion because of the white cliffs on the English coast. 2. They will produce different agricultural products on their farm. 3. The plant's research laboratory is developing new alloys for an important experiment. 4. Green Grass and beautiful flowers cover the ground in spring in our place. 5. Students of our group often visit History and Art Museums in our town.

2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active или Passive Voice. Переведите предложения .

1. They (showed/were shown) many places of interest in Moscow during their last visit. 2. One (will build/will be built) a new metro station next year. 3. Tourists (are admiring/are being admired) Moscow University on the Lenin Hills now.4. The laboratory assistants (were asked/asked) for a new experiment to equip. 5.Newton (founded/was founded) higher mathematics by working out the calculus.

3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice. Переведите предложения .

1. The man (to run) over by a motor-car. 2. Your clothes (to looked) after. Enough (to say) at the meeting about the equipment of the chemical laboratory. 3. She (to hand) an important message by Oleg next week. 4. Professor N (to send) for by a first year student already. 5. We (to  ask) many questions by the teacher now.

Переведите текст на русский язык . Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге, подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время сказуемого, пользуясь таблицей «Времена в страдательном залоге»

Hot Rolling

I. The chief departments of a steel plant, operating on a complete ore-to-finished cycle are the blast furnace, steel-making and rolling departments.

II. Almost all the steel that is produced in the steel-making department passes through the rolling department, only a small portion is used for making castings and forgings. The rolling process in which the finished product is produced is the concluding stage of a metallurgical production.

III. Rolling serves the following three purposes:

       1) the reduction of cross section;

       2) the refinement of grain structure;

       3) the forming of metal into the desired shape.

The refinement of grain structure is important because it makes the steel ductile and gives it greater shock resistance. So the more steel is rolled, the stronger and more ductile it becomes.

IV. Hot rolling is the process of plastic deformation of metal in which the heated metal passes between two rolls rotating in opposite directions but at the same peripheral speed. The rolls grip the piece of metal and pull it between themselves reducing it in thickness and increasing in length proportionally to the reduction. The rolls are spaced so that the distance between them is less than the height of the section entering them.

V. The initial materials for hot rolling of metals are ingots and billets of various cross-sections and weights. Rolling changes the shape and sizes of the billets but the volume of the metal shaped remains constant throughout the process where simple shapes are to be made in large uantities, rolling is the most economical process and is used for the production of rails, sheets and so on.

Вариант 9

1. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог (Образец : Mother waters the flowers in the evening. — The flowers are watered in the evening (by mother).  Переведите исходное предложение и предложение в страдательном залоге .

1. A loud noise frightened us. 2. I have taken my little brother to the skating-drink with me. 3. You visit this museum every day. 4. Researchers make various experiments in their modern, well-equipped laboratory.5. The students have passed just a difficult exam in History.

2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active или Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.

1. The graduates (were defending/were being defended) their theses for 5 hours yesterday. 2. Our students (will have learnt/will have been learnt) 30 English words by heart by Monday. 3. English (will teach/will be taught) next year. 4. I (am invited/invite) for my friends’ birthday parties. 5. My younger brother and I seldom (met/were met) them in the yard.

3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.

1. You are usually (to see) at the bus stop in the morning by your fellow – students. 2. She (to recognize) by him at first sight. 3. Professor N (to speak) about by his students often. 4. A new metro station (to build) in Novosibirsk in 5 years. 5. A new film (to show) us yesterday.

 4. Переведите текст на русский язык . Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге, подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время сказуемого, пользуясь таблицей «Времена в страдательном залоге»

Hot Rolling

I. The rolling process in a modern steel plant comprises two stages: 1) rolling ingots into semifinished products and 2) rolling the semifinished products into the finished ones. Ingots are usually of a square cross-section with rounded corners, and are first rolled into blooms or billets. These blooms or billets are simply square or rectangular bars of steel which are to be reheated and rolled into the final shapes. A bloom differs from a billet only in size. It is larger and is sometimes reheated and rolled into billets. Slabs are merely thick plates to be reheated and rolled into thinner plates. Blooms, slabs and billets are called the semifinished products as they are subjected to some additional finishing operations. The term “finished” product is usually applied to rails, plates, rounds and different shapes.

II. In accordance with their form, all finished products can be divided into four main groups:

       1) special shapes or sections;

       2) plate and sheet steel;

       3) tubes;

       4) special types of rolled products.

Steel sections are widely used in many branches of the industry for the manufacture of machines, steel structures and so on. Plate and sheet steela are classified according to their thickness. All products over 4 mm thick are called plate steel, comparatively wide products less than 4 mm in thickness are called sheet steel. Special types of rolled products include shapes for automobile and tractor industries, railway industry, for building construction.

III. The main requirements in rolling the finished products are: 1) to obtain a finished product of high quality not only in physical and mechanical properties, but to obtain a good surface as well; 2) to obtain a finished product of the desired size and shape at the highest rate of production and the lowest cost.       

Вариант 10

1. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог ( Образец : Mother waters the flowers in the evening. — The flowers are watered in the evening (by mother).  Переведите исходное предложение и предложение в страдательном залоге

1) Don’t be afraid, he will look after your clothes. 2) Bright leaves cover the ground in autumn.

3) I have sent a telegram to my mother lately.4) Students showed the guests all the laboratories of our Institute.5) They have been translating a long text for an hour. 

2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active или Passive Voice. Переведите предложения .

1) The English Channel (separates/is separated) England from Europe.2) They (invited/were invited) their friends last weekend.3) Tourists from abroad (have visited/have been visited) St. Petersburg lately.4) We (were watching/were being watched) an interesting film all the evening yesterday. 5. He (was forgiven/forgave) by her.

3. Раскройте скобки , употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice. Переведите предложения .

1. They (to give) an interesting book by professor N tomorrow. 2. The text (to translate) the by students now. 3. A new job (to offer) him lately. 4. I (to thank) for help always. 5. A new project (to develop) by our group now.