I.
| 1. Arson | a) is taking a person away by force and keeping them prisoner, usually in order to demand money for their safe return. |
| 2. Assault | b) is the serious crime of stealing large amounts of money from a bank, a shop or a vehicle, often using force or threats of violence. |
| 3. Blackmail | c) is the crime of copying things such as banknotes, letters, official documents, etc. in order to deceive people |
| 4. Burglary | d) is killing a person by accident or negligence. |
| 5. Embezzlement | e) is forcing someone to have sex with you. |
| 6. Forgery | f) is the crime of deliberately setting fire to a building. |
| 7. Fraud | g) is taking control of an aeroplane, train, etc. by force, usually in order to make political demands. |
| 8. Hijacking | h) is killing a person deliberately. |
| 9. Kidnapping | i) is demanding money or favors from smb by threatening to reveal a secret about them which, if made public, could cause the person embarrassment and harm. |
| 10. Libel | j) is deliberately taking goods from a shop without paying for them. |
| 11. Manslaughter | k) is stealing money that is placed in your care, often over a period of time. |
| 12. Murder | l) is the crime of getting money from someone by tricking or deceiving them |
| 13.Rape | m) is the crime of physically attacking someone. |
| 14.Robbery | n) is printing or publishing something which is untrue and damages another person's reputation in some way. |
| 15.Shoplifting | o) is the crime of breaking into a house, a flat, etc. in order to steal things. |
| 16.Theft | p) is the crime of stealing. |
II.
| 1. Assassination | a) Is bad or improper behavior by a person in a position of authority or trust, such as a doctor, dentist, police officer |
| 2. Bribery & corruption | b) Is stealing things form people’s pockets or handbags, usually in crowds or in public places |
| 3. Drug trafficking | c) Is saying smth untrue about smb with the intention of damaging his or her reputation |
| 4. Hit and run | d) Is deliberately damaging public buildings and other public property, usually just for the fun of it |
| 5. Looting | e) is offering money or gifts to someone in a position of authority, e.g. a government official, in order to persuade them to help you in some way. |
| 6. Misconduct | f) is the crime of lying in court while giving evidence, when you have promised to tell the truth. |
| 7. Mugging | g) is the crime of taking things or people illegally into or out of a country. |
| 8. Perjury | h) is murdering a public figure such as a king, a president, etc. |
| 9. Pickpocketing | i) is entering privately owned land or property without the permission of the owner. |
| 10. Pilfering | j) is attacking someone, usually in a public place, in order to rob him or her. |
| 11. Slander | k) is trading in illegal drugs such as heroin, cannabis, cocaine, LSD, etc. |
| 12. Smuggling | l) is the crime of betraying your own country by helping its enemies. |
| 13. Terrorism | m) is stealing small amounts of goods or things of little value, often over a long period of time. |
| 14. Treason | n) is a car accident in which the guilty driver does not stop to help. |
| 15. Trespassing | o) is the use of violence such as murder and bombing in order to obtain political demands or to influence a government. |
| 16. Vandalism | p) is stealing from shops, buildings, etc. left unprotected elfter a violent event or a natural disaster such as an earthquake. |
Ex. 19. Do you know what white-collar crimes is? Listen to the text and fill in the blanks (listening 12).
Did You Know?
More than 12 million crimes are committed in the United States every year, the highest number in the world at present. ______________________________________________, for quite a few years, has been the definition and classification of crime itself. The ______________________________________________ are fading away. What has remained unchanged though, is the apparent consequence of a crime - harm. It may be _____________________________________________. The hardships faced by a victim of a serious crime are intense, and the damages, irrevocable.
Crimes are categorized in broad types, and blue-collar and white-collar crimes come in the same type. The kind of perpetrators, ___________________________________ of these two types generally differ drastically. One enters your house, while the other enters your bank account. The perils of living in a society where both coexist are strongly felt. Though both the terms are ambiguous, this article chalks out a simplified comparative analysis of white-collar and blue-collar crimes.
Definition and History
White-collar Crime. A ____________________________ crime that is committed for some kind of financial gain is referred to as a white-collar crime. These crimes are responsible for directly or indirectly affecting the finances of millions of investors. They are generally committed by _____________________________ __________________, which makes them extremely complex in nature. It usually takes a while for such crimes to be unearthed.
The term was coined by sociologist Prof. Edwin Sutherland. He put the definition based on social class, rather than the nature of the crime. It was focused on 'who did it', rather than 'what he did'. The scope for white-collar crimes have ____________________________________________ after the Industrial Revolution. Laws were revised, acts were passed, and policies were updated to keep them from happening. Government agencies like the FBI, SEC, and IRS take stringent action against anyone who undertakes any unlawful activities which come under these types of crimes.
Blue-collar Crime. This term, in criminology, is used to describe crimes committed by an individual from a lower social class, whereas white-collar crimes are associated with people from a higher social class. The nature of these crimes is __________________________, as opposed to white-collar crimes which possess a higher level of sophistication.
The original term 'blue-collar' was coined in the ________s, where the labor class were called 'blue-collar workers' due to the color of their uniforms. The other term, blue-collar crimes, came into existence later, referring to the crimes committed by this class of people.
White-collar Vs. Blue-collar Crimes
Types/Examples
| __________ insider _________ ____________________ _________________ ________________ Trade secret _____________ Antitrust violations Securities ___________ ___________________ Internet/computer ___________ Counterfeiting | ____________ _______________ _____________ Drug abuse Gambling _______________ __________________ ________________ |
Motivational Factors
| _____________ Financial gains __________________ Fear of losing status and position | _________________ Financial greed _______________ Peer pressure |
Impact
| ______________________ Personal losses to victims Huge financial losses to investors _______________________ Loss of services to customers | Physical and psychological hardships to the victims and their families __________________________________ Negative influence on children |
Punishments
| ________________ Restitution Probation ______________________ | _________________ ________ _________________________ Life-sentence Death Long-term imprisonment without probation |
Fading Boundaries
It is evident that white-collar crimes involve meticulous ________________________________, whereas blue-collar crimes are a result of instinctive thinking backed by emotional weight. Yet, with changing times and circumstances, there has been a role reversal in this domain too. On one hand, some white-collar crimes are ventured upon just for the thrill of it, and on the other hand, some blue-collar crimes are precisely planned and carried out. Adding to this, there has been a sort of ___________________ of these two. White-collar crimes are known to be carried out using blue-collar techniques, taking it to a dangerous level of sophistication.
For instance, consider a high level official of a huge corporation indulging in _______________________. He has messed up the accounts books, broken the rules, and has put the company in _________________. He has arrived to the point where he can no longer continue the act in concealment. Someone has to be blamed. These are situations when white-collar crimes may become potentially harmful to innocent people involved with the corporation. This official might take up practices like threatening certain employees, or even go up to the point of causing them physical harm.
Punishments in white-collar crimes are ________________. They vary from nation to nation, and the damages incurred. With the scale of frauds on the rise, the punishments pertaining to such crimes have become stricter. As for blue-collar crimes, given the distinctness of their nature, the punishments are pretty clear too.
Ex. 20. The words in this exercise are used a lot in the legal profession. Match the definitions on the left with the words on the right. Note that (a) there are more words than definitions, and (b) many of the words on the right can have more than one meaning, but only one of those meanings is in the column on the left.
| 1. Money claimed by someone as compensation for harm done. 2. To send someone to prison or to a court. 3. An adjective referring to a judge or to the law. 4. Not guilty of a crime. 5. Any act which is not legal. 6. A person who has studied law and can act for people on legal business. 7. A disagreement or argument between parties. 8. A specialist court outside the judicial system which examines special problems. 9. A set of arguments or facts put forward by one side in a legal proceeding. 10. An official who presides over a court. 11. To make an allegation in legal proceedings. 12. Someone who is accused of a crime in a criminal case. 13. A person who makes a claim against someone in a civil court. 14. An agreement reached after an argument. 15. To hold someone legally so as to charge them with a crime. 16. A case which is being heard by a committee, tribunal or court of law. 17. To find that someone is guilty of a crime. 18. Failure to carry out the terms of an agreement. 19. To bring someone to court to answer a criminal charge. 20. To ask a high law court to change its decision or sentence. 21. To say that someone has committed a crime. 22. Having the legal ability to force someone to do something. 23. An adjective referring to the rights and duties of private persons or organizations. 24. The arguments used when fighting a case. 25. A legal agreement between two or more parties. 26. An adjective referring to crime. 27. A group of 12 citizens who decide whether or not someone is guilty in a trial. 28. A written or spoken statement of facts which helps to prove or disprove something at a trial. 29. To order someone to pay money as a punishment. 30. A court order telling someone to stop doing something, or not to do something. | a) appeal b) arrest c) binding d) breach e) case f) charge g) civil h) claimant i) commit j) contract k) convict l) court m) crime n) criminal o) damages p) defense q) defendant r) dispute s) evidence t) fine u) guilty v) hearing w) injunction x) innocent y) judge z) judicial aa) jury bb) lawyer cc) legal dd) offence ee) plead ff) prosecute gg) sentence hh) settlement ii) trial jj) tribunal |
Дата: 2018-11-18, просмотров: 1446.
