1.The experiment had been completed by last month.
2.Her plans are changed every day.
3. Her plans have been already changed.
4. The explanation of this fact was given long ago.
5.The explanation of this fact will have been given by tomorrow.
6. This book is written by a famous scientist.
7. Many new books have been published by this scientist lately.
8. The text had been translated before my friends came.
9. The theory was developed in 1920.
10. The theory had been developed by the end of the year.
2. Change the active sentences to the passive ones:
1. The head engineer was conducting negotiations from 11 till 12.
2. The laboratory assistant will be making all the necessary measurements from 5 till 7 pm.
4. We are preparing a report now.
5. The computer processes the data every day.
6. Our neighbours had built the house by 2012.
7. They haven’t registered the voters yet.
8. When we came back the experts were checking a new contract.
9. The specialists will record the new data next week.
10. The director will have signed the documents by the end of the next week.
3. Give the negative and question form of the following sentences:
1. Karl Benz designed and built the world’s first practical automobile.
2. In 1871 Benz founded his first company with partner August Ritter.
3. The new tools were installed last week.
4. Bertha Ringer bought out Ritter’s share in the company.
5. Karl Benz was forced to improvise an association with photographer Emil Bühler.
6. Karl Benz finished his creation in 1885.
7. During the last years of the 20th century this enterprise was the largest automobile company in the world.
8. Karl Benz was granted a patent for his design of the first flat engine.
9. This design is still used by Porsche and Subaru.
10. Karl Benz was a member of the new Daimler Benz board of management for the remainder of his life.
4. Insert the modal verbs may or can:
1. The mechanic ... repair the brakes tomorrow if no one bothers him any more.
2. ... we come and see the head engineer next Monday at four o'clock in the afternoon?
3. What time is it? — It ... be about five o'clock, but I am not sure.
4. Only a person who knows the language very well ... answer such
a question.
5. Let me look at your diploma project. I ... be able to help you.
6. The computer class is quite free, and anyone who likes ... work there.
7. ... I take your text book on Higher Mathematics till tomorrow?
8. Take your umbrella with you: it ... rain today.
9. Do you think you ... draw these diagram?
10. My grandfather … very well when he was 10 years younger.
TEXT 2. KONSTANTIN THON (1794 – 1881) AND HIS PROJECTS
Fig . 20
BEFORE YOU READ
Discuss the following with your partner:
Do people only work for money?
Are some people better suited to some jobs than others?
VOCABULARY
1. Give the Russian equivalent:
Neoclassicism, the Kazan Cathedral, the Moscow Kremlin, the Model Album for Church Designs, Byzantine style, Revival style, Neo-Russian Grand Kremlin Palace, the Imperial Academy of Arts, Soviet authorities, Izmaylovo Estate, the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, the Armoury Chamber, the Empire Style, Venetian facades, Orel region, Maloarkhangelsk district.
Match the columns:
| 1. to admit | 1. назначать |
| 2. to appoint | 2. роскошный, шикарный |
| 3. to attract public attention | 3. представлять |
| 4. sumptuous | 4. привлекать общественное внимание |
| 5. to submit | 5. допускать, принимать |
| 6. to feel disaffected with | 6. господствующий, доминирующий |
| 7. prevailing | 7. делать замечание, высказываться о (чём-л.) |
| 8. to remark | 8. быть недовольным чем-л. |
| 9. to cringe | 9. претенциозный |
| 10. revered | 10. угодничать, преклоняться |
| 11. ambitious | 11. почитаемый |
| 12. intended to underline similarity | 12. тем не менее |
| 13. to displease | 13. одобрять |
| 14. nevertheless | 14. предназначенный подчеркнуть простоту |
| 15. to approve | 15. вызывать недовольство, сердить |
| 16. presentation to the Temple for the Semenovsky regiment | 16. смотреть, наблюдать |
| 17. to supervise | 17. громоздкий, массивный |
| 18. ponderous | 18. подарок храму Семеновского полка |
| 19. revivalist projects | 19. богатый, пышный |
| 20. to be assembled | 20. так называемый |
| 21. opulent | 21. быть собранным |
| 22. that of | 22. ренессансные проекты |
| 23. grandeur | 23. реконструировать |
| 24. to rehabilitate | 24. грандиозность, великолепие |
| 25. spacious | 25. заброшенный, покинутый |
| 26. ugly chests of drawers | 26. полномочия, указания |
| 27. abandoned | 27. обширный, просторный, крупный |
| 28. almshouse | 28. уродливые коробки чертежников |
| 29. commissions | 29. приют |
| 30. daring | 30. включенный, являющийся частью целого |
| 31. incorporated | 31. смелый |
| 32. to implement | 32. стальная конструкция |
| 33. steelwork | 33. выполнять, осуществлять |
| 34. medieval | 34. последователь, ученик |
| 35. disciple | 35. слабеющее здоровье |
| 36. failing health | 36. средневековый, старомодный |
| 37. apart | 37. отклонять, отвергать |
| 38. to prevent from | 38. прикреплять ярлыки |
| 39. to dismiss | 39. мешать, препятствовать |
| 40. to label | 40. в стороне, отдельно |
3. Match the words and their definitions:
| 1.to appoint | 1.strict or harsh |
| 2. to prevail | 2. be widespread or current in a particular area or at a particular time: |
| 3.sumptuous | 3.the principal church |
| 4. severe | 4. to assign a job or role to (someone) |
| 5. cathedral | 5. luxurious |
| 6. opulent | 6.splendid and expensive-looking |
| 7. contemporary | 7.living or occurring at the same time |
| 8. to dismiss | 8. to build (something) again after it has been damaged or destroyed |
| 9. to bring about | 9. to treat as unworthy of serious consideration |
| 10.to rebuild | 10. to cause something to happen |
4. Complete the sentences with the words and phrases below:
1. felt disaffected; 2. ,, almhouse; 3. famous architect 4. failing health;5. grandeur; 6. implemented; 7. was rebuilt; 8. the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour; 9. contemporaries;10. authorities.
1. Konstantin Thon, a … was born in the family of a German jeweler.
2. One of the greatest Thon’s projects is ... .
3. The Russian Tsar Nicolas I … with the prevailing Neoclassicism of Russian architecture.
4. Grand Kremlin Palace symbolized the … of the Russian state.
5. Thon rehabilitated the ….Izmaylovo Estate into an ... for the veterans of the Napoleonic Wars.
6. In his design Thon … some of the newest construction technologies.
7. Thon’s … prevented him from working on other projects.
8. The Soviet… labeled Thon’s churches as ugly chests of drawers.
9. During Thon’s lifetime, the more radical of his …dismissed the architecture of great master.
10. The work of Thon’s life, the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour ...after the fall of the Soviet rule.
Reading
Konstantin Thon, a famous architect, was born 1794 in St. Petersburg in the family of a German jeweler. He studied at the Imperial Academy of Arts under the Empire Style architect Andrey Voronikhin, best remembered for his work on the Kazan Cathedral, situated right in the middle of the Nevsky Prospekt. He also studied Italian art in Rome from 1819 to 1828, and on his return home was admitted to the academy as its member and professor.
Later K.Thon was appointed as a rector of the architectural division of the academy. Thon first attracted public attention with his sumptuous design for the interiors of the Academy building on the Neva embankment. Then he submitted to the tsar his project of St. Catherine church at the Obvodny Canal, the first ever design in the Russian Revival style. Nicolas I, who felt disaffected with the prevailing Neoclassicism of Russian architecture, remarked that Russians have their own great art traditions and don’t need to cringe before Rome. Thon’s project was to become a revered model for other churches in St. Petersburg and across Russia.
In 1830 Thon completed his most ambitious design , the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow. The Russian-Byzantine Revival style of his project, intended to underline similarity of the new church with old cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin, displeased many of his fellows, who wanted to see the cathedral built in the severe Neoclassical style. Nevertheless, the emperor personally approved his design. Thon and his disciples continued to work on the cathedral for the next 50 years, until the master’s death in 1881.
In 1836 – 1842 Thon supervised the construction of another ponderous church with a spacious interior, that of presentation to the Temple for the Semenovsky regiment in St. Petersburg. He followed this with dozens of Neo-Russian-Byzantine designs for churches and cathedrals in provincial towns, including Sveaborg, Yelets, Tomsk, Rostov-on-Don, and
Krasnoyarsk. Some of his revivalist projects were assembled in the Model
Album for Church Designs.
From 1838 to 1851 Thon was employed in construction of the
Neo-Russian Grand Kremlin Palace and the Kremlin Armoury in Moscow.
The grandiose palace, famed for opulent interiors of its 700 rooms and halls, was meant to symbolize the grandeur of the Russian state. It was a daring design which incorporated parts of earlier structures. The palace has served successively as an official residence for the Russian tsars, Soviet rulers, and the Presidents of the Russian Federation. At the same time, Thon rehabilitated the abandoned Izmaylovo Estate into an almshouse for the veterans of the Napoleonic Wars.
Thon’s last important commissions were the Nikolaevsky railway
stations in Moscow and Saint Petersburg (1849–1851). In his design for the stations the architect implemented some of the newest construction technologies. Despite large pieces of steelwork used in the construction, Venetian facades and medieval clock towers of the stations cleverly masked their modern function. Both structures, although extensively reconstructed, are still standing.
After the death of his patron, the Emperor, Thon’s failing health prevented him from working on other projects apart from the great cathedral in Moscow. He died in 1881in St. Petersburg.
Even during his lifetime, the more radical of his contemporaries,
such as Alexander Herzen, dismissed his architecture as «reactionary manifestation of the tyrant’s rule». The Soviet authorities, labeling Thon’s churches ugly chests of drawers, systematically destroyed as many of them as possible, including all his churches in St. Petersburg and vicinity and the work of his life, the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. The fall of the Soviet rule in 1991 brought about a renewed interest in the work of the Neo-Russian-Byzantine master.
St. Nicolas church built in 1896 after the project taken from Thon’s Model Album for Church Designs is situated in the Orel region (Maloarkhangelsk district). The church was greatly destroyed during the Soviet times. Nowadays it is being rebuilt.
Comprehension Check
1. Answer the questions:
1. When and where was Konstantin Thon born?
2. Where did he study?
3. He also studied Italian art in Rome from 1819 to 1828, didn’t he?
4. What post was he appointed at the academy?
5. What were Thon’s early architectural projects?
6. What was his most famous project?
8. How long did Thon work on it?
9. Was the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour built in Neoclassical style?
10. Who approved the design of this cathedral?
11. Did Thon develop his projects only for Moscow?
12. What are others Thon’s well-known projects?
13. What characteristic was given to the architecture of K. Thon by A. Herzen?
14. When and why was the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour destroyed?
15. When was it reconstructed?
2. Decide whether these statements are true, false or information is not available:
1. Konstantin Thon was born in the family of a German jeweler.
2. The Kazan Cathedral is one of the famous Thon’s projects.
3. Konstantin Thon and his friend Andrey Voronikhin studied Italian art in Rome from 1819 to 1828.
4. In 1854 Thon was appointed as a head architect of the architectural division of the academy.
5. Tsar Nicolas I helped K. Thon to get this post.
6. In 1830 Thon completed his most ambitious design - St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow.
7. Thon was employed in construction of the Neo-Russian Grand Kremlin Palace and the Kremlin Armoury in Moscow.
8. The palace has served as an official residence for the Russian tsars, Soviet rulers, and the Presidents of the Russian Federation.
9. Thon’s last important projects were the State Historical Museum and the Tretyakov Gallery.
10. Alexander Herzen admired Thon’s architecture.
11. The Soviet authorities destroyed the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in 1920s.
12. The fall of the Soviet rule brought about a great interest to the works of K. Thon.
13. There is a church built in 1896 after the project taken from Thon’s Model Album for Church Designs in the Orel region.
3. Make up a sentence of two parts:
| 1. Konstantin, born in St. Petersburg | 1. for the interiors of the Academy building on the Neva embankment. |
| 2. He studied Italian art in Rome from 1819 to 1828 | 2. the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow. |
| 3. Thon first attracted public attention with his sumptuous design | 3. and on his return home was admitted to the academy as its member and professor. |
| 4. In 1830 Thon completed his most ambitious design | 4. including Sveaborg, Yelets, Tomsk, Rostov-on-Don and Krasnoyarsk. |
| 5. He followed this with dozens of Neo-Russian-Byzantine designs for churches and cathedrals in provincial towns | 5. a renewed interest in the work of the Neo-Russian-Byzantine master. |
| 6. The fall of the Soviet rule in 1991 brought about | 6. from working on other projects apart from the great cathedral in Moscow. |
| 7. After the death of his patron, the Emperor, Thon's failing health prevented him | 7. is situated in the Orel region (Maloarkhangelsk district). |
| 8. St. Nicolas church built in 1896 after the project taken from Thon’s Model Album for Church Designs | 8. in the family of a German jeweler. |
Grammar in Focus
1. Compare the translation of the sentences. Pay attention to the different forms of the Passive Voice:
1. The experiment was completed a month ago.
2. The chief’s plans had been changed by the beginning of the negotiations.
3. The explanation of this fact hasn’t been given yet.
4. New theories will have been developed by our team before the project starts.
5. The documents are being signed now.
6. New theories are developed very often.
7. K.Thon was appointed as a rector of the architectural division of the academy
8. The text will be translated tomorrow.
9. Many new books had been published by this scientist before he got the Noble Prize.
10. This theory has been just developed.
2. Choose the right option paying attention to Active and Passive Voice:
1.A new house_____ by the workers by 2015.
a) built b) was built c) has been built d) had been built
2. In 1830 Thon____ the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow
a) designed b) was designed c) has been designed d) design
3. The workers _____the new equipment now.
a) have installed b) install c) are installing d) will install
4. New theories ______by our team.
a) have already developed b) had been already developed c) were already developed d) have been already developed
5. Who _____ this project?
a) just completed b) has just completed c) did just complete d) had just completed
6. The engineer ______all computations before the experiment starts.
a) will have done b) will do c) have done d) had done
7.The experiment_____ by the scientific team when our colleagues collect all necessary data.
a) will have completed b) will have been completed c) have been completed d) will complete
8. In 2010 this scientist ____a patent for the design of the new model of that device.
a) has been granted b) had granted c) has been granted d) was granted
9. The student _____this text the whole lesson tomorrow.
a) will translate b) will be translating c) is translating d) has translated
10. The head engineer _____these documents by the end of the working day yesterday
a) hadn’t signed b) didn’t sign c) hasn’t signed d) wasn’t signed
3. Analyze the use of modal verbs and their equivalents. Translate the following sentences:
1. Who can help me to translate this article?
2. Nobody could solve this task.
3. He ought to do this work at once.
4. He is to go home at 9 pm.
5. The students were permitted to do this test again.
6. I asked him to help me, but he wouldn’t listen to me.
7. They should visit her, she is in the hospital.
8. Last semester we would often go to the swimming pool.
9. He will be able to do this project next week.
10. The team of researchers had to enlarge the new laboratory.
11. Your friend should give up smoking.
12. May I leave for a while? – Yes, you may.
13. She should be more attentive at the lessons.
14. Must I attend this meeting? - No, you needn't.
15. You needn’t download this program.
4. Substitute the modal verbs for the possible equivalents:
1. The special commission of engineers must test a new device.
2. Can you install the new equipment in time?
3. The students may attend the scientific conference.
4. We can’t prepare this report in time.
5. You may take my laptop till tomorrow.
6. She must go to Moscow for several days.
7. Our meeting must take place next week.
8. You may have another cup of tee.
9. When the head engineer came to London he could communicate with British colleagues without interpreter.
10. Mat the start the experiment?
5. Insert the necessary modal verb or its equivalent:
1. I ... not go to the cinema with them yesterday, I ... to work on my term paper.
2. My friend lives not far from the university and ... go by foot.
3. All of us ... be in time for classes.
4. ... you ... to work hard to do well in special subjects?
5. One … know a foreign language.
6. My friend … to make a report at the conference at 10 a.m.
7. Nobody … answer my question.
8. The scientist … … to carry on this experiment in the university laboratory.
9. … you … to start this course at once?
10. This is the most necessary information you … to know.
Speaking Workshop
1. What autobiographical information have you learnt about
K. Thon?
Дата: 2019-12-09, просмотров: 332.
