39. greenhouse effect — парниковый эффект

• the problem of greenhouse effect
• Greenhouse effect is the problem of a rise in temperature in the earth’s atmosphere.

40. source [so:s] — источник

• source of information
• What are the main sourses of land pollution?

41. resources [ri`so:siz] — ресурсы

• natural resources
• The country is rich in natural resources. They are……

42. to waste — тратить понапрасну

• not to waste water, electricity

43. a shortage — нехватка

• a shortage of water
• a shortage of natural resources ( gas, oil, clean water)
• a shortage of food

44. to run out of – заканчиваться

• We will run out of oil.

45. extinct — вымерший

• extinct birds
• What extinct animals do you know?
• Dinosaurs are extinct animals.

46. to endanger / to be endangered — подвергать опасности / быть в опасности

• to endanger animals
• to endanger people’s lives

47. endangered animals — исчезающие животные

• Endanged animals are in danger.
• Nowadays tigers have become endangered animals.

48. to die out — вымирать

• Endangered animals can easily die out.
• Why do some animals die out? People kill animals for the sake of their skins and destroy their habitats, cutting down forests and polluting water.

49. a species [`spi:ʃi:z] (мн.ч. species) — вид (виды)

• plant species
• insect species
• a species of flowers, a species of animals, different species of trees
• The Black Tulip is an unusual species of tulips.

50. a habitat — место обитания

• a habitat of plants
• a habitat of animals
• A habitat is a place where a certain animal usually lives.

51. to include / to be included — включать / быть включенным

• to include in the Red Book

52. disappearing = (rare) — исчезающие (редкие)

• disappearing species
• rare species

IV. Environmental Protection

53. filter /purifier — фильтры / очистители

• to use filters

54. bins — контейнеры

• to provide special bins to separate waste

55. to fine — штрафовать

• The government should issue a law to fine plants and factories for all kinds of pollution.

56. to recycle / to be recycled — перерабатывать / перерабатываться

• to recycle waste

57. recyclable — пригодный к переработке

• to produce recycable packaging

58. recycling centers — центры переработки

• There are no recycling centers in our city.

59. to reuse – использовать вторично
60. to save — экономить
61. to reduce — уменьшить

Text 3. Environmental problems (for pre-intermediate)

Words:

1. severely polluted — сильно загрязнены

2. harmful substances — вредные вещества

We are the caretakers of the earth. We know that polluted air, water and land are harmful to plants, animals and people. In Russia there a lot of regions which are severely polluted. It is plants that pollute our atmosphere with tons of harmful substances. These are very dangerous wastes. They go into the air and are carried by winds for great distances.

60% of the air pollution is caused by different means of transport: cars, trucks, buses.

Then we must remember that when we use aerosol sprays, we destroy the ozone layer which protects the Earth from the dangerous ultraviolet rays of the sun.

The list of serious environmental problems can be continued …..

Text 5. Green Fuel

Words:

1. fuel — топливо

2. biotechnology [ˌbaɪəutek’nɔləʤɪ] – биотехнология

3. environmentally friendly — экологически чистый

4. to derive from– получать, извлекать

5. emission – выделение

6. to penetrate — завоевывать, проникать

7. finite – ограниченный, исчерпаемый

8. fossil – ископаемое

A new low-cost fuel is being developed by a biotechnology company. It is calledbiobutanol and is expected to be the best environmentally friendly fuel for transport.

Butanol is derived from waste plant material (biomass) and is an attractive replacement for petrol.

It reduces not only CO₂ emissions but also our dependence on finite fossil fuels.

The UK’s Minister for Science said: “The development of biofuels is expected to play a major part in reducing transport emissions. Climate change is a huge global problem. We believe the UK must put its best efforts towards developing the new technologies.”

Text 6. Ecological Problems

Ecology is a science which studies the relationship between all forms of life on our planet and the environment.

Since ancient times Nature has served Man, giving him everything he needs: air to breathe, food to eat, water to drink, wood for building and fuel for heating his home. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with the environment and it seemed to them that the resources of Nature had no end or limit.

With the industrial revolution our negative influence on Nature began to increase. Large cities with thousands of polluting plants and factories can be found nowadays all over the world. They pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the fields where our crops are grown. Big cities suffer from smog. Cars with their engines have become the main source of polluting in industrial countries.

Vast forests are cut down everywhere for the needs of industries. As a result many kinds of animals, birds, fish and plants are disappearing nowadays.

The pollution of the air and the world’s oceans and the thinning the ozone layer are the other problems arising from men’s careless attitude to ecology.

Active measures should be taken to save the life on our planet. There is an international organization called Greenpeace which is doing much to preserve the environment.

Questions to the text on ecological problems:

1. Why are the wild animals in danger?

2. What climatic changes are the most threatening?

3. Is there any way to make our air cleaner

4. What is Green Peace?

5. What are the main ecological problems?