APPENDIX 1.
THE TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS USED:
DEFINITIONS
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n this first small chapter we wish to define more precisely the principal terms used further. It's always quite complicated procedure, but in this particular case we can do it quite correctly after describing indicative qualities of every main socio-cultural formation. We do not even hope to present here a completely exhaustive, maximum correct definitions, and in general don't believe such "statements of a things' precise meaning" make any particular sense. It seems more important to define certain theoretical basis that would make it possible to successively and exactly distinguish one socio-cultural formation or process from another, along the whole length of their historical evolution. Complexity of this task is that socio-cultural formations and processes have very long life terms and exist as an astonishing diversity of specific external forms. With it all, their essence remains one and the same. Variety of the socio-cultural formations' and processes' specific forms makes defining the terminology used here quite a practical problem.
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HOMELAND - the most deeply transformed in a socio-cultural respect territory where representatives of a certain socio-cultural formation lived and / or still live during historically lengthy interval of time, absolutely securing this territory as their own. Homeland's territory is always furiously protected and defended from any outside invasions. Representatives of the alien socio-cultural formations may be present there only for a brief time and with many restrictions that especially concerns homelands of socio-cultural systems.
Territories of the Urals and Moscow region may serve as the examples of the Russian homeland. They were assimilated according to Russian standards and are clearly interpreted as Russian homeland, though duration of these territories' occupation by the Russian population differs essentially.
SOCIO-CULTURAL SYSTEM (SCS) - type of the socio-cultural formations dominating in a socio-cultural evolution. SCS-s include main part of the World's population and inhabited territories. SCS-s are characterised by great sizes of their territories and considerable quantities of own population; they possess original standards of a space, society and state organisation as well as many unique qualities because of those they do differ drastically from the rest of the socio-cultural formations.
Unique characteristics of SCS-s are as follows:
* ability to expand own homeland at the expense of socio-cultural assimilation of a new territories;
* ability to generate complicated structure of own space, with internal buffer zones, in order to protect and defend itself from other SCS-s;
* complete cycle of the space socio-cultural assimilation which includes seven principal periods;
* domination of the inner logic over outer factors which are always used in a strict correspondence with the SCS's evolution internal order;
* ability to create naturally dependent vassals in a course of socio-cultural transformation of other territories;
* own world religion, or its own unique version;
* ability to widen a circulation of own language outside own homeland, and first of all - in the internal buffer zone and among the naturally dependent vassals;
* reliability and self-sufficiency of own economy;
* ability to generate and invent stable original economic standards and forms which may have no analogues outside a single SCS.
There are eight socio-cultural systems, and in the process of their evolution each of them goes through seven periods. With this, with every period SCS-s acquire specific distinguished forms. Thus, there are 56 essentially different external forms of SCS-s to examine which we should base all the theoretical interpretations on a correct generalisation of a very high level.
INTERNAL BUFFER ZONE OF SCS - qualitatively original and distinctive socio-cultural part of the SCS's space that is always located on the "outskirts" of the SCS's homeland, along its borders with other socio-cultural formations. Internal buffer zone is destined mainly to protect homeland of a single SCS from immediate contacts with alien SCS-s and their possible aggression. It may border with an external socio-cultural buffer zone as well as an internal buffer zone of a neighbouring SCS. Organisation of an internal buffer zone is characterised by many distinctive qualities determined by the specific evolutionary process of the SCS this particular buffer zone belongs to.
Example of the internal buffer zone of the past is the territory of the Great Novgorod Principality that, during socio-cultural contest of Russian SCS of the XI - XVI centuries, protected Russian homeland from the invasions of Western SCS. Modern internal buffer zone of Russian SCS is formed by the newly independent states rising after the collapse and transformation of the USSR. All of them, excluding Belarus and Kazakhstan, have formed internal buffer zone of Russian SCS, irrespective of their own wishes as well as - and especially - declarations.
NATURALLY DEPENDENT VASSAL - relatively integral territory with own population that retains some - not really principal - differences from the neighbouring, dominating over it SCS, but became this SCS's inalienable part as a result of a lengthy and systematic socio-cultural transformation. It is important that sizes of states - naturally dependent vassals may vary essentially: the point isn't size in itself, but a special socio-cultural type of these formations.
Naturally dependent vassals may possess a considerable amount of political and economic independence, have quite complicated - at times conflicting - relationships with their dominants, being actually just a part of a dominating SCS.
In fact, they practically cannot change their socio-cultural status, and the point isn't just separate, single economic or political actions, but socio-cultural measures that should be conducted successively during several centuries and (most probably) on the competing SCS-s' own initiative. Only initiative or, especially, declaratory wishes of a naturally dependent vassal itself are never quite enough to change its socio-cultural status, and no single example of a naturally dependent vassal really changing its status is known. Study of eight SCS-s along the whole length of their history confirms that, if some territory was formed as a naturally dependent vassal of a certain SCS, then it remains as such forever.
Example of a naturally dependent vassals are modern, now politically independent states rising in place of the disintegrated former USSR. All of them, excluding only Belarus and Kazakhstan, are naturally dependent vassals of Russia.
EXTERNAL SOCIO-CULTURAL BUFFER ZONE - type of the socio-cultural formations that evolves to separate two or more alien SCS-s. As a rule, external buffer zones border not immediately with the SCS-s, but with their internal buffer zones completely controlled by their own SCS-s. External buffer zone as a special socio-cultural formation is characterised by extreme instability and dependence on dynamics of those SCS-s it separates.
East Europe may serve as the classic example of the external buffer zone, being a special type of the socio-cultural formation which separates Western and Russian SCS-s.
SOCIO-CULTURAL DOMAIN (SCD) - type of the socio-cultural formations that is quite similar to socio-cultural system, but possesses a substantial quantity of a principal distinctions. It's characterised by stable and prolonged existence as well as specific economic, social and cultural forms. Fundamental differences compare to SCS are that SCD-s are categorically unable to assimilate and transform new territories into own homeland, expanding it with this, and create naturally dependent vassals: so, there is no systematic work with space as in case of a socio-cultural systems. The effect is a sort of socio-cultural conservation: SCD-s do not change / expand their own space and in general do not evolve in themselves during very prolonged periods; modern results of such phenomenon are quite modest sizes of their territories. Another essential SCD-s distinction from SCS-s manifests itself in their extraordinary situational behaviour.
At the present level of knowledge about socio-cultural formations and processes, there is no possibility to determine the reasons for emerging differences of socio-cultural systems and domains with respect to space, but it's possible to describe all the details and components of these distinctions.
MIXED SOCIO-CULTURAL REGION - territory that has no distinct internal socio-cultural dominant and where various socio-cultural formations (SCS-s, SCD-s and buffer zones) co-exist. As a rule, these are regions of the young historical assimilation which, in some perspective, gain socio-cultural certainty, but with this may retain in their boundaries presence of a several socio-cultural formations. Most probable evolution of a mixed socio-cultural regions is into naturally dependent vassals and external buffer zones, and as a more rare case - into part of the homeland of some SCS.
ENCLAVE - territory of a historically temporary domination of a particular SCS within another socio-cultural and / or political formation. Genesis and evolution of enclaves are diverse and in many respects depend on a specific characteristics of a particular SCS's dynamics. As a rule, enclaves are generated in a process of expanding areas controlled by one or another SCS. They carry out important socio-cultural tasks, but are not lasting as from historical point of view. Next in turn stage of the SCS's evolution may become the reason for enclave's degradation, even in the absence of an external pressure.
ENCLAVE-COMMUNITY WITHIN ALIEN SCS - critical self-reproducible quantity of one SCS' population permanently living on the territory of another SCS and retaining with this own specific socio-cultural standards. Enclave-community reproduces itself by means of both natural growth and mechanical migrations of population from maternal SCS into SCS of permanent inhabitancy. Enclave-communities are most typical for the regions of mixed socio-cultural assimilation as well as pioneer colonisation.
As the classical example we may consider black inhabitants of North America, and the USA in particular.
CIVILISATION - initial form of the territories' sporadic socio-cultural colonisation that may be found in a socio-cultural systems, but does not bear an compulsory character. It is typical for the first periods of the SCS-s' evolution. As soon as SCS starts large-scale spatial assimilation, civilisation is being absorbed by its own SCS and then change its organization into another forms. Civilisations are isolated one from another, but not from their own SCS-s. It is an initial form of the SCS's existence, its possible first exterior manifestation and appearance.
Quite often, ecological crises become the specific reason for transition from the territories' sporadic colonisation within civilisations to their large-scale spatial assimilation. Such crises are being generated as an indications of the achieving the certain level of the space assimilation processes. Results of ecological crises generated by civilisations are usually migrations of their population to other regions. From that point of view, civilisations might also be considered as a cause for the growth of the SCS's population up to certain quantity. Most of the known civilisations are the facts of the distant history: they either remained in the past, or have grown into SCS-s. It is especially important to link the fact of the existence of civilisations as a quite reserved centres of culture and territories' assimilation and the fact that they often did not produce any inheritance to the fact that the general process of socio-cultural assimilation "re-covers" such formations, absorbs and "dissolves" them within.
Ecological crises as a reason for the civilisations' decay, or their drastic degradation, should be examined from the general positions of fundamental socio-cultural process of the territories' assimilation. In such context, it is clear that ecological crisis is the most efficient way and reason to make the population of a certain civilisation to "spread" around the under-populated territory of its own SCS.
SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEST - process which is inherent only for socio-cultural systems. Its socio-cultural meaning lies in developing and selecting the most efficient, in a specific historical conditions, socio-cultural basis for a certain SCS which should determine further ways of solving this SCS' most fundamental and principal problems. Socio-cultural contests may take place during various periods of the SCS-s evolution and, as a rule, in a form of a cycle of civil wars, domestic quarrels and feuds, economic and cultural depression. They do usually leave the very gloomy and strange memories in the following generations and become the subject of subsequent falsifications from the side of their very own SCS-s. In reality, socio-cultural contests are absolutely necessary for the efficient growth and development of any SCS and are a kind of its response to changing arrangements of socio-cultural powers.
SOCIO-CULTURAL STANDARD - combination of the specific regulating principles and norms that rule a state's and society's organization, as well as specific forms through those internal potential of a socio-cultural formation is being realised. Initial socio-cultural standard emerges together with its socio-cultural formation. As for SCS's, it's being formed during first period of their evolution; then it may be essentially transformed as a result of a socio-cultural contest conducted by SCS. Transformation of a socio-cultural standard takes place only in SCS-s: it is an indication of their high adaptability to changing (socio-cultural) environment / conditions.
SOCIO-CULTURAL MIGRATIONS (SOCIO-CULTURALLY SIGNIFICANT MIGRATIONS) - migrations that are directed outside the traditional homeland of a certain SCS and aimed at the socio-cultural transformation of the alien territories into the new homeland of the SCS in question, or creating its naturally dependent vassals. Ability to generate such migrations is the unique quality of SCS-s. Specific causes that bring them about may be very different, but, as a rule, manifest themselves through generating a sort of the "end of the World" within traditional homeland.
Example of the migrations aimed at the expanding the own homeland is eastward flight of Russians to new territories in Siberia and Far East as from the second half of the XVI century, and especially - as from the second half of the XVII century. The result of the "time of troubles" within the traditional - at the time - Russian homeland and the Russian Orthodox church schism were mass migrations of the Russian population to new lands that thus became the new Russian homeland - not the result of a fortuitous, but socio-culturally grounded process.
Processes of the rise and growth of the Cossack movement in Moscow Tsardom and Russian Empire as well as resettlements of a considerable numbers of Russians in Baltic Republics and Central (Middle) Asia during Soviet times may serve as the examples of the migrations aimed at the creating naturally dependent vassals. Results of such "melting" actions and processes began revealing themselves only after the USSR disintegration. Transformed in a socio-cultural respect territories turned out to be greatly dependent from Russia.
Such processes are of universal character and take place in the evolution of actually all the SCS-s - socio-cultural migrations are not unique for any one of them.
SCS's EVOLUTION - process of the SCS's change through realisation of its own internal potential and taking into consideration outer factors and conditions. External factors may exert essential influence on SCS, mainly on its specific forms, but in general, process of the SCS's evolution is a product of its own internal development.
PERIOD - historically significant interval of time in the SCS's evolution during which radical and clearly identified transformation of the entire SCS's space, based on its own internal logic, takes place. Qualitatively redesigned organization of the entire SCS's space is usually the result of the completed period.
SUBPERIOD - a part of a period during which vital and definitely identified transformations of some territories within the SCS's space are being performed. Such transformations may be regarded as individual manifestations of a more fundamental processes of space assimilation within SCS.
The basic distinction between the period and subperiod is that changes occurred during a subperiod may be of a local character, connected only to a separate regions within SCS. A sum of subperiods forms a period. A period, depending on its own specifics and current tasks of a SCS, may include a varied number of empirically established subperiods (as a rule, from 2 to 5).
STAGE - a part of a subperiod within which clearly distinguished specific political, economic and/or social transformations / reorganisation of SCS, not necessarily connected with recurrent completed changes in a process of its space assimilation, take place.
Stage is usually a historically brief interval of time and is only identified when a very detailed analysis of the SCS's evolution is being made. Presence of a certain political, economic and/or social specifics in the SCS's evolution is a criterion to single out a stage.
Idea of a stage is extremely important to correctly interpret a historical data on specific SCS's evolution. Socio-cultural approach isn't just general theoretical construction, but it's a tool and basis for examination and interpretation of concrete processes and events.
APPENDIX 2.
SOCIO-CULTURAL SPACE
SOCIO-CULTURAL TIME
CONTACTS WITH OUTER WORLD
POPULATION
APPENDIX 3.
BARBARIAN-NOMADIC SCS
1. Initial period of the Barbarian-Nomadic SCS existence, surrounded by neighbours not internally ready to integrate with it socio-culturally (from ancient times until I century AD)
2. Establishing the buffer zone with Western SCS (I century - late IV century AD)
3. Socio-cultural integration of Barbarian-Nomadic and Western SCS-s. Rise of the renewed Western SCS (late IV century - second half of the VII century AD)
4. Creating the buffer zones between Barbarian-Nomadic SCS and all of its neighbouring SCS-s (from second half of the VII century until late XII century)
5. Socio-cultural integration of Barbarian-Nomadic SCS with all the neighbouring, accessible to it SCS-s. Socio-cultural assimilation of the Barbarian-Nomadic SCS's territory and population into these SCS (late XII century - 1380-s)
6. Rise of the Barbarian-Nomadic SCS residual homeland and population. Conflict of various neighbouring SCS-s for its socio-cultural assimilation, with the Barbarian-Nomadic SCS itself marionette participation in the process (late XIV century - mid XX century)
7. Establishing the Barbarian-Nomadic SCS's residual homeland and population on the borders of Russian and Chinese SCS-s as their external buffer zone (from second half of the XX century and for some future)
MUSLIM SCS
1. Initial sporadic colonisation of the homeland territory in the most ancient civilisations and unknown centres of inhabitancy (XXX - VII centuries BC)
2. Initial spatial defining the Muslim SCS's territory and its early acquisition in the form of Empires. Conflict with Western SCS of its second period for buffer spaces (750-s - 330-s BC)
3. Socio-cultural contest in Muslim SCS. Creating the internal buffer zones on borders with Western SCS. Assimilation of the other socio-cultural systems' population within the Muslim territories (from 330-s BC until early VII century AD)
4. Islam as the product of the socio-cultural contest; unification of the Muslim territories based on Islam. Beginning of the Muslim controlled spaces growth, and establishing the buffer zones between Muslim SCS and all of its neighbouring SCS-s (Western, Barbarian-Nomadic, Hindu and Black African) (early VII century - 1258)
5. Socio-cultural integration with Barbarian-Nomadic SCS. Further growth of the Muslim controlled spaces into the territories of Black African and Hindu SCS-s. Creating the military-political vassals and buffer zones with all the neighbouring SCS-s (1258 - early XVIII century)
6. Conflict for buffer spaces with various SCS-s. Loss of the military-political vassals, and the alien socio-cultural systems' permanent presence in the Muslim homeland. Diffusion of the Muslim communities outside the Muslim homeland (early XVIII century - 1970-s)
7. Liberation of the Muslim homeland and its internal buffer zones from the alien socio-cultural systems' permanent presence. Political-geographical transformation of the Muslim SCS's space based on its own socio-cultural standards. Conflict with other SCS-s for control over the external buffer zones (from 1970-s and for some future)
CHINESE SCS
1. Initial period of the Chinese population existence and Chinese SCS creation (from legendary Hsia Dynasty 1800 - 1500 BC to Eastern Chou Dynasty 770 BC)
2. Socio-cultural contest for creating the most efficient socio-cultural standard for Chinese SCS (from 770 until 221 BC - Eastern Chou Dynasty)
3. Unification of the Chinese SCS's territory based on the chosen socio-cultural standard. Beginning of the homeland growth and establishing the naturally dependent vassals (221 BC - 317 AD)
4. Creating the internal buffer zone on the North, new naturally dependent vassals on the West, and new homeland on the South (317 - 1211 AD)
5. Socio-cultural integration with Barbarian-Nomadic SCS. Creating the internal buffer zones, naturally dependent vassals and homeland growth on the South. Unification of the socio-culturally transformed territories into the united state (from 1211 until 1840-s)
6. Defining the buffer zones' territories through conflict with various SCS-s. Military, political and economic presence of alien socio-cultural systems in the Chinese homeland. Beginning of the Chinese population intensive diffusion around the World (from 1840-s until the Great Cultural Revolution)
7. Creating the integral internal buffer zone and liberation of the Chinese homeland from the alien socio-cultural systems' presence. Establishing the Chinese enclave-communities within Western SCS and the mixed socio-cultural regions (as from the end of the Great Cultural Revolution and for some future)
WESTERN SCS
1. Initial period of the Western population existence and Western SCS creation. Initial sporadic colonisation of the homeland territory in the most ancient civilisations (from ancient times until 770 - 750-s BC)
2. Greek-Roman times. Western homeland growth. Rise of the first Empires and Greek-Roman communities outside the homeland. Establishing the buffer zone with Barbarian-Nomadic SCS (from 770 - 750-s BC until 380-s AD)
3. Socio-cultural integration with Barbarian-Nomadic SCS. Transformation and further expansion of the homeland. Creating internal buffer zones. Defining the new ideological grounds of Western SCS, based on Roman Catholicism (from 380-s AD until the Crusades beginning)
4. Socio-cultural contest in Western SCS. Transformation of the Pyrenees Muslim enclave into internal buffer zone. Creating naturally dependent vassals in the East-European buffer zone. Expansion outside own homeland into the mixed socio-cultural regions (from the Crusades beginning until the discovery of America)
5. Global overseas colonial expansion of Western national states. Growth of the homeland in the mixed socio-cultural regions with Western predominance (1490-s - 1918)
6. Global war against other socio-cultural systems headed by Russian SCS. Losing the control over colonies. Reversion of Western population into own homeland and its redistribution between the mixed socio-cultural regions with Western predominance and traditional Western territories (1918 - 1990-s)
7. Transformation of the European homeland and stimulating further population redistribution between the territories of old homeland and mixed socio-cultural regions with Western predominance. Creating the American and South-Eastern (Asian) internal and external buffer zones (from 1990-s and for some future)
RUSSIAN SCS
1. Initial period of the Slavonic world existence, with undeveloped socio-cultural differences (from ancient times until 882 AD)
2. Period of the socio-cultural differences defining in the Slavonic world. Early accumulation of the Russian SCS territory and population, plus establishing the internal and external buffer zones (from 882 until mid - late XI century)
3. Socio-cultural contest for creating the most efficient socio-cultural standard for Russian SCS. Socio-cultural integration with Barbarian-Nomadic SCS (from late XI century until 1572)
4. Creating the united Russian state, with utmost homeland, based on Moscow socio-cultural standard (from 1572 until 1700)
5. Imperial program of the Russian SCS: creating naturally dependent vassals and further homeland growth; expansion into neighbouring SCS-s as resistance to Western SCS pressure onto these SCS-s (from 1700 until 1917)
6. Communist program of the Russian SCS: defining boundaries of own socio-cultural spaces (especially internal and external buffer zones); leading the global war against Western SCS's expansion outside its homeland (1917 - 1991/93)
7. Nationalist program of the Russian SCS: re-structuring own socio-cultural spaces; maintaining balance of socio-cultural powers in the World (from late XX century and for some future)
HINDU SCS
1. Initial period of the Indian population existence; rise of the ancient Hindu civilisations as a form of sporadic colonisation of the territory. Rise of the Hindu SCS religious, cultural and social foundations (2500-s - 327 BC)
2. First contacts with Muslim SCS. Beginning of the homeland growth and establishing the North-Western buffer zone (327 BC - 711 AD)
3. Muslim SCS's attacks withstanded. Creating the buffer zone on the joints with Muslim SCS (711 - early XIII century)
4. Muslim SCS intervention and establishing the vassal military-political control over the Northern and Central regions of the Hindu homeland. Further evolution of the Hindu homeland (early XIII century - 1658)
5. Military-political control of the Great Britain and co-operation with it to withstand the Muslim SCS's expansion. Adaptation of Western innovations; Hindu population diffusion into other socio-cultural formations as a vassals of British colonists. Creating the internal buffer zones; conflict with Muslim and Chinese SCS-s for control over the external buffer zones (1658 - 1945)
6. Transition to an indirect forms of co-operation with Western SCS in the struggle against Muslim and Chinese SCS-s. Extreme point of the conflict with Muslim SCS for control over buffer zones. Further developing the internal buffer zones; efforts to transform the external buffer zones into naturally dependent vassals (from 1945 and for some future)
7. Prognostic stage: Retention of the indirect forms of co-operation with Western SCS to withstand the Muslim and Chinese SCS-s' expansion. Final stages of creating the internal and external buffer zones. Political-geographical transformation of the Hindu homeland based on its own socio-cultural standards (more distant future)
SOUTH-AMERICAN SCS
1. Initial existence of the South-American population and sporadic colonisation of the territory in form of the most ancient civilisations (from ancient times until late XV century)
2. Socio-cultural integration with Western and Black African SCS-s. Spatial colonisation / assimilation of the territory and creating the renewed basis for South-American SCS (from 1490-s until the 1823 Monroe Doctrine)
3. Establishing the internal buffer zones and re-structuring own territory based on the national states principles. Permanent military-political and economic presence of Western SCS (represented by the USA) (1823 - 1918)
4. Operative involvement of the USA into South-American SCS's rising. Introduction of economic, social and military innovations. Further generating the internal buffer zones. Co-operation of South-American and Russian SCS-s in the struggle against permanent presence of the USA (1918 - 1980-s)
5. Liberation of the South-American SCS homeland from military, economic and political presence of all the alien socio-cultural systems. Creating the buffer zone with Western SCS (in the mixed socio-cultural region with Western predominance in North America). Operative conversion of the submitted Western economic and social innovations (from 1980-s and for some future)
6. Prognostic stage: Socio-cultural contest in South-American SCS and its re-structuring according to the own renewed socio-cultural standards (this period may last for a 100 years and more)
7. Prognostic stage: Further intensive development of the South-American SCS's territory based on its own socio-cultural standards (quite distant future)
BLACK AFRICAN SCS
1. Initial period of the Black African population existence on the territory of its homeland, at the level of clan-tribal organisation (from ancient times until IV century AD)
2. Beginning of the contacts with Muslim SCS, rise of the early States; creating the Northern and Eastern internal buffer zones (IV century - 1490-s)
3. Beginning of the contacts with Western SCS, creating the Western and Southern internal buffer zones. Overseas diffusion of the Black African population and establishing the enclave-communities within alien socio-cultural formations. Participation in the evolution of South-American SCS, of its 2nd period (1490-s - 1880-s)
4. Spatial seizure of Black African SCS by Western SCS. Introduction of the superficial economic, social and military innovations. Co-operation of Black African and Russian SCS-s in the struggle against Western SCS's control over the Black African homeland (1880-s - 1960)
5. Liberation of the Black African SCS homeland from military, economic and political presence of all the alien socio-cultural systems. Operative conversion of the submitted economic and social innovations (from 1960 and for some future)
6. Prognostic stage: Socio-cultural contest in Black African SCS and its re-structuring in accordance with the own renewed socio-cultural standards (this period may last for a 100 years and more)
7. Prognostic stage: Further intensive development of Black African SCS based on its own socio-cultural standards. Establishing connections between the Black African homeland and its overseas enclave-communities (quite distant future)
XIV - XV centuries
XVI - XVII centuries
XVIII century
XIX century
XX century
XXI century
THE LEGEND
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Examined socio-cultural system
Other (six) socio-cultural systems that are not analyzed in detail in this model, but follow the similar path in a process of creating their own spaces (only Barbarian-Nomadic SCS represents an exception)
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Stable enclaves within boundary areas (on the joints of SCS with external buffer zone)
Demarcating socio-cultural formations of an enclave type
within internal buffer zone
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SCS's homeland
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SCS's internal buffer zone
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SCS's boundary areas during its expansion
Directions of the socio-cultural colonization / assimilation and space control expansion
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Appendix 7.
Process of the socio-cultural assimilation of Crimea:
The Legend
Mountainous areas
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Rivers
CRIMEAN SEA-COASTS
Crimean sea-coasts under control of Western SCS
Crimean sea-coasts under control of Byzantine Empire
Crimean sea-coasts under control of Muslim SCS
Crimean sea-coasts under control of Russian SCS
Crimean sea-coasts under control of Barbarian-Nomadic SCS
CRIMEAN CITIES
Greek ports-enclaves on the Black Sea coasts
Ports-enclaves under control of Byzantine Empire
Ports under control of Muslim SCS
Ports under control of Russian SCS
Crimean cities & towns established under the Russian rule
Crimean cities & towns demonstrated special qualities during wars
FLOWS OF COLONIZATION,
MIGRATIONS
Migrations of Russian population from the homeland of Russian SCS
Migrations of German colonists from Western SCS
Emigrations from and return to Crimea of Turkic population
"Mixing " the population as a result of wars
"Mixing " the population as a result of civil war of 1918/21
Establishing economic and socio-cultural links / connections with Russian SCS
Subperiod N 1.
As from ancient times up to VIII century BC.
Subperiod N 2.
From VIII century BC until 327 BC.
Subperiod N 3.
From 327 until 180-s BC.
Subperiod N 4.
From 180-s BC until 110 AD.
Subperiod N 5.
From 110 until 380 AD.
Subperiod N 6.
From 380 until 610.
Subperiod N 7.
From 610 until 870-s.
Subperiod N 8.
From 870-s until early XI century.
Subperiod N 9.
From early XI century until late XIII century.
Subperiod N 10.
From second half of the XIII century until 1453.
Subperiod N 11.
From 1453 until 1680-s.
Subperiod N 12.
From 1680-s until 1770-s.
Subperiod N 13.
From 1770-s until 1856.
Subperiod N 14.
From 1856 until 1908.
Subperiod N 15.
From 1908 until 1980-s.
Subperiod N 16.
From late 1980-s and for some future.
Subperiod N 17.
Prognosis: more distant future
Subperiod 1.
As from ancient times up until 113 BC
Subperiod 2.
From 113 BC until 110 AD
Subperiod 3.
From 110 until 380
Subperiod 4.
From 380-s until mid VI century
Subperiod 5.
From mid VI century until mid VIII century
Subperiod 6.
From mid VIII century until late X century
Subperiod 7.
From late X century until 1241
Subperiod 8.
From 1241 until 1380
Subperiod 9.
From 1380 until 1570-s
Subperiod 10.
From 1570-s until 1700
Subperiod 11.
From 1700 until 1772
Subperiod 12.
From 1772 until 1831
Subperiod 13.
From 1832 until 1870
Subperiod 14.
From 1871 until 1917
Subperiod 15.
From 1917 until 1945
Subperiod 16.
From 1945 until late 1980-s
Subperiod 17.
From late 1980-s and for some future
Finnish region
Stage 1-1.
As from ancient times up until early IX century
Stage 1-2.
From early IX century until early XIII century
Stage 2-1.
From early XIII century until late XVI century
Stage 2-2.
From late XVI century until late XVII century
Stage 2-3.
From late XVII century until 1721
Subperiod N 3.
From 1721 until early XIX century
Subperiod N 4.
From early XIX century until 1917
Stage 5-1.
From 1917 until 1920
Stage 5-2.
From 1920 until 1939
Stage 5-3.
From 1939 until 1945
Stage 5-4.
From 1945 until 1991
Subperiod N 6.
From 1991 and for some future
Subperiod N 1.
As from ancient times up until late VIII century AD
Subperiod N 2.
From late VIII century until early XI century
Subperiod N 3.
From early XI century until early - mid XIII century
Subperiod N 4.
From early - mid XIII century until 1471
Subperiod N 5.
From 1471 until late XVII century
Subperiod N 6.
From late XVII century until early XIX century
Subperiod N 7.
From early XIX century until early XX century
Stage 8-1.
From early XX century until 1920
Stage 8-2.
From 1920 until 1939
Stage 8-3.
From 1939 until 1945
Stage 8-4.
From 1945 until 1991
Subperiod N 9.
From late XX century and for some future
Latvian - Estonian region
Stage 1-1.
As from ancient times up until early VIII century AD
Stage 1-2.
From early VIII century until early XIII century
Stage 2-1.
From early XIII century until 1370
Stage 2-2.
From 1370 until 1570-s
Stage 3-1.
From 1570-s until 1580-s
Stage 3-2.
From 1580-s until 1700
Stage 3-3.
From 1700 until 1721
Subperiod N 4.
From 1721 until 1914
Stage 5-1.
From 1914 until 1920
Stage 5-2.
From 1920 until 1939
Stage 5-3.
From 1939 until 1945
Stage 5-4.
From 1945 until 1991
Subperiod N 6.
From 1991 and for some future
Lithuanian region
Stage 1-1.
As from ancient times up until early VIII century AD
Stage 1-2.
From early VIII century until early XI century
Stage 1-3.
From early XI century until mid XIII century
Subperiod N 2.
From mid XIII century until 1386
Subperiod N 3.
From 1386 until 1462
Stage 4-1.
From 1462 until 1569
Stage 4-2.
From 1569 until 1650-s
Stage 4-3.
From 1650-s until 1795
Stage 5-1.
From 1795 until 1831
Stage 5-2.
From 1831 until 1861
Stage 5-3.
From 1861 until 1914
Stage 5-4.
From 1914 until 1920
Stage 6-1.
From 1920 until 1939
Stage 6-2.
From 1939 until 1945
Stage 6-3.
From 1945 until 1991
Stage 7-1.
From 1991 and for some future
Polish region
Subperiod N 1.
As from ancient times up until VIII century AD
Subperiod N 2.
From VIII century until 966
Subperiod N 3.
From 966 until 1241
Subperiod N 4.
From 1241 until 1386
Subperiod N 5.
From 1386 until 1570-s
Subperiod N 6.
From 1570-s until 1667
Subperiod N 7.
From 1667 until 1772
Subperiod N 8.
From 1772 until 1831
Subperiod N 9.
From 1831 until 1918
Stage 9-1.
From 1831 until 1861
Stage 9-2.
From 1861 until 1914
Stage 9-3.
From 1914 until 1918
Subperiod N 10.
From 1918 until 1980-s
Stage 10-1.
From 1918 until 1921
Stage 10-2.
From 1921 until 1939
Stage 10-3.
From 1939 until 1945
Stage 10-4.
From 1945 until 1980-s
Subperiod N 11.
From 1980-s and for some future
Czech-Slovakian region
Subperiod N 1.
As from ancient times up until VIII century AD
Subperiod N 2.
From VIII century until late X century
Subperiod N 3.
From late X century until 1241
Subperiod N 4.
From 1241 until 1380-s
Subperiod N 5.
From 1380-s until 1485
Subperiod N 6.
From 1485 until 1648
Subperiod N 7.
From 1648 until 1848
Subperiod N 8.
From 1848 until 1914
Stage 9-1.
From 1914 until 1919
Stage 9-2.
From 1919 until 1938
Stage 9-3.
From 1938 until 1945
Stage 9-4.
From 1945 until 1968
Stage 9-5.
From 1968 until 1980-s
Subperiod N 10.
From 1980-s and for some future
Hungarian region
Stage 1-1.
As from ancient times up until mid VI century AD
Stage 1-2.
From mid VI century until late VIII century
Subperiod N 2.
From late VIII century until early XI century
Subperiod N 3.
From early XI century until 1241
Subperiod N 4.
From 1241 until 1380-s
Subperiod N 5.
From 1380-s until 1541
Subperiod N 6.
From 1541 until late XVII century
Subperiod N 7.
From late XVII century until late XVIII century
Subperiod N 8.
From late XVIII century until 1830
Subperiod N 9.
From 1830 until 1917
Stage 9-2.
From 1848 until 1867
Stage 9-3.
From 1867 until 1914
Stage 9-4.
From 1914 until 1918
Subperiod N 10.
From 1918 until late 1980-s
Stage 10-1.
From 1918 until 1920
Stage 10-2.
From 1920 until 1939
Stage 10-3.
From 1939 until 1945
Stage 10-4.
From 1945 until 1980-s
Subperiod N 11.
From late 1980-s and for some future
Subperiod N 1.
As from ancient times up until AD
Subperiod N 2.
AD until 370-s
Subperiod N 3.
From 370-s until late VII century
Subperiod N 4.
From late VII century until late X century
Subperiod N 5.
From late X century until late XIV century
Subperiod N 6.
From late XIV century until 1480-s
Subperiod N 7.
From 1480-s until 1774
Subperiod N 8.
From mid 1770-s until 1878
Subperiod N 9.
From 1878 until early XX century
Stage 10-1.
From 1908 until 1914
Stage 10-2.
From 1914 until 1918
Stage 10-3.
From 1918 until 1940
Stage 10-4.
From 1940 until 1945
Stage 10-5.
From 1945 until late 1980-s
Subperiod N 11.
From late 1980-s and for some future
Balkan region
Subperiod N 1.
As from ancient times up until mid II century BC
Subperiod N 2.
From II century BC until 370-s AD
Subperiod N 3.
From 370-s until early IX century
Subperiod N 4.
From early IX century until late XII century
Subperiod N 5.
From late XII century until late XIV century
Subperiod N 6.
From late XIV century until late XVII century
Subperiod N 7.
From late XVII century until 1870-s
Subperiod N 8.
From 1870-s until early XX century
Stage 9-1.
From 1908 until 1913
Stage 9-2.
From 1914 until 1918
Stage 9-3.
From 1918 until 1939
Stage 9-4.
From 1939 until 1945
Stage 9-5.
From 1945 until 1980-s
Subperiod N 10. From late 1980-s and for some future
3. One of the most essential points here is existence of clear correlation in evolution of the European external buffer zone and Asia Minor as external buffer zone. No detailed description of all these correlations here - only combined general tables.
CHRONOLOGY OF EVOLUTION:
Cycle #1
Around 218 years (without 1st subperiod)
As far as it's known, around 650 years
Cycle #2
Around 207 years
Around 830 years
Cycle #3
Around 113 years
Around 450 years
Cycle #4
Around 39 years
Around 156 years
Cycle #5
Current
cycle
Current
cycle
Cycle #1
Around 303 years (without 1st subperiod)
As far as it's known, around 910 year
Cycle #2
Around 228 years
Around 910 years
Cycle #3
Around 187 years
Around 750 years
Cycle #4
Current cycle. As per three completed subperiods - 70 years
Current cycle. As per three completed subperiods - around 210 years
APPENDIX 1.
THE TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS USED:
DEFINITIONS
| I |
n this first small chapter we wish to define more precisely the principal terms used further. It's always quite complicated procedure, but in this particular case we can do it quite correctly after describing indicative qualities of every main socio-cultural formation. We do not even hope to present here a completely exhaustive, maximum correct definitions, and in general don't believe such "statements of a things' precise meaning" make any particular sense. It seems more important to define certain theoretical basis that would make it possible to successively and exactly distinguish one socio-cultural formation or process from another, along the whole length of their historical evolution. Complexity of this task is that socio-cultural formations and processes have very long life terms and exist as an astonishing diversity of specific external forms. With it all, their essence remains one and the same. Variety of the socio-cultural formations' and processes' specific forms makes defining the terminology used here quite a practical problem.
* * *
HOMELAND - the most deeply transformed in a socio-cultural respect territory where representatives of a certain socio-cultural formation lived and / or still live during historically lengthy interval of time, absolutely securing this territory as their own. Homeland's territory is always furiously protected and defended from any outside invasions. Representatives of the alien socio-cultural formations may be present there only for a brief time and with many restrictions that especially concerns homelands of socio-cultural systems.
Territories of the Urals and Moscow region may serve as the examples of the Russian homeland. They were assimilated according to Russian standards and are clearly interpreted as Russian homeland, though duration of these territories' occupation by the Russian population differs essentially.
SOCIO-CULTURAL SYSTEM (SCS) - type of the socio-cultural formations dominating in a socio-cultural evolution. SCS-s include main part of the World's population and inhabited territories. SCS-s are characterised by great sizes of their territories and considerable quantities of own population; they possess original standards of a space, society and state organisation as well as many unique qualities because of those they do differ drastically from the rest of the socio-cultural formations.
Unique characteristics of SCS-s are as follows:
* ability to expand own homeland at the expense of socio-cultural assimilation of a new territories;
* ability to generate complicated structure of own space, with internal buffer zones, in order to protect and defend itself from other SCS-s;
* complete cycle of the space socio-cultural assimilation which includes seven principal periods;
* domination of the inner logic over outer factors which are always used in a strict correspondence with the SCS's evolution internal order;
* ability to create naturally dependent vassals in a course of socio-cultural transformation of other territories;
* own world religion, or its own unique version;
* ability to widen a circulation of own language outside own homeland, and first of all - in the internal buffer zone and among the naturally dependent vassals;
* reliability and self-sufficiency of own economy;
* ability to generate and invent stable original economic standards and forms which may have no analogues outside a single SCS.
There are eight socio-cultural systems, and in the process of their evolution each of them goes through seven periods. With this, with every period SCS-s acquire specific distinguished forms. Thus, there are 56 essentially different external forms of SCS-s to examine which we should base all the theoretical interpretations on a correct generalisation of a very high level.
INTERNAL BUFFER ZONE OF SCS - qualitatively original and distinctive socio-cultural part of the SCS's space that is always located on the "outskirts" of the SCS's homeland, along its borders with other socio-cultural formations. Internal buffer zone is destined mainly to protect homeland of a single SCS from immediate contacts with alien SCS-s and their possible aggression. It may border with an external socio-cultural buffer zone as well as an internal buffer zone of a neighbouring SCS. Organisation of an internal buffer zone is characterised by many distinctive qualities determined by the specific evolutionary process of the SCS this particular buffer zone belongs to.
Example of the internal buffer zone of the past is the territory of the Great Novgorod Principality that, during socio-cultural contest of Russian SCS of the XI - XVI centuries, protected Russian homeland from the invasions of Western SCS. Modern internal buffer zone of Russian SCS is formed by the newly independent states rising after the collapse and transformation of the USSR. All of them, excluding Belarus and Kazakhstan, have formed internal buffer zone of Russian SCS, irrespective of their own wishes as well as - and especially - declarations.
NATURALLY DEPENDENT VASSAL - relatively integral territory with own population that retains some - not really principal - differences from the neighbouring, dominating over it SCS, but became this SCS's inalienable part as a result of a lengthy and systematic socio-cultural transformation. It is important that sizes of states - naturally dependent vassals may vary essentially: the point isn't size in itself, but a special socio-cultural type of these formations.
Naturally dependent vassals may possess a considerable amount of political and economic independence, have quite complicated - at times conflicting - relationships with their dominants, being actually just a part of a dominating SCS.
In fact, they practically cannot change their socio-cultural status, and the point isn't just separate, single economic or political actions, but socio-cultural measures that should be conducted successively during several centuries and (most probably) on the competing SCS-s' own initiative. Only initiative or, especially, declaratory wishes of a naturally dependent vassal itself are never quite enough to change its socio-cultural status, and no single example of a naturally dependent vassal really changing its status is known. Study of eight SCS-s along the whole length of their history confirms that, if some territory was formed as a naturally dependent vassal of a certain SCS, then it remains as such forever.
Example of a naturally dependent vassals are modern, now politically independent states rising in place of the disintegrated former USSR. All of them, excluding only Belarus and Kazakhstan, are naturally dependent vassals of Russia.
EXTERNAL SOCIO-CULTURAL BUFFER ZONE - type of the socio-cultural formations that evolves to separate two or more alien SCS-s. As a rule, external buffer zones border not immediately with the SCS-s, but with their internal buffer zones completely controlled by their own SCS-s. External buffer zone as a special socio-cultural formation is characterised by extreme instability and dependence on dynamics of those SCS-s it separates.
East Europe may serve as the classic example of the external buffer zone, being a special type of the socio-cultural formation which separates Western and Russian SCS-s.
SOCIO-CULTURAL DOMAIN (SCD) - type of the socio-cultural formations that is quite similar to socio-cultural system, but possesses a substantial quantity of a principal distinctions. It's characterised by stable and prolonged existence as well as specific economic, social and cultural forms. Fundamental differences compare to SCS are that SCD-s are categorically unable to assimilate and transform new territories into own homeland, expanding it with this, and create naturally dependent vassals: so, there is no systematic work with space as in case of a socio-cultural systems. The effect is a sort of socio-cultural conservation: SCD-s do not change / expand their own space and in general do not evolve in themselves during very prolonged periods; modern results of such phenomenon are quite modest sizes of their territories. Another essential SCD-s distinction from SCS-s manifests itself in their extraordinary situational behaviour.
At the present level of knowledge about socio-cultural formations and processes, there is no possibility to determine the reasons for emerging differences of socio-cultural systems and domains with respect to space, but it's possible to describe all the details and components of these distinctions.
MIXED SOCIO-CULTURAL REGION - territory that has no distinct internal socio-cultural dominant and where various socio-cultural formations (SCS-s, SCD-s and buffer zones) co-exist. As a rule, these are regions of the young historical assimilation which, in some perspective, gain socio-cultural certainty, but with this may retain in their boundaries presence of a several socio-cultural formations. Most probable evolution of a mixed socio-cultural regions is into naturally dependent vassals and external buffer zones, and as a more rare case - into part of the homeland of some SCS.
ENCLAVE - territory of a historically temporary domination of a particular SCS within another socio-cultural and / or political formation. Genesis and evolution of enclaves are diverse and in many respects depend on a specific characteristics of a particular SCS's dynamics. As a rule, enclaves are generated in a process of expanding areas controlled by one or another SCS. They carry out important socio-cultural tasks, but are not lasting as from historical point of view. Next in turn stage of the SCS's evolution may become the reason for enclave's degradation, even in the absence of an external pressure.
ENCLAVE-COMMUNITY WITHIN ALIEN SCS - critical self-reproducible quantity of one SCS' population permanently living on the territory of another SCS and retaining with this own specific socio-cultural standards. Enclave-community reproduces itself by means of both natural growth and mechanical migrations of population from maternal SCS into SCS of permanent inhabitancy. Enclave-communities are most typical for the regions of mixed socio-cultural assimilation as well as pioneer colonisation.
As the classical example we may consider black inhabitants of North America, and the USA in particular.
CIVILISATION - initial form of the territories' sporadic socio-cultural colonisation that may be found in a socio-cultural systems, but does not bear an compulsory character. It is typical for the first periods of the SCS-s' evolution. As soon as SCS starts large-scale spatial assimilation, civilisation is being absorbed by its own SCS and then change its organization into another forms. Civilisations are isolated one from another, but not from their own SCS-s. It is an initial form of the SCS's existence, its possible first exterior manifestation and appearance.
Quite often, ecological crises become the specific reason for transition from the territories' sporadic colonisation within civilisations to their large-scale spatial assimilation. Such crises are being generated as an indications of the achieving the certain level of the space assimilation processes. Results of ecological crises generated by civilisations are usually migrations of their population to other regions. From that point of view, civilisations might also be considered as a cause for the growth of the SCS's population up to certain quantity. Most of the known civilisations are the facts of the distant history: they either remained in the past, or have grown into SCS-s. It is especially important to link the fact of the existence of civilisations as a quite reserved centres of culture and territories' assimilation and the fact that they often did not produce any inheritance to the fact that the general process of socio-cultural assimilation "re-covers" such formations, absorbs and "dissolves" them within.
Ecological crises as a reason for the civilisations' decay, or their drastic degradation, should be examined from the general positions of fundamental socio-cultural process of the territories' assimilation. In such context, it is clear that ecological crisis is the most efficient way and reason to make the population of a certain civilisation to "spread" around the under-populated territory of its own SCS.
SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEST - process which is inherent only for socio-cultural systems. Its socio-cultural meaning lies in developing and selecting the most efficient, in a specific historical conditions, socio-cultural basis for a certain SCS which should determine further ways of solving this SCS' most fundamental and principal problems. Socio-cultural contests may take place during various periods of the SCS-s evolution and, as a rule, in a form of a cycle of civil wars, domestic quarrels and feuds, economic and cultural depression. They do usually leave the very gloomy and strange memories in the following generations and become the subject of subsequent falsifications from the side of their very own SCS-s. In reality, socio-cultural contests are absolutely necessary for the efficient growth and development of any SCS and are a kind of its response to changing arrangements of socio-cultural powers.
SOCIO-CULTURAL STANDARD - combination of the specific regulating principles and norms that rule a state's and society's organization, as well as specific forms through those internal potential of a socio-cultural formation is being realised. Initial socio-cultural standard emerges together with its socio-cultural formation. As for SCS's, it's being formed during first period of their evolution; then it may be essentially transformed as a result of a socio-cultural contest conducted by SCS. Transformation of a socio-cultural standard takes place only in SCS-s: it is an indication of their high adaptability to changing (socio-cultural) environment / conditions.
SOCIO-CULTURAL MIGRATIONS (SOCIO-CULTURALLY SIGNIFICANT MIGRATIONS) - migrations that are directed outside the traditional homeland of a certain SCS and aimed at the socio-cultural transformation of the alien territories into the new homeland of the SCS in question, or creating its naturally dependent vassals. Ability to generate such migrations is the unique quality of SCS-s. Specific causes that bring them about may be very different, but, as a rule, manifest themselves through generating a sort of the "end of the World" within traditional homeland.
Example of the migrations aimed at the expanding the own homeland is eastward flight of Russians to new territories in Siberia and Far East as from the second half of the XVI century, and especially - as from the second half of the XVII century. The result of the "time of troubles" within the traditional - at the time - Russian homeland and the Russian Orthodox church schism were mass migrations of the Russian population to new lands that thus became the new Russian homeland - not the result of a fortuitous, but socio-culturally grounded process.
Processes of the rise and growth of the Cossack movement in Moscow Tsardom and Russian Empire as well as resettlements of a considerable numbers of Russians in Baltic Republics and Central (Middle) Asia during Soviet times may serve as the examples of the migrations aimed at the creating naturally dependent vassals. Results of such "melting" actions and processes began revealing themselves only after the USSR disintegration. Transformed in a socio-cultural respect territories turned out to be greatly dependent from Russia.
Such processes are of universal character and take place in the evolution of actually all the SCS-s - socio-cultural migrations are not unique for any one of them.
SCS's EVOLUTION - process of the SCS's change through realisation of its own internal potential and taking into consideration outer factors and conditions. External factors may exert essential influence on SCS, mainly on its specific forms, but in general, process of the SCS's evolution is a product of its own internal development.
PERIOD - historically significant interval of time in the SCS's evolution during which radical and clearly identified transformation of the entire SCS's space, based on its own internal logic, takes place. Qualitatively redesigned organization of the entire SCS's space is usually the result of the completed period.
SUBPERIOD - a part of a period during which vital and definitely identified transformations of some territories within the SCS's space are being performed. Such transformations may be regarded as individual manifestations of a more fundamental processes of space assimilation within SCS.
The basic distinction between the period and subperiod is that changes occurred during a subperiod may be of a local character, connected only to a separate regions within SCS. A sum of subperiods forms a period. A period, depending on its own specifics and current tasks of a SCS, may include a varied number of empirically established subperiods (as a rule, from 2 to 5).
STAGE - a part of a subperiod within which clearly distinguished specific political, economic and/or social transformations / reorganisation of SCS, not necessarily connected with recurrent completed changes in a process of its space assimilation, take place.
Stage is usually a historically brief interval of time and is only identified when a very detailed analysis of the SCS's evolution is being made. Presence of a certain political, economic and/or social specifics in the SCS's evolution is a criterion to single out a stage.
Idea of a stage is extremely important to correctly interpret a historical data on specific SCS's evolution. Socio-cultural approach isn't just general theoretical construction, but it's a tool and basis for examination and interpretation of concrete processes and events.
APPENDIX 2.
TYPES OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL FORMATIONS
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